{"book":"adl0957","page":294,"text":"239\n\n1215 The Ghori dynasty comes to an end. Ghor is\noccupied by Alaud-din Mohammed Khwarizm-\nshah, who in turn is defeated by Changiz Khan\nand driven out of Central Asia.\n\n1218 Changiz Khan invades Transoxiana.\n\n1220 Death of Mohammed Khwarizmshah in the\nIsland of Ab-i-Sukkon.\n\n1221 Jalalud-din Munkabirni, son of Mohammed\nKhwarizmshah, defeats the Mongols at Parwan\nDarah, 45 miles north of Kabul.\n\n1226 Destruction of Herat at the hands of the\nMongols.\n\n1227 Death of Changiz Khan.\n\n1227-1241 Ogotoy, son of Changiz, rules as the Great Khan\n(Ka-an).\n\n1241-1246 Turakina Khatun rules as a Regent.\n\n1246-1248 Giyuk is the Great Khan of the Mongols.\nUpon the death of Giyuk in 1248, Mangu, the\nson of Tulu, is elected the Great Khan. He\nappoints his brother Kublai to rule the con-\nquered provinces of China, where he founds\nthe Yuen dynasty; while another brother,\nHalaku, is appointed ruler of Persia. He\ndestroys the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258 and lays\nthe foundation of a new dynasty in Persia known\nas the Ill-Khans (Local-Khans).\n\n1271-1295 The journey of Marco-Polo through Asia.\n\n1325-1353 Journeys of Shaikh Abu Abdullah, generally\nknown as Ibn Batuta in Asia. He visits Balkh,","chars":1186,"image":"https://storage.googleapis.com/adl-page-images/adl0957/00294.jpg","first_page":1,"last_page":377,"title":"new guide to Afghanistan","permalink":"https://afghanpress.org/book/adl0957/294","canvas":"https://afghanpress.org/iiif/adl0957/canvas/294","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/books/adl0957/","source_pdf":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/pdf/adl0957_download.pdf","rights":{"image":{"statement":"Public domain. NYU states: \"All works presented on this website are, unless otherwise indicated, in the public domain. The images available on this website may be freely reproduced, distributed and transmitted by anyone for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial.\"","uri":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/","holder":"New York University Libraries","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/about.html","delivery":"Images are served from a copy mirrored by this project, not from NYU's servers, under the reproduction terms above.","endorsement":"This is an independent project. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or reviewed by New York University."},"text":{"statement":"Machine-generated transcription, dedicated to the public domain under CC0 1.0. No warranty of accuracy: see the provenance block on every page.","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","holder":"Steps Ventures"}},"provenance":{"text_produced_by":"gemini-3.1-pro-preview","thinking_level":"low","read_completed":"2026-08-09","per_page_confidence":null,"per_page_confidence_note":"Not recorded during the corpus run. No calibrated per-page score exists, and none is estimated here.","human_reviewed":false,"accuracy_context":"Roughly two thirds of characters agree with a modern printed edition of the same text. Much of the disagreement is editorial, not misreading. Treat the transcription as a finding aid and read the page image before quoting.","primary_source":"The page image. The text is an index into it."}}