{"book":"adl0957","page":280,"text":"225\n\nsettlers for the first time took to a settled life and\nlaid the foundation of a rudimentary form of\ndemocratic government (about 3000 B.C.)\n\nc. 2500 to\nc. 1500 B. C.\n\nGeneral migration of the Aryans from Northern\nAfghanistan to India, Media, Fars and other parts\nof the world.\n\nc. 2000 to\nc. 1400 B. C :\n\nRigvedic hymns composed in the Indus valley.\nThe Indo-Aryans at the time when the hymns of\nRigveda arose had not yet spread over the plains\nof Northern India; rather we find them still\ndomiciled in the valleys of the Indus Basin.\nThat the home of the Indo-Aryans at the time of\nthe composition of the early hymns of the\nRigveda was the region indicated above is\nfurther borne out (1) by topographical\nconsideration, foremost among these being the\nnames of the rivers mentioned in the Rigveda,\nsuch as the Kubha (Kabul), the Suwasti (Swat),\nthe Krumu (Kurram) the Gomati (Gomal) and\nthe Sindhu (Indus) ; and (2) by climatic consi-\nderations and the flora and fauna of the\ncountry mentioned in these poems. The animal\nand plant worlds of Rigveda are quite differ-\nent from those of India.\n\nc. 1000 B.C. :\n\nIt was during the reign of Gustasp (about 1000\nB.C.) that legends place the death of Spitama\nZarathushtra, whom we speak of as Zardusht or\nZoroaster, and whom most of the classical and\nOriental writers agree was a native of Bactria\n(modern Balkh).","chars":1361,"image":"https://storage.googleapis.com/adl-page-images/adl0957/00280.jpg","first_page":1,"last_page":377,"title":"new guide to Afghanistan","permalink":"https://afghanpress.org/book/adl0957/280","canvas":"https://afghanpress.org/iiif/adl0957/canvas/280","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/books/adl0957/","source_pdf":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/pdf/adl0957_download.pdf","rights":{"image":{"statement":"Public domain. NYU states: \"All works presented on this website are, unless otherwise indicated, in the public domain. The images available on this website may be freely reproduced, distributed and transmitted by anyone for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial.\"","uri":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/","holder":"New York University Libraries","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/about.html","delivery":"Images are served from a copy mirrored by this project, not from NYU's servers, under the reproduction terms above.","endorsement":"This is an independent project. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or reviewed by New York University."},"text":{"statement":"Machine-generated transcription, dedicated to the public domain under CC0 1.0. No warranty of accuracy: see the provenance block on every page.","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","holder":"Steps Ventures"}},"provenance":{"text_produced_by":"gemini-3.1-pro-preview","thinking_level":"low","read_completed":"2026-08-09","per_page_confidence":null,"per_page_confidence_note":"Not recorded during the corpus run. No calibrated per-page score exists, and none is estimated here.","human_reviewed":false,"accuracy_context":"Roughly two thirds of characters agree with a modern printed edition of the same text. Much of the disagreement is editorial, not misreading. Treat the transcription as a finding aid and read the page image before quoting.","primary_source":"The page image. The text is an index into it."}}