{"book":"adl0365","page":55,"text":"۴۸ چینیان\n\nهای خانگی است که همواره در بین رؤسا و امرا سیاسیون\nحکومت چین برای تغییر اصول اداره و یا ضبط حاکمیت\nبوقوع میآید. اینک عمده ترین این کشمکس های سیاسی\nرا مختصر ذکر مینمائیم:\nدر چین سه هزار سال باز آورده مطلقه\nدوام کرده در وی ۲۵۰ سال باز از پادشا-\nهان سلالۀ مانجوری که خود را «بوغدیخان» یعنی پسر آسمان\nمینامیدند. حکمرانی داشتند و ایالات مختلفۀ چین در دست\nخانها و امیران متعدد بود که هر یک در ایالت خود حاکم\nمطلق بودند.\nسال ۱۹۱۱ میلادی ملیتون و آزادیخواهان چین برای\nرهائی خود از فشار حاکمان ظالم و برهم زدن ادارۀ مطلقه\nبریاست و رهبری رئیس انقلابی (سون یا تسین) شورش\nنموده، در نتیجۀ مبارزه های شدید امپراطور را مغلوب\nو بنیاد حکومت مطلقه را خراب کردند و در چین ادارۀ","chars":669,"image":"https://storage.googleapis.com/adl-page-images/adl0365/00055.jpg","first_page":1,"last_page":65,"title":"تاريخ ملل","permalink":"https://afghanpress.org/book/adl0365/55","canvas":"https://afghanpress.org/iiif/adl0365/canvas/55","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/books/adl0365/","source_pdf":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/pdf/adl0365_download.pdf","rights":{"image":{"statement":"Public domain. NYU states: \"All works presented on this website are, unless otherwise indicated, in the public domain. The images available on this website may be freely reproduced, distributed and transmitted by anyone for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial.\"","uri":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/","holder":"New York University Libraries","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/about.html","delivery":"Images are served from a copy mirrored by this project, not from NYU's servers, under the reproduction terms above.","endorsement":"This is an independent project. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or reviewed by New York University."},"text":{"statement":"Machine-generated transcription, dedicated to the public domain under CC0 1.0. No warranty of accuracy: see the provenance block on every page.","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","holder":"Steps Ventures"}},"provenance":{"text_produced_by":"gemini-3.1-pro-preview","thinking_level":"low","read_completed":"2026-08-09","per_page_confidence":null,"per_page_confidence_note":"Not recorded during the corpus run. No calibrated per-page score exists, and none is estimated here.","human_reviewed":false,"accuracy_context":"Roughly two thirds of characters agree with a modern printed edition of the same text. Much of the disagreement is editorial, not misreading. Treat the transcription as a finding aid and read the page image before quoting.","primary_source":"The page image. The text is an index into it."}}