{"book":"adl0311","page":15,"text":"جغرافیه طبیعی و ازمانها\n۱۲\n\nزمین در فضا\n\nعلم نجوم علمیست که بر اجرام فلکی بحث می راند\nو ما را از مسافتها و فاصله ها و درجه ها و حرکت های\nآنها آشنا میگرداند و تعلقات کره ارض را نیز\nبا عالم دیگر نشان میدهد و بما می فهماند که زمین یکی\nاز کواکب است. و در فضا معلق بوده بدور آفتاب\nسیاحت می کند.\nعالم عبارت است از هیئت مجموعه کواکب!\nکوکب یا ستاره عبارت است. از جرم کردی\nشکلی که در فضای نامحدود عالم معلق و متحرک است.\nکواکب چهار قسم اند :- ثوابت ، سیارات ، اقمار\nذوات الاذناب .\nثوابت :- اجرام مضئی هستند که بمسافات\nبعیده از زمین واقع شده و همیشه نسبت مابین مواضع\nآنها در آسمان یکسان است. مثلاً ستاره قطبی که مداماً\nطرف شمال مشاهده می شود - عده ثوابت که بچشم\nعریان بشکل نقاط درخشنده در آسمان مرئی است قریب\nپنج هزار است لکن در تلسقوپ شماره آنها از حساب","chars":743,"image":"https://storage.googleapis.com/adl-page-images/adl0311/00015.jpg","first_page":1,"last_page":125,"title":"Jughrāfiyā-yi ṭabʻī va Afrīqā جغرافياى طبعى و افريقا","permalink":"https://afghanpress.org/book/adl0311/15","canvas":"https://afghanpress.org/iiif/adl0311/canvas/15","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/books/adl0311/","source_pdf":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/pdf/adl0311_download.pdf","rights":{"image":{"statement":"Public domain. NYU states: \"All works presented on this website are, unless otherwise indicated, in the public domain. The images available on this website may be freely reproduced, distributed and transmitted by anyone for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial.\"","uri":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/","holder":"New York University Libraries","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/about.html","delivery":"Images are served from a copy mirrored by this project, not from NYU's servers, under the reproduction terms above.","endorsement":"This is an independent project. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or reviewed by New York University."},"text":{"statement":"Machine-generated transcription, dedicated to the public domain under CC0 1.0. No warranty of accuracy: see the provenance block on every page.","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","holder":"Steps Ventures"}},"provenance":{"text_produced_by":"gemini-3.1-pro-preview","thinking_level":"low","read_completed":"2026-08-09","per_page_confidence":null,"per_page_confidence_note":"Not recorded during the corpus run. No calibrated per-page score exists, and none is estimated here.","human_reviewed":false,"accuracy_context":"Roughly two thirds of characters agree with a modern printed edition of the same text. Much of the disagreement is editorial, not misreading. Treat the transcription as a finding aid and read the page image before quoting.","primary_source":"The page image. The text is an index into it."}}