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165 people to see their country develop along modern lines, but rather in the political manœuvring of ouside elements. During the ensuing period of almost one full year of civil wars the throne of Kabul witnessed one of the most dramatic events of all time when a highwayman named Habibullah seized the power and declared himself King. Thus, among other destructive results of the civil wars, most of Afghanistan’s political leaders were killed, banished or imprisoned. At this time Sardar Mohammad Nadir was in Paris where he had been sent as Afghan Minister some time after his promo- tion to the rank of Marshal and Minister of War in the first Cabinet of independent Afghanistan. Hearing the news from home, he left France and returned in haste to Afghanistan, where the people found in him the leader they needed to deliver the country from its miserable domination by the bandit-king. On 25th January, 1929, Sardar Mohammad Nadir Khan, accompanied by his brothers, Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan and Sardar Shah Wali Khan, left for Afghanistan. Sardar Shah Mahmoud Khan, their younger brother, who was then in Kabul, went to meet them at the Afghan border. The three had a long talk, wherein Sardar Shah Mahmoud give all details of the revolt, with its attendant horrors. From March until October 1929, the struggle for deliver- ance continued, the brothers playing an important part in this drama. Routed again and again, they ever rose with fresh hearts from the disaster, till at last on October 16, their efforts were crowned with success. The bandit-king was driven out of the capital, and peace was restored. The warm welcome which Sardar Mohammad Nadir Khan received at Kabul was never excelled by that accorded to a triumphant Cæsar. Thousands of people from all parts of the country had lined