{"book":"adl0957","page":281,"text":"226\n\n745-725 B.C: Tiglath-Pilser II, King of Assyria extends his\nempire to Arakosia (Arachosia, modern\nKandahar).\n\n577 B.C: Birth of Sidhartha or Gautama Buddha. The\nsixth century B.C. is indeed a most remarkable\nepoch in the world's history. It sees spiritual\nrenovation in countries as far apart as Greece,\nPalestine, India, China and Persia. In India\nthere appears a great teacher and reformer,\nwho revolutionizes the religious thought and\nfeeling not only of India but of the Central and\nEastern Asian countries as well. Buddhism\nfinds its way to Afghanistan in the middle of the\nthird century B.C., during the reign of Asoka\nthe Great.\n\n558 B.C: Cyrus (Kai-Khusro or Kurush), King of Fars,\nlays the foundation of the Achaemenid Empire.\n\n549-545 B. C: Cyrus is occupied with the conquest of Aryana\n(Ancient Afghanistan). He is finally killed in\none of these battles (529 B.C.)\n\n518 B. C. Darius Hystaspes (or Drayavush Vishtasp) King\nof Fars, ventures further eastwards than Cyrus\nand conquers the right bank of the Indus.\n\n517 B. C: Skylax, the Greek, explores the lower course of\nthe Indus.\n\n480 B. C: The Indus valley practically becomes independ\nent on the defeat of Xerxes by the Greeks.\n\n336 B. C: Accession to the throne of Alexander the Great.\n\n334 B. C: Alexander in pursuit of his father's plan launches\nhis attack and crosses the Hellespont (now\nDardanelles) into Asia Minor.","chars":1390,"image":"https://storage.googleapis.com/adl-page-images/adl0957/00281.jpg","first_page":1,"last_page":377,"title":"new guide to Afghanistan","permalink":"https://afghanpress.org/book/adl0957/281","canvas":"https://afghanpress.org/iiif/adl0957/canvas/281","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/books/adl0957/","source_pdf":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/pdf/adl0957_download.pdf","rights":{"image":{"statement":"Public domain. NYU states: \"All works presented on this website are, unless otherwise indicated, in the public domain. The images available on this website may be freely reproduced, distributed and transmitted by anyone for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial.\"","uri":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/","holder":"New York University Libraries","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/about.html","delivery":"Images are served from a copy mirrored by this project, not from NYU's servers, under the reproduction terms above.","endorsement":"This is an independent project. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or reviewed by New York University."},"text":{"statement":"Machine-generated transcription, dedicated to the public domain under CC0 1.0. No warranty of accuracy: see the provenance block on every page.","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","holder":"Steps Ventures"}},"provenance":{"text_produced_by":"gemini-3.1-pro-preview","thinking_level":"low","read_completed":"2026-08-09","per_page_confidence":null,"per_page_confidence_note":"Not recorded during the corpus run. No calibrated per-page score exists, and none is estimated here.","human_reviewed":false,"accuracy_context":"Roughly two thirds of characters agree with a modern printed edition of the same text. Much of the disagreement is editorial, not misreading. Treat the transcription as a finding aid and read the page image before quoting.","primary_source":"The page image. The text is an index into it."}}