{"book":"adl0940","page":178,"text":"ترکستان\n۱۷۳\nبنا کرده است بعضی میگویند که سمرقند را چهار عصر\nقبل از میلاد اسکندر ماکیدونی تأسیس نموده است.\nولی در هر صورت بودن اسکندر در سمرقند محقق\nمیباشد. یونانیانی که با اسکندر آمده بودند، در\nسمرقند تا عصر هفتم میلادی اقامت نموده اند .\nهفت عصر بعد از آن، یعنی سال ۵۵ هجری، در\nزمان خلافت معاویه، سمرقند را سعید بن عثمان\nمحاصره کرده بود. سال ۷۷ هجری امیر قتیبه سمرقند\nرا تماماً فتح کرده، بممالک اسلامیه الحاق نمود.\nدر عصر یازدهم هجری. سمرقند بدست ترکان\nسلجوقی افتاد سپس در زمان سامانیانی که از نسل\nایران بودند، سمرقند پایتخت گردید. در زمان ساما\nنیان معموریت و مدنیت سمرقند فوق العاده افزوده\nمرکز علوم اسلامیه و عصریه گردید. لیکن سال ۱۲۲۱\nمیلادی چنگیز خان هجوم نموده، این شهر را خراب\nکرد ( در آن زمان سمرقند دارای نیم ملیون نفوس\nبود ) .","chars":735,"image":"https://storage.googleapis.com/adl-page-images/adl0940/00178.jpg","first_page":1,"last_page":383,"title":"Turkistān mutarjim Sayyid Riz̤ā ʻAlī Zādah ترکستان","permalink":"https://afghanpress.org/book/adl0940/178","canvas":"https://afghanpress.org/iiif/adl0940/canvas/178","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/books/adl0940/","source_pdf":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/pdf/adl0940_download.pdf","rights":{"image":{"statement":"Public domain. NYU states: \"All works presented on this website are, unless otherwise indicated, in the public domain. The images available on this website may be freely reproduced, distributed and transmitted by anyone for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial.\"","uri":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/","holder":"New York University Libraries","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/about.html","delivery":"Images are served from a copy mirrored by this project, not from NYU's servers, under the reproduction terms above.","endorsement":"This is an independent project. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or reviewed by New York University."},"text":{"statement":"Machine-generated transcription, dedicated to the public domain under CC0 1.0. No warranty of accuracy: see the provenance block on every page.","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","holder":"Steps Ventures"}},"provenance":{"text_produced_by":"gemini-3.1-pro-preview","thinking_level":"low","read_completed":"2026-08-09","per_page_confidence":null,"per_page_confidence_note":"Not recorded during the corpus run. No calibrated per-page score exists, and none is estimated here.","human_reviewed":false,"accuracy_context":"Roughly two thirds of characters agree with a modern printed edition of the same text. Much of the disagreement is editorial, not misreading. Treat the transcription as a finding aid and read the page image before quoting.","primary_source":"The page image. The text is an index into it."}}