{"book":"adl0950","page":20,"text":"۹\nپس در واقع تجارت محصولات شرقی منحصر بمردمان این دو شهر\nو نفوذ و اقتداری که در قرون وسطی این دو جمهوری کوچک ایتالیائی\nپیدا کرده بودند از برکت همین تجارت و انحصار بوده است،\nتا اینکه کم کم ترقی و ثروت ونیز، وژنو، باعث جنبش حسد و غبطه\nسائر ملل ساحلی و بحری اروپا گردیده، و بخیال افتادند که غیر ازین\nدو راه، راه جدید دیگری مستقلا و مستقیما بهند، که سرچشمه تمام این\nثروت هاست پیدا نمایند.\n\nمعلومات جغرافیائی در قرون وسطی\nبرای مبادرت باین امر، بدوا تغییر و اصلاح افکار راجع\nبشکل زمین و بسط معلومات جغرافیائی لازم بود، اطلاعات\nجغرافیائی اروپا بپایان قرون وسطی فوق العاده کمتر از یونانیان،\nو رومیان بوده است.\nدر خارج از محیط خود بحر حوالی بحر مدیترانه، یعنی سواحل مراکش\nالجزیره، تونس، طرابلس، دلتای نیل و مصر، شامات، فلسطین\nو بالاخره آسیای صغیر جای دیگر را نمیشناختند، کر ویت زمین را","chars":776,"image":"https://storage.googleapis.com/adl-page-images/adl0950/00020.jpg","first_page":1,"last_page":497,"title":"تاريخ","permalink":"https://afghanpress.org/book/adl0950/20","canvas":"https://afghanpress.org/iiif/adl0950/canvas/20","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/books/adl0950/","source_pdf":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/pdf/adl0950_download.pdf","rights":{"image":{"statement":"Public domain. NYU states: \"All works presented on this website are, unless otherwise indicated, in the public domain. The images available on this website may be freely reproduced, distributed and transmitted by anyone for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial.\"","uri":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/","holder":"New York University Libraries","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/about.html","delivery":"Images are served from a copy mirrored by this project, not from NYU's servers, under the reproduction terms above.","endorsement":"This is an independent project. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or reviewed by New York University."},"text":{"statement":"Machine-generated transcription, dedicated to the public domain under CC0 1.0. No warranty of accuracy: see the provenance block on every page.","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","holder":"Steps Ventures"}},"provenance":{"text_produced_by":"gemini-3.1-pro-preview","thinking_level":"low","read_completed":"2026-08-09","per_page_confidence":null,"per_page_confidence_note":"Not recorded during the corpus run. No calibrated per-page score exists, and none is estimated here.","human_reviewed":false,"accuracy_context":"Roughly two thirds of characters agree with a modern printed edition of the same text. Much of the disagreement is editorial, not misreading. Treat the transcription as a finding aid and read the page image before quoting.","primary_source":"The page image. The text is an index into it."}}