{"book":"adl0957","page":350,"text":"287\n\n/j/ as in \"jill\"\n/r/ as in \"rill\"\n/y/ as in \"yell\"\n/s/ as in \"shell\"\n\n/z/ as in \"pleasure\"\n/k/ as in \"kill\"\n/g/ as in \"gill\"\n/ng/ as in \"fling\"\n\n/g/ (see below)\n/x/ (see below)\n/q/ (see below)\n\nThere are also four diphthongs as follows :\n\n/ai/ (not in English)\n/au/ as in \"pound\"\n\n/aui/ as in \"poison\"\n/aui/ as in \"pie\"\n\nThe following are some hints in pronouncing some of the above sounds which are slightly or completely different from those in English. /t/ /d/ and /n/ are made by placing the tip of the tongue behind the upper teeth, not on the upper gum ridge as in English.\n/l/ is made with the top part of the tongue closer to the roof of the mouth than it is in English.\n/r/ is pronounced by trilling the tip of the tongue.\n/ng/ is made like the English in \"sang\", but the final \"g\" is also pronounced.\n/x/ is like the sound one makes in clearing the upper part of the throat.\n/g/ is made like /x/ but also has voice from the throat.\n/q/ is a backward /k/ made by pressing the back part of the tongue against the back part of the palate, and then releasing a small explosion of air.\n\nThe stressed parts of words and phrases will be underlined.\n\nGREETING AND COMMON EXPRESSIONS :\n\n\"Hello\" salom olekum\n\"Are you well?\" xub asti?\n\"How are you?\" ci tor asti?\n\"How is your health\" ci yol dauri?\n\nResponses to these greetings are :\n\n\"Be alive\" zinda bausi\n\"Be in peace\" salaumat bausi","chars":1391,"image":"https://storage.googleapis.com/adl-page-images/adl0957/00350.jpg","first_page":1,"last_page":377,"title":"new guide to Afghanistan","permalink":"https://afghanpress.org/book/adl0957/350","canvas":"https://afghanpress.org/iiif/adl0957/canvas/350","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/books/adl0957/","source_pdf":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/pdf/adl0957_download.pdf","rights":{"image":{"statement":"Public domain. NYU states: \"All works presented on this website are, unless otherwise indicated, in the public domain. The images available on this website may be freely reproduced, distributed and transmitted by anyone for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial.\"","uri":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/","holder":"New York University Libraries","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/about.html","delivery":"Images are served from a copy mirrored by this project, not from NYU's servers, under the reproduction terms above.","endorsement":"This is an independent project. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or reviewed by New York University."},"text":{"statement":"Machine-generated transcription, dedicated to the public domain under CC0 1.0. No warranty of accuracy: see the provenance block on every page.","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","holder":"Steps Ventures"}},"provenance":{"text_produced_by":"gemini-3.1-pro-preview","thinking_level":"low","read_completed":"2026-08-09","per_page_confidence":null,"per_page_confidence_note":"Not recorded during the corpus run. No calibrated per-page score exists, and none is estimated here.","human_reviewed":false,"accuracy_context":"Roughly two thirds of characters agree with a modern printed edition of the same text. Much of the disagreement is editorial, not misreading. Treat the transcription as a finding aid and read the page image before quoting.","primary_source":"The page image. The text is an index into it."}}