{"book":"adl0311","page":37,"text":"جغرافیه طبیعی و افریقا ٣۴\nزمین\nزمین :- خاکیکه ما بروی آن زندگانی و سکونت\nداریم با همه کوه ها و میدانها و دریا های آن جمله زمین\nیا (ارض) گفته می شود.\nزمین مانند نارنج گرد است. چون زمین بسیار\nکلان است بلندی کوه ها و پستی دره هائی چقور وغیره\nبکرویت آن چیزی خلل نمی رساند طوریکه نشیب و فراز\nنارنج در کروی بودن او نقص نمی آرند. زمین پوره گرد\nو کره منظم نیست بلکه در قطبین یعنی نقطه هائی متقابل\nاندکی خمیده و مسطح و در خط استوائی خود اندک ضخامت\nدارد در ازمنه ماضیه مردم یقین داشتند که زمین یک\nمیدان فسیح و وسیع است که اگر کسی بسیار دور برود\nبکنار انتهائی آن رسیده می تواند لاکن معامله بدین گونه\nنیست دلیل اینکه چرا زمین بما هموار معلوم می شود\nاین ست که جسامت ما نسبت به جسامت زمین چندین\nخورد است که ما محض یک حصه سطح آن را بیک وقت\nدیده می توانیم!","chars":740,"image":"https://storage.googleapis.com/adl-page-images/adl0311/00037.jpg","first_page":1,"last_page":125,"title":"Jughrāfiyā-yi ṭabʻī va Afrīqā جغرافياى طبعى و افريقا","permalink":"https://afghanpress.org/book/adl0311/37","canvas":"https://afghanpress.org/iiif/adl0311/canvas/37","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/books/adl0311/","source_pdf":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/pdf/adl0311_download.pdf","rights":{"image":{"statement":"Public domain. NYU states: \"All works presented on this website are, unless otherwise indicated, in the public domain. The images available on this website may be freely reproduced, distributed and transmitted by anyone for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial.\"","uri":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/","holder":"New York University Libraries","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/about.html","delivery":"Images are served from a copy mirrored by this project, not from NYU's servers, under the reproduction terms above.","endorsement":"This is an independent project. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or reviewed by New York University."},"text":{"statement":"Machine-generated transcription, dedicated to the public domain under CC0 1.0. No warranty of accuracy: see the provenance block on every page.","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","holder":"Steps Ventures"}},"provenance":{"text_produced_by":"gemini-3.1-pro-preview","thinking_level":"low","read_completed":"2026-08-09","per_page_confidence":null,"per_page_confidence_note":"Not recorded during the corpus run. No calibrated per-page score exists, and none is estimated here.","human_reviewed":false,"accuracy_context":"Roughly two thirds of characters agree with a modern printed edition of the same text. Much of the disagreement is editorial, not misreading. Treat the transcription as a finding aid and read the page image before quoting.","primary_source":"The page image. The text is an index into it."}}