{"book":"adl0953","page":165,"text":"- ١٥٦ -\nموجود باشد ؛ پس دادن آن مال بصاحبش واجب است . هرگاه\nهلاك شده بود ؛ اگر آن مال از مثلیات است ؛ مثل آن مال\nواگر از قیمیات است ؛ قیمت آن مال را تضمین میکند و اگر مثل\nبيع وهبه يك سبب مشروع درمیان باشد و یا بضرورت است مال\nدیگری را گرفتن جائز میباشد . مثلاً : شخصی از گرسنگی\nبدرجهٔ هلاکت رسیده باشد ؛ جائز است که مال دیگری را بی\nاذن صاحبش گرفته بخورد .\nقاعدهٔ نو دو هفتم :\nتبدل سبب تملك ، قائم مقام تبدل آن است . یعنی اگر در سبب\nتملك تغيری حاصل شود ؛ آن چیز متبدل شناخته میشود .\nسبب های تملك در احکام شرعیه سه است :\nيکم : نقل ملك است از ملكيت يك مالك بمالك ديگر . مثل\nبيع وهبه .\nدوم : خلیفت است كه يك شخص و یا اشخاص متعدد را\nدر اموال خلف میسازد ؛ مثل ارث .","chars":658,"image":"https://storage.googleapis.com/adl-page-images/adl0953/00165.jpg","first_page":1,"last_page":179,"title":"Qavāʻid-i faqhīyah muṭābiq-i prūghram-i ṣinūf-i maslakī-i rushdīyah / shāriḥ-i Kamāl ʻĀṭif, bi-taṣvib-i Vizārat-i Muʻārif قواعد فقهية :قواعد فقهية","permalink":"https://afghanpress.org/book/adl0953/165","canvas":"https://afghanpress.org/iiif/adl0953/canvas/165","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/books/adl0953/","source_pdf":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/pdf/adl0953_download.pdf","rights":{"image":{"statement":"Public domain. NYU states: \"All works presented on this website are, unless otherwise indicated, in the public domain. The images available on this website may be freely reproduced, distributed and transmitted by anyone for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial.\"","uri":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/","holder":"New York University Libraries","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/about.html","delivery":"Images are served from a copy mirrored by this project, not from NYU's servers, under the reproduction terms above.","endorsement":"This is an independent project. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or reviewed by New York University."},"text":{"statement":"Machine-generated transcription, dedicated to the public domain under CC0 1.0. No warranty of accuracy: see the provenance block on every page.","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","holder":"Steps Ventures"}},"provenance":{"text_produced_by":"gemini-3.1-pro-preview","thinking_level":"low","read_completed":"2026-08-09","per_page_confidence":null,"per_page_confidence_note":"Not recorded during the corpus run. No calibrated per-page score exists, and none is estimated here.","human_reviewed":false,"accuracy_context":"Roughly two thirds of characters agree with a modern printed edition of the same text. Much of the disagreement is editorial, not misreading. Treat the transcription as a finding aid and read the page image before quoting.","primary_source":"The page image. The text is an index into it."}}