{"book":"adl0940","page":332,"text":"ترکستان\n۳۲۷\nکوشان و غیور، بردبار و متحمل، پاکیزه و تازه بدن، نیرو\nمند و قوی میباشند. قاراقالپاقان در زیر پنجه اوزبکان\nجنگاور خیلی فشار خورده، بهمه سختی و دشواریهای\nزندگانی مقاومت نموده، بزحمت و محنت خو گرفته اند\nقارا قالپاقان عموماً بدهقانی و زراعت استعمال مینمایند\n(قسمی هم بماهیگیری مشغول اند). با این همه اجتهاد\nو فعالیتی که دارند، بسبب سنگینی مالیاتی که حاکمان خیوه\nبنام «سالغورت» میگیرند، در نهایت فقر و فاقه\nزندگانی مینمایند. قارا قالپاقان بنام نایمان، قپچاق،\nاوییغور بچندین قبیله جدا شده، اداره میگردند.\nقرغزان خیوه\nقرغزان خیوه، قرغزان خالص نبوده، با نسلهای\nدیگر مختلط میباشند. ایشان اکثراً در میانه بیابان\nقزیل قوم و در ساحل بحر خزر بطرز نیم بدوی و نیم\nمدنی زندگانی مینمایند. بسوای آنها، همه خلقهای دیگر\nمهاجر هستند.","chars":724,"image":"https://storage.googleapis.com/adl-page-images/adl0940/00332.jpg","first_page":1,"last_page":383,"title":"Turkistān mutarjim Sayyid Riz̤ā ʻAlī Zādah ترکستان","permalink":"https://afghanpress.org/book/adl0940/332","canvas":"https://afghanpress.org/iiif/adl0940/canvas/332","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/books/adl0940/","source_pdf":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/pdf/adl0940_download.pdf","rights":{"image":{"statement":"Public domain. NYU states: \"All works presented on this website are, unless otherwise indicated, in the public domain. The images available on this website may be freely reproduced, distributed and transmitted by anyone for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial.\"","uri":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/","holder":"New York University Libraries","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/about.html","delivery":"Images are served from a copy mirrored by this project, not from NYU's servers, under the reproduction terms above.","endorsement":"This is an independent project. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or reviewed by New York University."},"text":{"statement":"Machine-generated transcription, dedicated to the public domain under CC0 1.0. No warranty of accuracy: see the provenance block on every page.","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","holder":"Steps Ventures"}},"provenance":{"text_produced_by":"gemini-3.1-pro-preview","thinking_level":"low","read_completed":"2026-08-09","per_page_confidence":null,"per_page_confidence_note":"Not recorded during the corpus run. No calibrated per-page score exists, and none is estimated here.","human_reviewed":false,"accuracy_context":"Roughly two thirds of characters agree with a modern printed edition of the same text. Much of the disagreement is editorial, not misreading. Treat the transcription as a finding aid and read the page image before quoting.","primary_source":"The page image. The text is an index into it."}}