{"book":"adl0263","page":13,"text":"( ٩ )\n\nبسم الله الرحمن الرحيم\n\nمختصر جغرافیای عمومی\n\nهمین خاکیکه بران زندگانی و سکونت داریم با همه کوهها و بحرها و شهرها و نهرها و تالابها و دره ها و تپه های آن جمله ( زمین ) گفته میشود ، و علمیکه از احوال زمین بیان میکند آنرا ( جغرافیا ) میگویند .\nشکل زمین کروی الشکل یعنی کرد و کلوله مانندهندوانه یا نارنج میباشد . این زمین کره وی یعنی کلوله بهیچ طرف بسته نیست ، و برهیچ چیزی تکیه ندارد . بلکه مانند يك طوپ بابکی در میان هوا معلق دور میکند .\nسه حصهٔ کرهٔ زمین آب ، و يك حصهٔ آن خشکه است که انرا ربع مسکون میگویند .\n( کرهٔ مجسمه ) چیزیستکه برای نشاندادن شکل زمین از کاغذهای کلفت بشکل کرهٔ زمین انرا میسازند ، و بر روی آن قطعات و بحرها و همه متعلقات زمین را رسم و نقش میکنند .","chars":676,"image":"https://storage.googleapis.com/adl-page-images/adl0263/00013.jpg","first_page":1,"last_page":85,"title":"Mukhtaṣar-i jughrāfiyā-yi ʻumūmī Maḥmūd Ṭarzī مختصر جغرافياى عمومى Sirāj al-Akhbār Afghāniyah","permalink":"https://afghanpress.org/book/adl0263/13","canvas":"https://afghanpress.org/iiif/adl0263/canvas/13","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/books/adl0263/","source_pdf":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/pdf/adl0263_download.pdf","rights":{"image":{"statement":"Public domain. NYU states: \"All works presented on this website are, unless otherwise indicated, in the public domain. The images available on this website may be freely reproduced, distributed and transmitted by anyone for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial.\"","uri":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/","holder":"New York University Libraries","source":"https://afghanistandl.nyu.edu/about.html","delivery":"Images are served from a copy mirrored by this project, not from NYU's servers, under the reproduction terms above.","endorsement":"This is an independent project. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or reviewed by New York University."},"text":{"statement":"Machine-generated transcription, dedicated to the public domain under CC0 1.0. No warranty of accuracy: see the provenance block on every page.","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","holder":"Steps Ventures"}},"provenance":{"text_produced_by":"gemini-3.1-pro-preview","thinking_level":"low","read_completed":"2026-08-09","per_page_confidence":null,"per_page_confidence_note":"Not recorded during the corpus run. No calibrated per-page score exists, and none is estimated here.","human_reviewed":false,"accuracy_context":"Roughly two thirds of characters agree with a modern printed edition of the same text. Much of the disagreement is editorial, not misreading. Treat the transcription as a finding aid and read the page image before quoting.","primary_source":"The page image. The text is an index into it."}}