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-176- and his brother, so that during his four and half years reign Amir Shair Ali Khan had not a minute peace ( from the end of the year 1278. A.H. to the beginning of the year 1283. A.H. ) The diffiulteics that beset the path of Amir Shair Ali Khan with his brothers, have a close resemblance with the difficulties which were confronted by Zaman Shah, who, of course, was deprived of his sight. Amir Shair Ali Khan, though found a second opportunity to rule, but the activities of foreigners destroyed the desires and aspirations of both of these kings. THE RESULTS OF CO-OPERATION. ARTICLE FORTY SIXTH In respect to the English aggressions, which are generally styled as the First and the Second Afghan Wars, the English authors have written a great deal, and some of their historians, knowing fully well that the had been the instigators of those wars, gave no cause for these wars, for some of their political leaders sought to weaken a nation, so that their own power and influence should increase thereby. In point of fact these were results of the two systems of policies of the English: which are known as the Forward Policy and the Close Border Policy. Some of the viceroys of the English were therefore wedded to the one or the other of these two policies. Acting on these, and some time trying the one and at other accasions projecting the other if the previous did not suit their purpose-they found excuses for their intervention and made efforts to reduce the power of a country-Afghanistan -so that they themselves may become powerful. The English have experience and skill when the conditions temperaments of the eastern peoples are concerned in which no one can equal them. Nor would anyone deny their skill in this regard. The political leaders of the English with great foresight and penetration