{"book":"adl0970","page":26,"text":"xiii\n\nMughal forces. When all hope of success was lost, Khan Jahan, in accordance with his national custom, preferred death to an ignominious escape. He made a last stand with a handful of followers. In the midst of the struggle that ensued, Madhu Singh pierced him with a spear, and before Muzaffar Khan could come to his help, the brave soldier, with his surviving son, Aziz, was cut to pieces.\n\nEven when the religious zeal of the Roshnanians wore out with years, the free spirit of the Afghans was not crushed. They rejected all overtures of peace or reconciliation both from the Mughals of India or the Saffavids of Persia. It was only in the cities and towns of Afghanistan that the foreigners could maintain their own by dint of superior organisation and better equipment.\n\nWhen Aurangzeb came to power (1658), he too could not cope successfully with the Afghan question and thought it advisable to subsidize the tribes to guarantee the safety of roads that passed through their territories. The annual subsidies during his reign amounted to 600,000 rupees.","chars":1064,"image":"https://storage.googleapis.com/adl-page-images/adl0970/00026.jpg","first_page":1,"last_page":191,"title":"Afghanistan","permalink":"https://afghanpress.org/book/adl0970/26","canvas":"https://afghanpress.org/iiif/adl0970/canvas/26","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/books/adl0970/","source_pdf":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/pdf/adl0970_download.pdf","rights":{"image":{"statement":"Public domain. NYU states: \"All works presented on this website are, unless otherwise indicated, in the public domain. The images available on this website may be freely reproduced, distributed and transmitted by anyone for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial.\"","uri":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/","holder":"New York University Libraries","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/about.html","delivery":"Images are served from a copy mirrored by this project, not from NYU's servers, under the reproduction terms above.","endorsement":"This is an independent project. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or reviewed by New York University."},"text":{"statement":"Machine-generated transcription, dedicated to the public domain under CC0 1.0. No warranty of accuracy: see the provenance block on every page.","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","holder":"Steps Ventures"}},"provenance":{"text_produced_by":"gemini-3.1-pro-preview","thinking_level":"low","read_completed":"2026-08-09","per_page_confidence":null,"per_page_confidence_note":"Not recorded during the corpus run. No calibrated per-page score exists, and none is estimated here.","human_reviewed":false,"accuracy_context":"Roughly two thirds of characters agree with a modern printed edition of the same text. Much of the disagreement is editorial, not misreading. Treat the transcription as a finding aid and read the page image before quoting.","primary_source":"The page image. The text is an index into it."}}