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<TextLine ID="P13_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L3_S1" CONTENT="torical Research. Unfortunately, no adequate" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L4_S1" CONTENT="arrangements could be available for printing an" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L5_S1" CONTENT="English book at the Capital. It is, therefore, full" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L6_S1" CONTENT="of mistakes, mostly of spellings, and sometimes it" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L7_S1" CONTENT="makes a difficult reading." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L8_S1" CONTENT="The second part is not yet fully compiled and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L9_S1" CONTENT="may take a year or so for its completion. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L10_S1" CONTENT="present volume entitled &quot;The National Awaken" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L11_S1" CONTENT="ing&quot; is the third in the series and deals exclusively" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L12_S1" CONTENT="with the history of two prominent Afghan dynas" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L13_S1" CONTENT="ties—the Hotakis and the Durranis." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L14_S1" CONTENT="I acknowledge my heart-felt gratitude to the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L15_S1" CONTENT="Press Department and the Asia Foundation in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L16_S1" CONTENT="this connection. But for their encouragement" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L17_S1" CONTENT="and help, moral as well as material, the author" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L18_S1" CONTENT="could have hardly thought of undertaking such an" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L19_S1" CONTENT="onerous task." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L20_S1" CONTENT="MOHAMMED ALI" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L21_S1" CONTENT="Shershahmena," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L22_S1" CONTENT="Kabul, Afghanistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L23_S1" CONTENT="1st February, 1958." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P14_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L1_S1" CONTENT="INTRODUCTION" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L2_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan is a country of contrasts. More than half of it is a high plateau covered with lofty mountains, while the other half consists of level sandy tracts. The valleys, surrounded by hills, are extremely beautiful and appear like green emeralds set in the lap of mountains. Gushing streams, with clear blue water, add to their charms. On the other hand, the deserts are mostly desolate, where the very wind is often suffocating and even poisonous." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L3_S1" CONTENT="The climate of Afghanistan is extreme; it is cold and wet in winter, hot and dry in summer. Similar is the case with night and day, shade and sunshine; the difference of temperature may even go to forty degrees Fahrenheit. The temperament of the people could be no exception to this rule. Like the climate of his country, an Afghan knows no happy mean. He is either a loving friend or a deadly enemy. He will gladly lay down his life for the sake of his friend, or avenge his grievances though it may take him years to do. Outwardly he may appear uncouth and rough, but he conceals in his bosom a true and sincere heart—true both in love and war." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P15_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L2_S1" CONTENT="His history, too, is a checkered one. Sometimes he is establishing vast and powerful empires, extending to thousands of miles, with great centres of trade and arts, while at others he is involved in chaos and anarchy, destroying with his own hands the towering edifice he has created." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L3_S1" CONTENT="His geographical environment has had a deep and lasting effect on his customs, character, clothes and even his way of thinking. The mountainous and the uneven terrain of the country presents a very serious problem for the construction of roads. This lack of means of transportation as well as of communications has made journeys and thereby interchange of customs and ideas a very difficult task. It has resulted in dividing the people into clans and tribes, each leading for the most part an isolated and independent life preserving its peculiar dialect, culture and customs. Under a strong ruler, who would weld them together, the Afghans have achieved marvels, while a weak one would pave the way for internal discord and feuds." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L4_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan, since a very early time, had been on the cross-roads of world trade and a meeting ground of various nations and different culture" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P16_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L1_S1" CONTENT="iii" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L2_S1" CONTENT="and arts. It was here that the Aryans for the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L3_S1" CONTENT="first time took to settled life and framed a rudi-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L4_S1" CONTENT="mentary form of democratic government. Again" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L5_S1" CONTENT="it was here that Zoroaster preached his mono-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L6_S1" CONTENT="theistic religion and taught men the lesson of right" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L7_S1" CONTENT="thinking, right speaking and right acting. Later" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L8_S1" CONTENT="on, in the fourth century B. C., it became a part" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L9_S1" CONTENT="of the Macedonian Empire and came into direct" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L10_S1" CONTENT="touch with Greek philosophy and culture. It" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L11_S1" CONTENT="was about the middle of the third century B. C.," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L12_S1" CONTENT="during the reign of Asoka the Great, that Buddh-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L13_S1" CONTENT="ism found its way into the country. It was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L14_S1" CONTENT="on the Afghan soil that Greek realism mingled" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L15_S1" CONTENT="with Indian spiritualism, resulting in the Greco-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L16_S1" CONTENT="Buddhist art. Again in the seventh and eighth" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L17_S1" CONTENT="centuries it came gradually under the influence" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L18_S1" CONTENT="of Islamic culture and this has remained to be" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L19_S1" CONTENT="the dominating factor of Afghan life to this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L20_S1" CONTENT="day." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L21_S1" CONTENT="The palmy days of Islam in Afghanistan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L22_S1" CONTENT="received a severe setback in the early part of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L23_S1" CONTENT="13th century, when the ruthless Mongolian hordes," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L24_S1" CONTENT="under the leadership of Changiz Khan, poured" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L25_S1" CONTENT="into the country, leaving death and destruction in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L26_S1" CONTENT="their wake. The flourishing seats of arts and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P17_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P17_L1_S1" CONTENT="iv" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P17_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P17_L2_S1" CONTENT="culture, such as Bamian, Herat and Ghazni, were either razed to the ground or burnt to ashes. Millions and millions of people, some of them scholars of world-wide fame, were mercilessly butchered. As a result of this catastrophe, un-paralleled in human history, a wave of pessimism spread through the length and breadth of the country. Those, who had been fortunate enough to escape this general slaughter, took to penance and mortification. The philosophy, &quot;this world is a hell for true believers&quot; gained ground. Every misfortune, for which they themselves were responsible, was looked upon as punishment for their past sins and evil deeds. It was also believed that to combat these mishaps and diseases was beyond the power of human beings. This was the beginning of fatalism and pessimism in this country, which has played an important role in Afghan history." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P17_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P17_L3_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan had hardly recovered from the losses sustained at the hands of the Mongolian hordes, when another event happened, which crippled its trade and deprived it of its central commercial position. The country was lying on the cross-roads of world trade. Merchants from" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P18_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L2_S1" CONTENT="China, India as well as from far off western countries would come to Balkh to exchange their commodities. Balkh was then not only the entrepot of world merchandise but of ideas and culture as well. The discovery of sea-route to India around the Cape of Good Hope towards the close of the 15th century was indeed a deathblow to Afghan trade. The inflow of ideas as well as of wealth took a different turn. Poverty, ignorance and superstition crept into society. Feudalism and anarchy became the rule of the day. People, finding their lives and property in danger, could hardly devote their time to education or the pursuit of fine art. The country gradually lost its independence and became the bone of contention between two powerful neighbouring Empires—the Mughals of India and the Saffavids of Persia." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Mughals, who had destroyed the Afghan rule in India in 1526, were making every effort to reconcile the Afghans to their rule, and to make them forget their glorious past. Great care was taken in the appointment of Viceroys at Kabul. The tribes were practically left free to look after their own domestic affairs. They were regularly" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P19_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P19_L2_S1" CONTENT="subsidized to guarantee the free passage of the Mughal troops through their territories. But all these measures proved futile, and the freedom loving Afghans were never content with their lot, nor did they forget that before the Mughals they were masters of India. From the days of Babur (1504-30) right to the death of Aurangzeb (1707), they allowed the Mughals no rest and carried on the struggle of liberation with ever-increasing zeal, inflicting many a crushing and humiliating defeat on the Imperial Forces." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P19_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P19_L3_S1" CONTENT="In 1507 Babur took up arms against the Ghilzais, a powerful Afghan tribe, who had given him much trouble since he came to Kabul (1504). He took thousands of their sheep, and erected a minaret of human skulls to strike awe and terror of the Mughal force into the hearts of the tribesmen. But he failed in his attempts, for not long afterwards he was again forced to lead a second expedition against the Yusufzais, who had taken up arms against him. Seeing that force was of no avail, he married, for political reasons, the daughter of an influential Yusufzai chief." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P19_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P19_L4_S1" CONTENT="Similarly, after the fall of Delhi and Agra (1526), Babur was confronted with the uprisings" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P20_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P20_L2_S1" CONTENT="of the Afghans throughout India. He himself in his &quot;Memoirs,&quot; bitterly complains of the opposition that he had to face in various parts of the country at the hands of the Afghans. He writes in this connection : &quot;The Afghan governors of the provinces put their fortifications in defence and refused to submit or obey. Kanauj, with the whole country beyond the Ganges, was entirely in the possession of refractory Afghans, such as Nassar Khan, Maruf Farmuli, and a number of other Afghan chiefs, who were in a state of open rebellion. They had elected Bihar Khan (or Bahadur Khan), son of Darya Khan, as their king, and gave him the name of Sultan Mahmud.&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P20_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P20_L3_S1" CONTENT="On February 2, 1528, Babur set out to fight the Afghans, who had advanced from Bihar into Doab and had driven out the Imperial forces from Shamsabad. Though successful for a while, he could not achieve his object and the Afghans refused to pay homage to him and accept him as their over-lord." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P21_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L2_S1" CONTENT="Sur, on whom I have bestowed marks of favour," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L3_S1" CONTENT="to whom I have given several parganas (pieces of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L4_S1" CONTENT="land), and whom I left in that quarter, has also" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P21_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L7_S1" CONTENT="When Babur's son, Humayun came to power," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L8_S1" CONTENT="he found that numerous Afghan chiefs had estab-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L9_S1" CONTENT="lished independent principalities all over Northern" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L10_S1" CONTENT="India. Sultan Mahmud Lodi appeared in Bihar" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L11_S1" CONTENT="and had the support of all the old heads of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L12_S1" CONTENT="Afghan nobility, such as Biban and Bayazeed." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L13_S1" CONTENT="But the most formidable rival of Humayun was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L14_S1" CONTENT="Sher Khan, who looked upon the Mughals with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L15_S1" CONTENT="great contempt, as appears from one of his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L16_S1" CONTENT="statements : &quot;If fortune favours me, I can drive" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L17_S1" CONTENT="these Mughals, the usurpers, back out of India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L18_S1" CONTENT="They are not our superiors in war or even in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L19_S1" CONTENT="the art of administration, but we Afghans let" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L20_S1" CONTENT="slip the power that we had, simply by reason" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L21_S1" CONTENT="of our dissensions. Since I have been among" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L22_S1" CONTENT="the Mughals, I have observed their conduct," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L23_S1" CONTENT="and found them lacking in order and dis-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P21_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L25_S1" CONTENT="A third opponent of Humayun was Alaud Din" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L26_S1" CONTENT="Lodi, uncle of Ibrahim Lodi. He was one of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P22_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L2_S1" CONTENT="those traitors who invited Babur to India and fought against his nephew at Panipat in the vain hope that the invader would hand him over the reins of Government and return to Kabul. Later on, he fell into disgrace and was banished to Badakhshan, where he remained in prison until the death of Babur. After that he effected his escape, returned to India and sought refuge with Bahadur Shah, ruler of Gujrat, who supplied him money. Alauddin with his help was able to collect a large force with the intention of turning out the Mughals from India. He proceeded as far as Agra, but was finally defeated and made to retire from the scene." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L3_S1" CONTENT="Out of these Afghan chiefs it was only Sher Khan, who was ultimately successful. In 1540, he was able to inflict a crushing defeat on Humayun, who quitting India fled to Persia in the hope of getting some help from Shah Tahmasap in the recovery of his Empire. On meeting the Shah, he recounted his pathetic story, how fate had deserted him, and how his enemy, Sher Shah, had deprived him of his throne and crown. The Shah, receiving him with great respect, promised help, reminding him at the same time of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P23_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P23_L2_S1" CONTENT="friendly relations that existed between his family and the members of the Timur (Tamerlane) dynasty. But so long as Sher Shah was alive, neither Humayun nor the Shah of Persia, could even think of invading India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P23_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P23_L3_S1" CONTENT="Similarly, Akbar, Humayun's son and successor, had much trouble at the hands of the Afghans. After the fall of Kashmir, he directed his attention against the north-eastern tribes of Afghanistan, who had given him no rest since he came to power. But he met a very stiff resistance from these tribes and the Mughal army more than once was routed after sustaining innumerable losses." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P23_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P23_L4_S1" CONTENT="At the same time Bayazid Ansar, popularly known as Pir Roshan (the Enlightened Saint) and the founder of a sect called Roshanian, took up arms against the Mughals. This was not only an armed conflict but a conflict of ideology as well. Bayazid was able to establish his authority in the hilly districts from the Khyber to the heart of the Sulaiman Range, with an influence over the neighbouring Afghan tribes as well, who looked upon him as their temporal and spiritual leader." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P24_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P24_L1_S1" CONTENT="xi" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P24_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P24_L2_S1" CONTENT="In 1586, Akbar finally resolved to settle this intricate Afghan question once for all. The chief command of the Imperial Forces was entrusted to Zain Khan Koka, the Emperor's foster-brother, and to Raja Bir Bal, one of the closest personal friends of Akbar. The Mughals, though far superior in number and equipment, could make little headway. At last in one of the gorges between Swat and Bajaur, they were all of a sudden surrounded by the Afghans, who overwhelmed them with showers of stones and arrows. Finally, when they saw that the Mughals had lost their morale, they, rushing down the sides of the hills, fell upon the bewildered soldiers. All attempts to preserve discipline were of no avail. The defeat turned into a rout; men, horses and elephants were huddled together in their flight. A terrible slaughter followed and most of the Mughal officers were killed. Nor was Zain Khan more fortunate. At night when an alarm was heard that the Afghans were coming, his remaining troops again took to heels and not a bullet was fired in defence. Taking cover of the night, Zain Khan escaped on foot and made his way to Attock with great difficulty. The news of this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P25_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P25_L2_S1" CONTENT="defeat spread alarm even in the Imperial Camp, but unfortunately the Afghans let slip a golden opportunity. Content with the loot, they made no attempt to follow up the advantage." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P25_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P25_L3_S1" CONTENT="After the death of Pir Roshan and his valiant son, Jalal Khan, the war of liberation did not come to an end. It was continued by his successors with unabated fury, and dragged on during the reign of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb. Shah Jahan was once faced with a national rising of a very serious form and the Afghans came very near to establishing an independent kingdom in Northern India. They flocked to the standard of Khan Jahan Lodi, son of Daulat Khan, one of Akbar's trusted officers. He (Khan Jahan) held the rank of Panjhazari (Five Thousand) in the Mughal army and was a successful governor of Gujrat and the Deccan in the reign of Jahangir, Akbar's son. Like many other patriotic Afghans he too, cherished the idea of establishing an independent Afghan kingdom in India. The Imperial Forces once more suffered many reverses. But finally Khan Jahan was much depressed at the loss of his sons and followers, who were either killed in the battle or taken prisoners by the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P26_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P26_L1_S1" CONTENT="xiii" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P26_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P26_L2_S1" CONTENT="Mughal forces. When all hope of success was lost, Khan Jahan, in accordance with his national custom, preferred death to an ignominious escape. He made a last stand with a handful of followers. In the midst of the struggle that ensued, Madhu Singh pierced him with a spear, and before Muzaffar Khan could come to his help, the brave soldier, with his surviving son, Aziz, was cut to pieces." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P26_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P26_L3_S1" CONTENT="Even when the religious zeal of the Roshnanians wore out with years, the free spirit of the Afghans was not crushed. They rejected all overtures of peace or reconciliation both from the Mughals of India or the Saffavids of Persia. It was only in the cities and towns of Afghanistan that the foreigners could maintain their own by dint of superior organisation and better equipment." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P26_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P26_L4_S1" CONTENT="When Aurangzeb came to power (1658), he too could not cope successfully with the Afghan question and thought it advisable to subsidize the tribes to guarantee the safety of roads that passed through their territories. The annual subsidies during his reign amounted to 600,000 rupees." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P27_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P27_L1_S1" CONTENT="xiv" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P27_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P27_L2_S1" CONTENT="Even the expenditure of this huge sum could not make the Afghans give up their struggle. In 1667, the Yusufzais took up arms against him, and under the leadership of Bhagu, who had assumed kingship, crossed the river Indus above Attock. They were soon followed by other bands, who spread over Peshawar and the adjacent districts. In 1672, the Afridees came to the forefront. They rose under their leader, Akmal Khan, a born general, who crowned himself king, struck coins in his own name and proclaimed a Jehad (religious war) against the Mughals. He invited all the Afghan tribes to join this national movement and the war of liberation. Thousands came to his help. Closing the Khyber Pass, they attacked the Mughal garrison at Ali Masjid. Mohammed Amin Khan, son of Mir Jumla, the Mughal governor of Kabul, went out with all forces at his command, to rescue the garrison. The result was the oft repeated tale of disaster of the Mughal forces. Ten thousand were killed in the battle and more than two crores (20,000,000) of rupees fell into the hands of victors. They also captured twenty thousand men and women. Even the wife of Mohammed Amin was among" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P28_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P28_L2_S1" CONTENT="the prisoners, who had to be ransomed at a very heavy price." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P28_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P28_L3_S1" CONTENT="Another most formidable opponent of the foreigners was Khushal Khan Khattak, the soldier poet, who inspired the Afghans with his pen no less than his sword. Once the rising took a very serious turn and the Afghans were well nigh implementing their national programme. It affected the whole of eastern Afghanistan, from Attock to Kandahar. Moreover its leaders were not ordinary men. They had served in the Mughal army in Hindustan and the Deccan, and knew the organisation, efficiency and even the tactics of the Imperial Forces. The Mughals met disaster after disaster. At last Aurangzeb himself was forced to take the command of his army into his own hands. He came as far as Hasanabdal (June 1674) and for a year and a half he personally directed the operations. His gold in the long run proved more effective than his arms. Under its magic touch many of the leaders and clans were won over. Khushal Khan in his poems gives vent to his indignation against these traitors, who had been seduced by the prospect of advancement" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P29_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P29_L2_S1" CONTENT="to give up the cause of their country and join the ranks of enemies." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P29_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P29_L3_S1" CONTENT="Khushal Khan Khattak was not destined to reap the fruits of his labours. But his noble example was vigorously followed by others, and his innumerable sacrifices fired the imagination of the Afghans all over the country. Every-where national movements took a serious form. The first to strike successfully was a Hotaki Chief of Kandahar, named Mir Vais Khan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P30_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P30_L2_S1" CONTENT="THE RISE OF THE HOTAKIS IN" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P32_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L2_S1" CONTENT="Kandahar is one of the richest provinces of Afghanistan, lying in the south-east corner of the country. During the 16th and 17th centuries it was a bone of contention between the two neighbouring powers—the Saffivids of Persia and the Mughals of India. Its strategical and commercial importance was so great that both of them wanted to incorporate it within their empire. In 1522 Babur took Kandahar from Shah Beg of Urghun family and it remained a part of the Mughal Empire until the death of Humayun, when Shah Tahmasap of Persia, taking advantage of Akbar's minority, cast longing eyes on Kandahar, and finally was able to lay his hands on it. In 1595, Akbar, anxious to regain Kandahar, intrigued with Muzaffar Hussein Mirza, who held the province as a fief of Persia. The conspiracy was crowned with success and the city surrendered to the Mughals. Muzaffar Hussein Mirza, for services rendered, was given an important command in the Mughal army and a piece of land in India. In 1620, after having concluded a peace treaty with Turkey, Shah Abbas of Persia" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P33_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L2_S1" CONTENT="turned his attention to Kandahar. When negotiations proved futile, he made up his mind to resort to force and wrest Kandahar. At the same time he intrigued with the rulers of the Deccan to keep the Mughal army busy. Mandu, governor of Kandahar, appealed to Jehangir for help, but no effective aid could come from any direction, and the city after a long siege opened its gates to the invaders. The Saffivids held it until 1638, when the city once more changed hands and became a part of the Mughal Empire." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L3_S1" CONTENT="Shah Safi, successor of Abbas I, was a relentless tyrant who killed most of his relatives and some of the most trusted generals of his grandfather on mere suspicion. Ali Mardan Khan, the governor of Kandahar, was summoned to Isfahan, the Persian capital. Fearing that he might share the same fate, he surrendered Kandahar to a force sent by Shah Jahan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L4_S1" CONTENT="After Safi's death in 1642, his successor Abbas II decided to recapture Kandahar. Taking advantage of a severe winter, when the passes leading to India were blocked with heavy snow and no adequate help could be expected from that quarter, he laid siege to Kandahar." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P34_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P34_L2_S1" CONTENT="After a few days the city surrendered. Shah Jahan, on hearing this, made strenuous attempts to recover it, but all his efforts were of no avail. Thrice the Mughal army advanced on Kandahar and laid siege to it, but due to troubles at the Mughal Court, the siege was not pursued with vigour. Kandahar thus remained in Persian possession until the beginning of the eighteenth century, when a national rising headed by Mir Vais Khan, chief of the Hotaki tribe, a branch of the Ghilzais, liberated the province and put an end to the foreign yoke." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P34_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P34_L3_S1" CONTENT="Shah Abbas I, was indeed a great king. He had studied the Afghan character minutely and knew that he could not keep the city without the active co-operation of the Afghans themselves. With this in view, he did everything in his power to win the affection of the people. He reduced the revenue, left the people free in their internal administration and did his best to make them forget that they were under alien rule. But the cruelty and avarice of his successors, especially those of Shah Hussein, the last of the Saffivids, soon made the Afghans to take up arms against the Persians in order to assert their independence." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P35_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P35_L1_S1" CONTENT="4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P35_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P35_L2_S1" CONTENT="At this time the indolence and effeminacy of the Persian Court had passed all limits of morality. Shah Hussein spent most of his time in the company of eunuchs and concubines and was a mere tool in the hands of his favourites. Contrary to the policy of his predecessors, when he learnt that the Afghans were inclined to take up arms against him, he made up his mind to extinguish by force once for all those sparks of national awakening, which, in his opinion, might ere-long blaze into flame." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P35_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P35_L3_S1" CONTENT="At this time there was at Isfahan, the Persian capital, a Georgian prince of Bagrathioni family, Gurgin by name. He was supposed to be an administrator of unusual ability. Having been raised to the dignity of a Wali (governor) of his province, he revolted with a view to make his people free. He made a bold stand against the Shah's army in Tiflis, the capital of the province, but being deserted by most of his adherents, who were bribed by the King, he not only submitted, but embraced Islam for political reasons. The Shah was so pleased with this that he forgave him for raising the standard of revolt and loading" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P36_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L2_S1" CONTENT="him with honours confirmed the position which he had previously held." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L3_S1" CONTENT="When the Court learnt that the Afghans of Kandahar were ripe for revolt, they at once decided to send Gurgin to Kandahar &quot;to pacify the turbulent Afghans&quot;. Gurgin, leaving his brother, Levan Khan as his lieutenant in Georgia, proceeded immediately on his new mission with an army of twenty thousand Persians and a contingent of Georgians. On reaching there he made a diligent enquiry. Being a man of cruel disposition, he made up his mind to eradicate at the bayonet the national aspirations of the Afghans." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L4_S1" CONTENT="It is hard to believe the excesses to which the violence and cruelty of his troops reached on this occasion. It is related that the tribal chiefs in their forts, and the shepherds in their tents, were equally the victim of these outrages. They saw their forts razed to the ground, their tents burnt to ashes, their property plundered and their chiefs either killed or put into prison. The heads of the tribes met secretly to discuss ways and means to cope with the situation. Before taking active steps, they decided to send a deputation to the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P37_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L1_S1" CONTENT="6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L2_S1" CONTENT="Persian Court asking the Shah to redress their" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L3_S1" CONTENT="grievances. On reaching Isfahan, the deputies" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L4_S1" CONTENT="found it impossible to contact the Shah. Gurgin's" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L5_S1" CONTENT="partisans, having discovered the motive of their" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L6_S1" CONTENT="journey, stood in the way and hindered their" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L7_S1" CONTENT="having an audience with the King." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L8_S1" CONTENT="According to ancient custom, the King of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L9_S1" CONTENT="Persia appeared in public only once a year, on the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L10_S1" CONTENT="day of Naoroz, the new year's day, when even the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L11_S1" CONTENT="humblest subjects of the Shah had free access to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L12_S1" CONTENT="him. The Afghan deputies, availing of the opport-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L13_S1" CONTENT="unity, laid their complaints before the King. But" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L14_S1" CONTENT="again Gurgin's friends intervened and prevailed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L15_S1" CONTENT="upon the Shah to dismiss the deputies as mal-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L16_S1" CONTENT="contents, unworthy of royal favours." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L17_S1" CONTENT="Meanwhile, Gurgin was duly informed of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L18_S1" CONTENT="what was passing at the Persian Court. Em-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L19_S1" CONTENT="boldened by his success, he made up his mind" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L20_S1" CONTENT="to punish those who, he thought to be at the root" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L21_S1" CONTENT="of this national movement. Mir Vais Khan was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L22_S1" CONTENT="one of the most influential chiefs. Besides, he" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L23_S1" CONTENT="held the office of Kalantar (Mayor) of the city of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L24_S1" CONTENT="Kandahar. His noble birth, his influence with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L25_S1" CONTENT="the tribes, his generosity and evidence of an" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P38_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L1_S1" CONTENT="7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L2_S1" CONTENT="ambitious spirit, were reasons for his being" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L3_S1" CONTENT="suspected as the author of the past disturbances." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L4_S1" CONTENT="He was therefore arrested and sent to Isfahan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L5_S1" CONTENT="under a strong escort. Gurgin, having thus" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L6_S1" CONTENT="removed the thorn from his side, the only person" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L7_S1" CONTENT="who he dreaded and in whom he found all the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L8_S1" CONTENT="qualifications necessary for a great leader, could" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L9_S1" CONTENT="now breathe more comfortably. He put a garrison" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L10_S1" CONTENT="in the citadel inside the city of Kandahar, and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L11_S1" CONTENT="satisfied with keeping his Georgians round his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L12_S1" CONTENT="person, disbanded the rest of the army." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L13_S1" CONTENT="Mir Vais Khan, far from being disappointed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L14_S1" CONTENT="by his banishment, tried to make the best of a bad" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L15_S1" CONTENT="bargain. He first of all endeavoured to study the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L16_S1" CONTENT="Persians and get a first hand knowledge of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L17_S1" CONTENT="Court, then to utilize the opportunity for the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L18_S1" CONTENT="liberation of this countrymen. The character of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L19_S1" CONTENT="the Shah was too remarkable to escape his keen" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L20_S1" CONTENT="shrewd eyes. He was pleased to find him addicted" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L21_S1" CONTENT="to wine and women, which made him quite" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L22_S1" CONTENT="incapable of ruling his people properly. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L23_S1" CONTENT="real power was in the hands of a few favourites" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L24_S1" CONTENT="and eunuchs, who were the real disposers of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L25_S1" CONTENT="Government posts. All offices and dignities could" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L26_S1" CONTENT="be purchased and were given to those who paid" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P39" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="39" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P39_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P39_L1_S1" CONTENT="8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P39_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P39_L2_S1" CONTENT="the highest price. Corruption was rampant in all Government departments; both high and low were given to bribes. Life was not safe and robbers infested the roads even in broad daylight." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P39_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P39_L3_S1" CONTENT="Perhaps the Shah was the only person who was not aware of what was happening in the country. Buried in the pleasures of harem, the cries of the oppressed could hardly reach his ears." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P39_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P39_L4_S1" CONTENT="Such was the state of affairs, when Mir Vais Khan arrived at the Persian capital as a state prisoner. The shrewd Afghan, after studying the situation minutely, made up his mind to utilize it in achieving his national aim. His first object was to come into touch with the party which was opposed to Gurgin. Soon he learnt that the king's steward and Fateh Ali Khan, the Grand Vazier, were at the head of this faction. Mir Vais Khan had little difficulty in making common cause with them. He also made use of the money which his Afghan friends had placed at his disposal in bribing the courtiers and winning them over to his side." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P39_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P39_L5_S1" CONTENT="After these necessary steps, he approached the King with the help of his friends. He justified" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P40_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L1_S1" CONTENT="his conduct with such eloquence and arguments," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L2_S1" CONTENT="that the King, not only acquitted him of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L3_S1" CONTENT="charges levied against him by Gurgin and his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L4_S1" CONTENT="party, but was pleased to grant him his favours and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L5_S1" CONTENT="protection as well." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L6_S1" CONTENT="A man of common calibre might have been" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L7_S1" CONTENT="satisfied with these successes. But to Mir Vais" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L8_S1" CONTENT="Khan this was only a stepping-stone to realize his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L9_S1" CONTENT="national dreams. His eloquent speech and manly" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L10_S1" CONTENT="behaviour soon enabled him to have free access" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L11_S1" CONTENT="to the Shah. Mir Vais Khan now thought that" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L12_S1" CONTENT="the time was ripe to strike a blow." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L13_S1" CONTENT="He always spoke of Gurgin's ability in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L14_S1" CONTENT="highest possible terms and at the same time" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L15_S1" CONTENT="gave his listeners time to reflect on the valour" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L16_S1" CONTENT="and prowess of such a resourceful general. He" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L17_S1" CONTENT="artfully insinuated and pointed out that the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L18_S1" CONTENT="governorship of three major provinces (Georgia," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L19_S1" CONTENT="Khermania and Kandahar), with which Gurgin" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L20_S1" CONTENT="was invested, rendered him very formidable. He" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L21_S1" CONTENT="also reminded them of his ability in holding out" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L22_S1" CONTENT="successfully against the Imperial Forces at Tiflis." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L23_S1" CONTENT="Gradually he won his way and the debauched" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P40_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L24_S1" CONTENT="King and courtiers began to feel that Gurgin" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P41" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="41" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P41_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P41_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L1_S1" CONTENT="10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L2_S1" CONTENT="was a dangerous person and he had removed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L3_S1" CONTENT="Mir Vais from Kandahar simply to get rid of an" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L4_S1" CONTENT="influential chief, who could, by his fidelity to the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L5_S1" CONTENT="Crown, baffle his projects." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L6_S1" CONTENT="Not satisfied with these successes, Mir Vais" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L7_S1" CONTENT="Khan now turned his attention towards the union" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L8_S1" CONTENT="of the Afghan tribes, for he knew that without" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L9_S1" CONTENT="their co-operation the execution of his exalted" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L10_S1" CONTENT="designs was not possible. He had already won" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L11_S1" CONTENT="the affection of his countrymen by his intelligence" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L12_S1" CONTENT="and generosity, but to him this was not sufficient" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L13_S1" CONTENT="for an enterprise of such magnitude. In order" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L14_S1" CONTENT="to cement further the bond of union among the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L15_S1" CONTENT="various tribes, he tried to give it a religious tinge." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L16_S1" CONTENT="With this in view, he decided to go to Mecca on" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L17_S1" CONTENT="pilgrimage and obtain a decree from the learned" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L18_S1" CONTENT="(Ulamas), permitting him to take up arms against" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L19_S1" CONTENT="the Persians and raising his revolt in the form of a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L20_S1" CONTENT="Jehad (religious war). He approached the King" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L21_S1" CONTENT="to allow him to go to Mecca. The request was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L22_S1" CONTENT="granted without difficulty. Mir Vais Khan left" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L23_S1" CONTENT="for Mecca and after obtaining the decree, returned" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L24_S1" CONTENT="to Isfahan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L25_S1" CONTENT="It was at this time that an ambassador from" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L26_S1" CONTENT="Peter the Great arrived at the frontier post of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P42" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="42" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<PrintSpace HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextBlock ID="P42_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P42_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L1_S1" CONTENT="11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L2_S1" CONTENT="Shamikie. He was attended by a large retinue and was charged with letters from the Pope and the Emperor of Germany. This ambassador, Israil Orii by name, was by birth a Persian subject and was born at Capan, in Armenia, then a part of the Persian Empire. He claimed to be the direct descendant of the ancient kings of that province and had not resigned the rights which he thought he was entitled to, due to his birth. These reports alarmed the Shah and his courtiers. Europeans of other nationalities, who had settled in Persia, also magnified these alarms in furtherance of their own interests." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L3_S1" CONTENT="The artful insinuation of Mir Vais Khan on this occasion made a very strong impression on the Shah and his courtiers. &quot;The State,&quot; he said, &quot;is indeed in a most perilous situation. We are being threatened from all sides. No one can be ignorant of the fact that the Czar, whose ambitions are well-known, supports the cause of his co-religionists living on Persian soil. The ambassador must be a secret emissary, who, under the guise of a diplomatic representative, has come to sow the seeds of sedition among the royal subjects, otherwise why should an Armenian of such repute" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P43" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="43" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<PrintSpace HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextBlock ID="P43_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P43_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L1_S1" CONTENT="12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L2_S1" CONTENT="be deputed for this purpose? Was it not possible" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L3_S1" CONTENT="for the Czar to nominate one of his own subjects" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L4_S1" CONTENT="for such a responsible post? Anyway, why should" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L5_S1" CONTENT="this minister pretend to be descended from the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L6_S1" CONTENT="line of the ancient kings of Armenia, if it is not" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L7_S1" CONTENT="to obtain more credit for his own cause? But" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L8_S1" CONTENT="this is the least part of the danger that threatens" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L9_S1" CONTENT="us at present. The real danger lies in the attempts" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L10_S1" CONTENT="of the Moscovites and the Armenians to have the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L11_S1" CONTENT="warlike and brave Georgians on their side. It" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L12_S1" CONTENT="is an open secret that they are well disposed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L13_S1" CONTENT="towards our enemies, and wait impatiently for" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L14_S1" CONTENT="their chance to assert their independence. It is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L15_S1" CONTENT="quite obvious that they have submitted with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L16_S1" CONTENT="reluctance to a people of different religion. Have" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L17_S1" CONTENT="we forgotten that only a few years ago these" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L18_S1" CONTENT="people at the instigation of Gurgin Khan rose" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L19_S1" CONTENT="against us? What an irony of fate, this Gurgin is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L20_S1" CONTENT="now a full-fledged governor of three major pro-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L21_S1" CONTENT="vinces! Are we ignorant of the fact that his cousin," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L22_S1" CONTENT="Sanazarli, is now at the Court of St. Petersburg," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L23_S1" CONTENT="soliciting the Czar to assist him in the liberation of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L24_S1" CONTENT="his co-religionists in Georgia? Suppose for a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L25_S1" CONTENT="moment that they all join hands against us. Can" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P44" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="44" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<PrintSpace HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextBlock ID="P44_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P44_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P44_L1_S1" CONTENT="13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P44_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P44_L2_S1" CONTENT="the Imperial Forces cope successfully with such dangers on various fronts?&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P44_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P44_L3_S1" CONTENT="The speech had the desired effect on the audience. None could contradict his sound arguments. The Shah and his courtiers were so horrified as to beseech Mir Vais Khan to go to Kandahar at once and keep a vigilant watch over Gurgin, and use his influence to frustrate his schemes in case he was planning mischief." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P44_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P44_L4_S1" CONTENT="Mir Vais Khan, availing himself of this golden opportunity, returned to Kandahar and was again appointed as the chief of his tribe. Shortly afterwards he improved his relations with Gurgin. They often met each other and even dined together. When Mir Vais Khan saw that Gurgin no longer suspected him, he invited him to a feast arranged in his fort at Kohkran, a few miles outside the city of Kandahar. Gurgin, ignorant of the conspiracy afoot, gladly accepted the invitation, and at the appointed time repaired to Mir Vais Khan's fort, accompanied by a few officers and an escort of about two hundred men. A sumptuous feast was arranged and best available liquors were provided. After lunch the Persians retired for a short rest. It was the time for Mir" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P45_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P45_L2_S1" CONTENT="Vais Khan to avenge his grievances. The Persians, caught unaware, could not offer any resistance, and were consequently killed to a man." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P45_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P45_L3_S1" CONTENT="In the evening Mir Vais Khan, accompanied by his friends and followers, in the garb of Persians, approached Kandahar. The guards on duty, taking them for Gurgin and his retinue, opened the gate. The Afghans first of all made themselves masters of the gates, and then, sword in hand, fell upon the bewildered garrison from all sides. Few could escape from this wholesale slaughter. Kandahar was rescued from foreign yoke." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P45_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P45_L4_S1" CONTENT="Mir Vais Khan (1708—1715).—Mir Vais Khan took the reins of Government of Kandahar in his own hands without assuming the royal title. He was content to be called the Mushar (chief) of his people. Subsequent Persian expeditions failed to recapture Kandahar, and Mir Wais was left in full possession of the whole province, which he ruled admirably for a period of seven years (from 1708 to 1715). He died in 1715, and was buried at Kohkran, not far from Kandahar, where his tomb stands to this day." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P46_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L1_S1" CONTENT="15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L2_S1" CONTENT="It had fallen into ruins and was rebuilt during the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L3_S1" CONTENT="reign of King Mohammed Nadir Shah-i-Shahid." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L4_S1" CONTENT="Shah Mahmud (1716—1725).—Mir Vais Khan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L5_S1" CONTENT="left two sons behind, Mir Mahmud and Mir" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L6_S1" CONTENT="Hussein, who were both of tender age. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L7_S1" CONTENT="elders of the tribe therefore elected Abdul Aziz," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L8_S1" CONTENT="the deceased Khan's brother, to the throne. But" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L9_S1" CONTENT="he proved to be a coward. Thinking that it was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L10_S1" CONTENT="impossible to hold his own against the two" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L11_S1" CONTENT="powerful neighbours at one and the same time," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L12_S1" CONTENT="he decided to side with Persians and submit his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L13_S1" CONTENT="allegiance to the Shah. Mir Mahmud, though" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L14_S1" CONTENT="he was only 18 at the time, could not see the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L15_S1" CONTENT="efforts of his illustrious father thus thrown to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L16_S1" CONTENT="the winds. He consulted some of the faithful" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L17_S1" CONTENT="followers of his father on this point. They all" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L18_S1" CONTENT="agreed with him and promised whole-hearted" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L19_S1" CONTENT="help. Whereupon he rose against his uncle, and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L20_S1" CONTENT="entering the royal palace, killed him with his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L21_S1" CONTENT="own hand and ascended the throne with the title" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L22_S1" CONTENT="of Shah." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L23_S1" CONTENT="At this time the Abdalis of Herat, encouraged" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L24_S1" CONTENT="by the successes of the Hotakis at Kandahar, took" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L25_S1" CONTENT="up arms and killed the Persian Governor of Herat" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L26_S1" CONTENT="and declared their independence. The Persian" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P47_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L1_S1" CONTENT="16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L2_S1" CONTENT="army suffered reverse after reverse at the hands of Assadullah Khan, the Abdalis' leader. At last a decisive battle was fought at Kafir Killa (modern Islam Killa), on the Perso-Afghan border, which resulted in the complete rout of the Persian forces and the Abdalis of Herat were left to look after their affairs themselves." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L3_S1" CONTENT="Shah Mahmud was not content with the possession of Kandahar. Being young and ambitious he aspired to be a great king. In 1720 he entered the Persian territory and advanced as far as Kerman. Encouraged by these initial successes, he resolved to plunge right into the heart of Persia and strike at once at the centre of the Government, which had oppressed his people for many years. In 1722, at the head of some 20,000 men, he made straight for Isfahan, the Persian capital. No serious resistance was offered until he reached the suburbs of that city. The degenerate Persian Government was under the impression that the Afghans, after raiding some of the frontier posts, would return to their native land. But now they were disillusioned and realized the seriousness of the situation. An army, some 60,000 in number, admirably" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P48_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P48_L1_S1" CONTENT="MIR MAHMUD HOTAKI" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P48_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P48_L2_S1" CONTENT="King of Kandahar &amp; Emperor of Persia" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P48_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P48_L3_S1" CONTENT="1716—1725" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P50_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P50_L1_S1" CONTENT="17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P50_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P50_L2_S1" CONTENT="equipped and armed with heavy guns, marched out to meet the Afghans in the open field. On the 8th of March 1722, the two armies came face to face on the plains of Gulnabad, some twelve miles east of the capital. The Afghans were ill-equipped and their number against that of the enemy was as one to three. Moreover, the long and tiring journey through the most inhospitable part of Persia had told unfavourably on their health. But they were men of character and resolution and had come all that way with the determination to conquer or die. They knew very well that in case of defeat none would be able to reach his motherland. They, therefore, fought with unusual courage. The Persians, after an initial success, were put to rout. The Afghans, following at their heels, laid siege to the capital." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P50_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P50_L3_S1" CONTENT="Isfahan had at this time attained the height of its magnificence and glory, and had a population of over 6,00,000. It was well-fortified, protected with a heavy wall and a deep ditch. The Afghans, equipped as they were with primitive weapons, were unable to assault it. They, therefore, resolved to intercept the supplies. It seemed a wild project to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P51_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L1_S1" CONTENT="18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L2_S1" CONTENT="blockade a city of such magnitude with less than" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L3_S1" CONTENT="20,000 men. Yet so well did Mahmud com-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L4_S1" CONTENT="pensate for the lack of manpower by his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L5_S1" CONTENT="vigilance and activity that before long the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L6_S1" CONTENT="inhabitants began to suffer all the horrors of an" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L7_S1" CONTENT="acute famine. At length, after repeated sallies" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L8_S1" CONTENT="had been beaten back with great loss in men" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L9_S1" CONTENT="and material, and all attempts of troops from" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L10_S1" CONTENT="the provinces to pierce the Afghan line and force" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L11_S1" CONTENT="a convoy of food into the beleagured city had" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L12_S1" CONTENT="failed, the necessity of surrender became more" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L13_S1" CONTENT="apparent. Finally after a siege of eight months," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L14_S1" CONTENT="the Shah, accompanied by his courtiers and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L15_S1" CONTENT="high-ranking officers, came out of the city and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L16_S1" CONTENT="surrendered himself to Mahmud at Farahabad," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L17_S1" CONTENT="the headquarters of the Afghans. The Shah" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L18_S1" CONTENT="with his own hand placed the diadem on the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L19_S1" CONTENT="head of the conqueror and gave him the keys of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L20_S1" CONTENT="the city." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L21_S1" CONTENT="Shah Mahmud in the beginning of his reign" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L22_S1" CONTENT="in Persia showed qualities of a good statesman." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L23_S1" CONTENT="The moment he became the master of the capital," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L24_S1" CONTENT="he tried his best to relieve the inhabitants of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L25_S1" CONTENT="miseries of famine. His next care was to establish" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P52_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L2_S1" CONTENT="confidence among his new subjects. It is to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L3_S1" CONTENT="his credit that he succeeded in both of these" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L4_S1" CONTENT="high ideals admirably. Then he turned his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L5_S1" CONTENT="attention towards the administration of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L6_S1" CONTENT="newly-acquired country. It appeared to him" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L7_S1" CONTENT="rather dangerous to trust the Persians blindly" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L8_S1" CONTENT="and to leave them in charge of all Government" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L9_S1" CONTENT="offices. He could not appoint his own men to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L10_S1" CONTENT="stations with which they were totally unac-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L11_S1" CONTENT="quainted. So he adopted a middle course. He" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L12_S1" CONTENT="allowed the Persians to continue in their" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L13_S1" CONTENT="office, but nominated a supervisor from among" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L14_S1" CONTENT="his own people in each department to look after" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L15_S1" CONTENT="the work. By this arrangement he had the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L16_S1" CONTENT="advantage of experience of the one and the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L17_S1" CONTENT="fidelity of the other. He punished those of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L18_S1" CONTENT="Persian officers who had turned traitors to their" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L19_S1" CONTENT="king and failed to stand by him at the time of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L20_S1" CONTENT="difficulty. Even those, who were in secret" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L21_S1" CONTENT="correspondence with him during the siege, were" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L22_S1" CONTENT="severely punished for their treachery, while the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L23_S1" CONTENT="chiefs who had remained loyal and faithful to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L24_S1" CONTENT="their King, were kindly treated and amply" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L25_S1" CONTENT="rewarded. He appointed an Afghan of singular" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P53_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L2_S1" CONTENT="piety and uprightness as the Chief Judge of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L3_S1" CONTENT="city." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L4_S1" CONTENT="The same considerations, which made" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L5_S1" CONTENT="Mahmud endeavour to conciliate the good opinion" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L6_S1" CONTENT="of his new subjects, induced him to grant every" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L7_S1" CONTENT="encouragement to the foreigners settled in Persia." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L8_S1" CONTENT="Several Europeans of different nationalities had" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L9_S1" CONTENT="at this period factories at Isfahan and Bandar" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L10_S1" CONTENT="Abbas. They were confirmed in all their privi-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L11_S1" CONTENT="leges. Even the Christian missionaries were" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L12_S1" CONTENT="allowed full liberty to perform publicly the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L13_S1" CONTENT="duties of their religion. But unfortunately this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L14_S1" CONTENT="fair prospect was soon clouded when Mahmud" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L15_S1" CONTENT="found that the Persians were conspiring against" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L16_S1" CONTENT="him in every part of the country. This led him" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L17_S1" CONTENT="to rule with an iron hand. Moreover, he soon" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L18_S1" CONTENT="found himself face to face with innumerable" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L19_S1" CONTENT="difficulties at the hands of his own colleagues and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L20_S1" CONTENT="trusted friends, who wanted to establish inde-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L21_S1" CONTENT="pendent principalities in different parts of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L22_S1" CONTENT="conquered country. This dissension of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L23_S1" CONTENT="Afghan chiefs was one of the chief causes that" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L24_S1" CONTENT="contributed to the fall of the Afghan rule in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L25_S1" CONTENT="Persia. It gave a chance to the Persians to join" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L26_S1" CONTENT="hands and make a united effort to oust the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P54" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="54" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P54_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P54_L1_S1" CONTENT="21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P54_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P54_L2_S1" CONTENT="Afghans from their soil. They gathered round Prince Tahmasap, the eldest son of Shah Hussein. Another danger which threatened the Afghan rule in Persia came from the two neighbouring powers—the Turks and the Russians, who wanted to avail themselves of the opportunity and lay their hands on a part of Persia." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P54_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P54_L3_S1" CONTENT="Soon after taking Isfahan, Mahmud sent Amanullah Khan, one of his trusted friends, to attack Kazwin, where Prince Tahmasap was busy collecting a large force. Amanullah marched through deep snow and succeeded in dispersing the Persian contingent. On his way to Kazwin he took Kashan and Kum without much difficulty. The joy, which the news of this easy victory gave to Mahmud was, however, marred by the report, which reached him at the same moment that Mulla Musa, one of his generals, whom he had sent with a convoy of treasure amounting to 150,000 tumans to Kandahar for the purpose of raising fresh levies among the Afghan tribes, had been attacked, defeated and plundered by Mirza Ismail, the Governor of the petty fortress of Banda in Seistan. Shah Mahmud was also embarrassed at this period by a message" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P55" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="55" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P55_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L2_S1" CONTENT="from Peter the Great, which demanded that he should make good the losses that the Russian nationals had suffered at the hands of some frontier tribes. By this protest and the demand of redress for the losses, which it was pretended the Russians had sustained on the Persian frontiers, the Czar wished to take advantage of the confused condition of Persia and if possible to lay his hands firmly on the Persian provinces bordering the Caspian Sea. Soon after, when he was told by Mahmud that as yet he had no control over the Uzbeks and Lazakis living in that part of the country, the Czar collected a force of 30,000 of his best soldiers, which was reinforced by some Cossacks and Kamlucks at Astracan. On 22nd July 1723, he sailed down from the Volga, reaching the coast of Daghistan on the 4th of August. His first step was to issue a declaration purporting that he had no aggressive designs of any kind but wanted to protect the rights of his subjects carrying on fair business in that part of the country. He proceeded along the coast, defeated some chiefs, by whom he was opposed, and took possession of Darband. After leaving 2,000 Russian troops" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P56" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="56" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P56_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P56_L1_S1" CONTENT="23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P56_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P56_L2_S1" CONTENT="to garrison the citadel, Peter returned to Astracan with his main army to pass winter, having at the same time expressed his intention to prosecute his plans when the weather permitted." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P56_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P56_L3_S1" CONTENT="While the Russians were threatening the north-western part of Persia, the Turks also hastened to have a share in the loot. A large army was collected on the western border, which made Hamadan its first goal. The distracting news from every quarter was most disturbing and had a deep impression on Mahmud's mind. Soon after he learned that as a result of an insurrection at Kazwin, Amanullah was forced to quit the city and retreat towards Isfahan with the remnant of his force. The army, already greatly diminished in number, suffered so heavily on the way from the severity of the weather, that not more than half of the men could reach the capital." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P56_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P56_L4_S1" CONTENT="The Kazwinis were of Turkish origin. Hardy and robust, they were remarkable for having preserved the rude and ungovernable spirit of their ancestors. One evening the heads of the tribes met secretly and the next morning a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P57_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L1_S1" CONTENT="24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L2_S1" CONTENT="signal for a general resurrection was given. The Afghans, unaware of the plot afoot, were attacked in every quarter. Amanullah, on learning of the news, hastened to the Maidan, an open ground, in front of the palace where he found most of his men assembled. He made every effort that a brave soldier could, to control the situation, but he was overpowered by numbers and compelled to call a retreat and take shelter in the palace. Even there he could not maintain himself, and escaped by a private gate. The loss of the Afghans, both in men and material, was immense." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L3_S1" CONTENT="Ashraff, son of Abdul Aziz, and a cousin of Mahmud, who had accompanied Amanullah on this expedition, now finding Mahmud's star decline, separated from the army during its retreat and left for Kandahar with about 300 men. He appears to have anticipated the downfall of Mahmud. Moreover, he had a personal grudge against Mahmud. It was he who had killed his father. Ashraff now thought that the time was ripe for him to avenge his grievances." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L4_S1" CONTENT="The example of Kazwin was soon followed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P58_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L1_S1" CONTENT="25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L2_S1" CONTENT="by several other towns. The disheartened Afghans" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L3_S1" CONTENT="returned to Isfahan from every quarter. When" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L4_S1" CONTENT="Mahmud heard of these occurrences all over" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L5_S1" CONTENT="the country, he feared lest Isfahan might" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L6_S1" CONTENT="share the same fate. He had not sufficient" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L7_S1" CONTENT="troops at his command. His army was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L8_S1" CONTENT="reduced to about 15,000 men, while the male" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L9_S1" CONTENT="population of Isfahan and its suburbs was still" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L10_S1" CONTENT="in proportion of more than 20 to 1 to the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L11_S1" CONTENT="Afghans. The probable revolt of the capital" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L12_S1" CONTENT="seemed the most immediate danger, so Mahmud" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L13_S1" CONTENT="resolved to have recourse to strict measures in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L14_S1" CONTENT="order to safeguard his position. He arrested" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L15_S1" CONTENT="some of the Persian nobles and put them under" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L16_S1" CONTENT="strong custody. He then recruited many Kurds" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L17_S1" CONTENT="in his army, because he could get little help from" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L18_S1" CONTENT="Kandahar at this critical juncture. Aided by" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L19_S1" CONTENT="these new levies, Mahmud now made every" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L20_S1" CONTENT="effort to make himself master of the principal" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L21_S1" CONTENT="cities of southern Persia. He had little difficulty" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L22_S1" CONTENT="in reducing Kelpaigan, Khwansar and Kashan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L23_S1" CONTENT="Nassarullah Gabr, who had joined Mahmud in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L24_S1" CONTENT="Kirman when he first entered Persia, was now" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L25_S1" CONTENT="employed to conquer the province of Fars. He" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L26_S1" CONTENT="succeeded in subduing almost every town in that" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P59_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P59_L2_S1" CONTENT="area except the capital, Shiraz, which made a bold stand. In an attack on that city he was mortally wounded. The death of this brave general at this critical time was a great loss to the Afghans. Mahmud mourned his death deeply and was struck with a severe grief." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P59_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P59_L3_S1" CONTENT="The command of troops in Fars was then given to Zabardast Khan, an Afghan officer of renown, who had risen by his courage and conduct to this high post in the army. Soon after his arrival before Shiraz, a younger brother of Abdullah, the Wali of Arabia, endeavoured to defend the city. But in one of the battles he lost his life, and the garrison lost heart and, finding no further prospect of relief from any quarter, capitulated (13th April 1724)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P59_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P59_L4_S1" CONTENT="Zabardast Khan then despatched a contingent to reduce Bandar Abbas. This expedition had some initial success but in the end he was forced to return on account of the inclemency of the weather. Fortunately, at this moment a long expected batch of recruits arrived from Kandahar, but the number was small. The mother of Mahmud also came with this caravan. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P60" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="60" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P60_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P60_L1_S1" CONTENT="27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P60_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P60_L2_S1" CONTENT="Persians, accustomed to pomp and show, were astonished to see the mother of their sovereign riding astride on a camel without a veil and passing through the streets of Isfahan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P60_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P60_L3_S1" CONTENT="But the situation did not improve. Rumours were afoot amongst the Afghan soldiers that Mahmud was too friendly to foreigners, was neglecting his old comrades, who had stood by him in many a battle field, and that he had not only adopted the manners and customs of the Persians, but was secretly inclined to Shiaism. These reports were on the increase in the army. To add to his embarrassment, the two principal Afghan chiefs, Ashraff and Assadullah, had turned against him and were the cause of spreading these false reports. Mahmud was ultimately forced by his soldiers to recall the former from Kandahar and nominate him his successor. The latter had also left him and returned to Kandahar. Though a reconciliation took place, but it was not sincere." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P60_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P60_L4_S1" CONTENT="Ashraff, his cousin, never forgave Mahmud for the murder of his father. He had always been a thorn in Mahmud's side and was jealous of his success. But Ashraff was very popular" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P61" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="61" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P61_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P61_L1_S1" CONTENT="28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P61_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P61_L2_S1" CONTENT="with the Afghan soldiers and Mahmud was afraid of incurring the wrath of his own people if an action was taken against him. At one time he thought that he had an opportunity to ruin his cousin. During the siege of Isfahan, Ashraf was given a post. It was through his defence line that Tahmasap Mirza, the eldest son of Sultan Hussein, had effected his escape from Isfahan. Mahmud endeavoured to fan the ill-will of his people towards him by accusing Ashraff of cowardice and treachery. But the latter defended himself in an artful manner characteristic of his nation. He proved that his authority had been so circumscribed and weakened that it was impossible for him to oppose the superior force by which he was attacked. It was established by irrefutable evidence that he had done all that he could do to prevent the prince's escape, but those were to be blamed who had sent the men under his command to another quarter. He was acquitted of the charge by the unanimous votes of the assembled chiefs, and Mahmud had the mortification to see his plan frustrated. He thus enhanced the popularity and reputation of his opponent." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P62_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L1_S1" CONTENT="29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L2_S1" CONTENT="Under the stress of these difficulties and worries Mahmud proved unequal to the task. He decided to retire from wordly life and seek mental consolation in seclusion. He chose a dark underground vault for his extraordinary penance, and during the fourteen or fifteen days that he remained there he took practically no food which reduced him to a mere skeleton and resulted in his mental derangement. When he at last came out into daylight, his face was shrunken and pale, his body emaciated, and the wild stare of his eyes clearly showed that he had not been able to stand the severe strain to which he had exposed his body. He became so restless and suspicious of himself that he could hardly allow any one of his loyal and trusted friends to approach him, who he thought had come to take his life. Gradually his mind became completely deranged and he went mad, tearing off his own flesh and eating it. The physicians tried in vain to restore him to health, but the malady increased daily. The Afghans, who were being threatened from all sides, were forced to elect Ashraff to be their ruler even before Mahmud expired. He died shortly afterwards." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P63_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P63_L2_S1" CONTENT="striken with a most dreadful insanity. Some people are of the opinion that he was smothered to death by his cousin, Ashraff. Thus passed away the conqueror of Persia in the prime of his youth, for he was hardly twenty-seven at the time of his death. He was on the throne of Persia for the brief period of three years only." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P63_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P63_L3_S1" CONTENT="Mahmud was a brave soldier and a great conqueror. A greater conquest could not be achieved with the means at his disposal. All his weaknesses were atoned for by his energy and personal valour. He is said to have taken pride in being a strict observer of his word, when that was pledged. But from the very beginning of his reign in Persia, he was beset with innumerable difficulties. He surmounted most of them by sheer courage, but he could not withstand the jealousies and intrigues of his own kith and kin. This indeed broke his heart and turned him mad." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P63_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P63_L4_S1" CONTENT="Shah Ashraff (1725—1730). Mahmud was succeeded by his cousin, Ashraff, a man of talent and energy. But he came to power at a very critical time, when the Afghans in Persia were being threatened on all sides. The Russians were active in the north, while the Turks were" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P64" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="64" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P64_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P64_L1_S1" CONTENT="31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P64_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P64_L2_S1" CONTENT="encroaching up on the Persian soil from the west. These two powers ultimately decided to divide Persia between themselves. The western provinces, according to this undersanding were to belong to the Turks, while the northern ones as far as the Araxes were to be the property of Russia." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P64_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P64_L3_S1" CONTENT="Prince Tahmasap since a long time was negotiating with the Porte and the Czar to help him in his struggle against the Afghans. Ismail Beg, one of his envoys reached St. Petersburg for this purpose and succeeded in concluding a treaty, by which it was stipulated that the Emperor of Russia would expel the Afghans from Persia and help Tahmasap in the restoration of his throne. In return for these services the Prince agreed to cede in perpetuity to Russia the towns of Darband and Baku, with the provinces of Daghistan, Shirwan, Gilan, Mazindaran and Astarabad. While these negotiations were going on in St. Petersburg, the Turks, availing of the opportunity, were extending their conquests at the cost of Persia. Kurdistan had acknowledged their authority, and the fall of Irwan, Khui, Nakhjawan and Maragha made them masters of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P65" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="65" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P65_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P65_L1_S1" CONTENT="32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P65_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P65_L2_S1" CONTENT="the whole of Armenia and the greater part of Azarbaijan. After these conquests, the Turks advanced on Tabriz. Meanwhile, a second Turkish army, under the command of Ahmad Pasha, had reached within a few miles of Isfahan, the Persian capital. At this time a partition treaty regarding the north-western provinces of Persia was concluded between its two neighbours—the Porte and the Czar. The boundaries of the Russian provinces in Persia were fixed by a line, which gave that State the command of all the Persian provinces bordering the Caspian Sea, from the country of the Turkomans to the conflux of the rivers Kars and Araxes. The possessions of Turkey were defined by a line, which commenced from the latter point and stretching to within three miles of Ardabil, went from Tabriz to Hamadan, and from thence to Kirmanshah. These provinces were mutually guaranteed to each other by the contracting parties, and it was stipulated that, if Prince Tahmasap agreed to the terms, he would receive such aid as to enable him to re-establish his authority over the remaining provinces of Persia, and if he refused his assent, they determined to seize the whole of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P66_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L1_S1" CONTENT="33" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L2_S1" CONTENT="Persia and provide for the future tranquillity of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L3_S1" CONTENT="the country by helping some one whom they" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L4_S1" CONTENT="might think most deserving to the Persian throne." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L5_S1" CONTENT="Ashraff thus in the very beginning of his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L6_S1" CONTENT="reign found himself confronted with powerful" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L7_S1" CONTENT="enemies on all sides. But he dreaded the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L8_S1" CONTENT="turbulent Afghan chiefs most of all and made" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L9_S1" CONTENT="up his mind to get rid of them before turning" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L10_S1" CONTENT="his attention to foreign aggression. His first" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L11_S1" CONTENT="measure was to put to death Ilyas the leader" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L12_S1" CONTENT="of the guards and the ambitious and haughty" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L13_S1" CONTENT="Assadullah and several other Afghan chiefs whose" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L14_S1" CONTENT="influence he dreaded. But through this rash act" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L15_S1" CONTENT="he lost the sympathy and co-operation of some" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L16_S1" CONTENT="of his best friends. After feeling secure from" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L17_S1" CONTENT="internal trouble by these drastic measures," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L18_S1" CONTENT="Ashraff turned his attention towards the Turks," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L19_S1" CONTENT="who by this time had made themselve master" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L20_S1" CONTENT="of all the provinces assigned to them by the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L21_S1" CONTENT="partition treaty. Ashraff sent an embassy to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L22_S1" CONTENT="Constantinople protesting against the horrible" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L23_S1" CONTENT="crime of conspiring with a Christian power against" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L24_S1" CONTENT="their co-religionists and making war upon a Sunni" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L25_S1" CONTENT="monarch simply to restore a Shia dynasty to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L26_S1" CONTENT="power. The Court was not a little embarrassed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P67_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L2_S1" CONTENT="by the voice of these Ulamas (the learned). The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L3_S1" CONTENT="Turks tried in vain to satisfy the Ulama's that" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L4_S1" CONTENT="the alliance with Russia was dictated by" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L5_S1" CONTENT="necessity, and that Ashraff had placed himself" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L6_S1" CONTENT="in the position of an enemy by refusing to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L7_S1" CONTENT="acknowledge the supremacy of the Turkish" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L8_S1" CONTENT="Emperor as the religious head of all the Muslims." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L9_S1" CONTENT="They asserted that if Ashraff was a true Muslim," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L10_S1" CONTENT="he should come forward and tender his allegiance" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L11_S1" CONTENT="to the Porte." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L12_S1" CONTENT="Soon after the Afghan deputies left Con-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L13_S1" CONTENT="stantinople, hostilities began. Ahmad Pasha," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L14_S1" CONTENT="who by now had made himself master of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L15_S1" CONTENT="Maragha and Kazwin, advanced towards Isfahan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L16_S1" CONTENT="When Ashraff learnt that in spite of his protests" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L17_S1" CONTENT="a large Turkish army was heading towards" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L18_S1" CONTENT="Isfahan, he laid waste the country through which" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L19_S1" CONTENT="the Turks were advancing. Then collecting all" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L20_S1" CONTENT="the forces that he could command, he moved in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L21_S1" CONTENT="that direction with the avowed object of impeding" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L22_S1" CONTENT="their progress. A detachment of 2,000 Turks," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L23_S1" CONTENT="who had lost its way, came face to face with the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L24_S1" CONTENT="main Afghan force, led by Ashraff himself. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L25_S1" CONTENT="Turks were all cut to pieces before any substantial" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L26_S1" CONTENT="help could reach them. This success gave" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P68_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P68_L2_S1" CONTENT="immense confidence to the Afghan troops and greatly discouraged their enemies. The Turkish general, on hearing the news of this disaster, immediately called a halt and enclosed his camp with strong entrenchments. Ashraff, on approaching nearer, once more made an effort to evade the war and to persuade the Turks that he had no ill-feeling towards them and that the war between the two Muslim countries was unlawful and ruinous to both of them. At the same time his private emmissaries were actively employed in disseminating these ideas in the Turkish army and in winning over to his side the Kurdish regiment, who were staunch Muslims. Not content with this, Ashraff decided to send a second deputation of Ulamas, who were venerable for their age as well as character, to the Turkish camp, who called upon them to desist from a war of aggression on a Muslim State. The speech of one of these deputies made a great impression on the Turkish soldiery, and Ahmad Pasha, seeing this, interrupted him by saying, &quot;I have come here by the express command of my sovereign, who is not only a temporal monarch, but the true successor of the Caliphs, and con-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P69_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P69_L2_S1" CONTENT="sequently the spiritual leader of all the orthodox Muslims. Ashraff must acknowledge him as such or he would bow to the force of arms&quot;." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P69_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P69_L3_S1" CONTENT="Before the conference had terminated, the call for prayers was heard, and the venerable deputies of Ashraff joined the Turks in their devotions. After this the deputies returned to their camp. As was expected the mission had the desired effect on the Turkish army. A large body of the Kurds, accompanied by some Turkish soldiers, coming out of the line, declared that they were not prepared to fight against the dictates of their conscience and the explicit laws of their religion. Ahmad Pasha saw that he had no remedy to prevent discontent from spreading in his army except by hastening an action. To this he was further encouraged by his great superiority in numbers; his army consisted of 60,000 men, equipped with 70 pieces of heavy guns, while the Afghans had not more than half of this force and their artillery consisted of 40 Zamburaks (shivels mounted on camels). Ahmad was confident of his victory in every respect although so far he had not a chance to test the mettle of his opponents. In the engagement that followed," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P70_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L2_S1" CONTENT="the Afghans, in spite of their inferiority in number" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L3_S1" CONTENT="as well as in equipment, fought with such valour" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L4_S1" CONTENT="that the Turks were completely defeated, leaving" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L5_S1" CONTENT="more than 12,000 dead on the battle-field. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L6_S1" CONTENT="rout would have been complete, had Ashraff not" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L7_S1" CONTENT="ordered his men to desist from the pursuit of an" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L8_S1" CONTENT="enemy with whom he desired peace and wanted" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L9_S1" CONTENT="to live on the most amicable terms." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L10_S1" CONTENT="The Turkish general after his defeat was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L11_S1" CONTENT="obliged to retreat hurriedly towards Kirmanshah." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L12_S1" CONTENT="He was in such a haste that he left a part of his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L13_S1" CONTENT="artillery and almost all his luggage on the battle-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L14_S1" CONTENT="field. Ashraff did not even allow his men to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L15_S1" CONTENT="plunder the stragglers. When Ahmad Pasha" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L16_S1" CONTENT="left Kirmanshah and fell back on Bhaghdad, the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L17_S1" CONTENT="Afghan Prince sent another deputation to his camp" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L18_S1" CONTENT="with the message that he did not consider the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L19_S1" CONTENT="spoils he had taken from his misguided co-religio-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L20_S1" CONTENT="nists as lawful to himself or to his friends." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L21_S1" CONTENT="Moreover he considered himself a prince and not" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L22_S1" CONTENT="a robber. Ahmad might send for his treasures" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L23_S1" CONTENT="and property, and that everything belonging to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L24_S1" CONTENT="him and to those under his command, except" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L25_S1" CONTENT="arms, would be scrupulously restored. Ashraff" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P70_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L26_S1" CONTENT="not only performed faithfully what he had pro-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P71_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L2_S1" CONTENT="mised, but set free all the prisoners he had made during the war. By this wise moderation and a brilliant stroke of diplomacy, he won the hearts of his enemy and became so popular with them that the Court of Constantinople was compelled to conclude a treaty of peace with the Afghans, by which it was stipulated that Ashraff would acknowledge the Porte as the spiritual head of the Muslims all over, in return for which he was to be recognized as Shah of Persia. Ashraff, thus by his valour and diplomacy, won a great victory and became popular throughout the Muslim world. He now found leisure to turn his immediate attention to other pressing affairs." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P71_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L3_S1" CONTENT="He made an unsuccessful attempt to obtain possession of Kandahar, which was held by Mir Hussein, Mahmud's brother. This led to a division among the Ghilzai Afghans. Those, who were left in Persia were deprived of, in future, any reinforcement by the home tribes. Malik Mahmud, the governor of Seistan also hailing the opportunity, proclaimed himself king. Ashraff, in spite of his great victory over the Turks, found his kingdom rapidly falling to pieces. No help could come from Kandahar. He must rely on" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P72_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P72_L2_S1" CONTENT="those of his own tribe who were left in Persia and whose number was fast dwindling. No doubt he possessed great personal courage and was active and vigilant too, but it so appeared that every thing was going against him. He repented his past rash actions which had deprived him of the services of some of his trusted friends." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P72_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P72_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Saffavid Prince, Tahmasap, who after the fall of the capital, had escaped to Mazindaran fixed his headquarters at Farahabad. It was here that he was joined by Nadir Kuli, a soldier of fortune, who had been successful in wresting the district of Nishapur from the Abdali Afghans. Encouraged by these successes, Nadir now made up his mind to join hands with Tahmasap with the intention of expelling the Ghilzais from Persia. He entered into an agreement with the Prince whereby the latter undertook to grant Nadir in fief the provinces of Khurasan, Kirman and Mazindaran after the Afghans were driven out of Persia. The new force encouraged the Prince to take the offensive. Their first objective was Meshad, then in the hands of the Abdalis. Both marched that way and took Meshad without much difficulty. Ashraff was greatly alarmed on hearing this dis-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P73_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P73_L2_S1" CONTENT="tracting news. He collected all his troops and hastened to the north to attack the Persians. Nadir and Tahmasap, who were busy in Khurasan, were forced to return to relieve Samnan besieged by Ashraff. Saidal Khan, one of the Afghan generals, advanced eastwards to meet Nadir. After an unsuccessful attempt at Bistam, Saidal fell back as far as Mihmandust, 12 miles north-east of Damaghan. It was here that he was joined by Ashraff. At this place a battle took place on the 2nd of October, 1729, that decided the fate of Persia. Ashraff found the enemy strongly entrenched. The Afghans, though exhausted by the long and tiresome journey, could not desist from the temptation of instantly attacking the Persians in their strong position. They impetuously charged the enemy's centre and then attacked the flanks. The Persians received the shock calmly; they staggered but did not give way. The Afghans made a second assault, many fell, the rest pressed on, but the main Persian army stood their ground unflinchingly. Much havoc was caused by their artillery, which destroyed the Afghan Zamburaks and inflicted heavy casualties on the soldiers." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P74_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L1_S1" CONTENT="MIR HUSSEIN HOTAKI" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L2_S1" CONTENT="King of Kandahar" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L3_S1" CONTENT="1725—1738" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P76_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P76_L1_S1" CONTENT="41" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P76_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P76_L2_S1" CONTENT="Unfortunately, at this critical moment, Ashraff's standard-bearer was accidentally killed, and the Afghans were so disheartened to see this that they fell back, hotly pursued by the enemy. The Afghan losses were estimated at 12,000 and those of the Persians at 4,000." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P76_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P76_L3_S1" CONTENT="Ashraff made an unsuccessful attempt with a view to waylay the enemy in the narrow defile of the Khar valley. Once more his tactics failed. The Afghans were routed and leaving their cannon and baggage behind retreated towards Isfahan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P76_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P76_L4_S1" CONTENT="The moment Ashraff arrived at the Capital, he ordered his men to repair, with their families and household effects, to the fort which he had built outside the city. Nadir, leaving the Prince behind, advanced against Ashraff. He found the Afghans strongly entrenched at a place called Murchakhur. He did not venture to attack them in their strong position, but advanced towards the Capital, with the intention of luring the enemy out of their haunt. As he had expected, the Afghans advanced to attack them from behind. The Persians turned round to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P77_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L2_S1" CONTENT="meet the oncoming Afghans. A hand-to-hand" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L3_S1" CONTENT="battle ensued in which fortune once more" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L4_S1" CONTENT="favoured the Persians. The Afghans leaving" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L5_S1" CONTENT="about 4,000 dead on the battle-field, fled into" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L6_S1" CONTENT="the city of Isfahan. But finding their position" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L7_S1" CONTENT="untenable even there, they departed before day-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L8_S1" CONTENT="break with all the members of their families." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L9_S1" CONTENT="Nadir, marching from Murchakhur, entered the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L10_S1" CONTENT="city triumphantly on the 16th of November, 1729." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L11_S1" CONTENT="One of his first acts was to make a diligent search" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L12_S1" CONTENT="for the Afghans. All those who were found were" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L13_S1" CONTENT="ruthlessly massacred. The lofty mausoleum of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L14_S1" CONTENT="Shah Mahmud was levelled to the ground in an" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L15_S1" CONTENT="instant. The Afghan's line of retreat could be" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L16_S1" CONTENT="easily traced by the dead horses and camels they" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L17_S1" CONTENT="had left on the roads, and by the slaughtered" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L18_S1" CONTENT="old men, women and children, who, unable to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L19_S1" CONTENT="keep up the pace of the flight, had been executed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L20_S1" CONTENT="by their own relatives and friends to prevent" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L21_S1" CONTENT="their falling into the hands of their ruthless" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L22_S1" CONTENT="enemy." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L23_S1" CONTENT="On the 24th of December Nadir came out of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L24_S1" CONTENT="Isfahan with a view to pursue the Afghans, who" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L25_S1" CONTENT="were heading for Shiraz. At Zarqan, 21 miles" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L26_S1" CONTENT="north-east of Shiraz, he found Ashraff awaiting" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P78" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="78" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P78_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P78_L1_S1" CONTENT="43" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P78_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P78_L2_S1" CONTENT="him with a small number of his faithful followers. Another engagement took place, in which Ashraff displayed unusual courage. Once more Nadir won the day, and the Afghans retreated in great confusion towards Shiraz." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P78_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P78_L3_S1" CONTENT="Ashraff did not stop long at Shiraz. With such of his followers as were left, he endeavoured to reach his native-land via Seistan. Nadir again started the pursuit of the fugitive monarch. A fight took place at the Pul-i-Fasa, ten miles south-east of Shiraz, in which a number of the Afghans were captured, while many others were driven into the river and drowned. Ashraff, however, made good his escape. Nadir himself followed him, but finding that he was unable to overtake him, returned to Shiraz." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P78_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P78_L4_S1" CONTENT="Ashraff, accompanied by a few faithful friends continued his journey in an easterly direction. Their numbers dwindled rapidly. Historians differ as to how this fugitive Prince met his end. Some surmise that he was at last recognised by a Baluch chief (one of the sons of Abdullah Khan), who at once slew him in the hope of getting a reward from Nadir. Others are of the opinion" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P79" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="79" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P79_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P79_L1_S1" CONTENT="44" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P79_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P79_L2_S1" CONTENT="that he had been put to death by a force which Mir Hussein of Kandahar had dispatched to intercept him. Thus ended in disaster the Afghan rule in Persia. Few of the Afghans escaped death, and hardly any one reached Kandahar." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P79_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P79_L3_S1" CONTENT="Such was the end of this tragic episode. Many are the causes which have been ascribed to the fall of the Afghans in Persia. Foremost among these being that the Afghans could not forget their mutual jealousies even in a foreign land. Moreover, they were averse to emigration, which is essential for the permanent occupation of a foreign land. During their rule in Persia, their strength lay solely in a small armed force. Removed from their home by hundreds of miles, they did not have adequate support of their brethren in the event of a misfortune." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P79_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P79_L4_S1" CONTENT="NADIR SHAH" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P79_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P79_L5_S1" CONTENT="Nadir Kuli, or as he is better known, Nadir Shah of Persia, after occupying Isfahan, seated Mirza Tahmasap on the throne, although the real power was in his own hands. He also held four provinces of the Empire, viz., Khurasan, Mazindaran, Seistan and Kirman, directly as his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P80" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="80" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P80_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L1_S1" CONTENT="45" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L2_S1" CONTENT="fief and was allowed to assume the title of Sultan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L3_S1" CONTENT="Then he marched against the Turks and captured" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L4_S1" CONTENT="Hamadan, Kirmanshah and Tabriz." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L5_S1" CONTENT="At this juncture, he got the news that the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L6_S1" CONTENT="Abdalis of Herat were besieging Meshad. Nadir" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L7_S1" CONTENT="marched eastward at the head of a strong force." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L8_S1" CONTENT="Zulfikar Khan, son of Mohammed Zaman Khan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L9_S1" CONTENT="and brother of Ahmad Khan (later Ahmad Shah" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L10_S1" CONTENT="Abdali or Durrani) appealed to Sultan Hussein" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L11_S1" CONTENT="of Kandahar for help. A force of 3,000 Ghilzais" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L12_S1" CONTENT="under Saidal Khan came to his support. Seven" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L13_S1" CONTENT="miles west of Herat an action took place. Saidal," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L14_S1" CONTENT="the Ghilzai Chief, made a surprise night attack" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L15_S1" CONTENT="on the Persian camp. Nadir, with only eight" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L16_S1" CONTENT="men, was cut off from the rest of his army in a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L17_S1" CONTENT="small tower. This would have been the end of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L18_S1" CONTENT="his military career, but no one recognized him" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L19_S1" CONTENT="and the golden opportunity was allowed to slip" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L20_S1" CONTENT="away." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L21_S1" CONTENT="Having received re-inforcements shortly after-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L22_S1" CONTENT="wards, Nadir once more took the offensive and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L23_S1" CONTENT="marched on Herat. The besieged fought des-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L24_S1" CONTENT="parately, but dissensions in their camp forced" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P80_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L25_S1" CONTENT="them to sue for peace. Nadir treated the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P81" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="81" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P81_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P81_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P81_L1_S1" CONTENT="46" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P81_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P81_L2_S1" CONTENT="vanquished very kindly in the hope of winning them over to his side." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P81_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P81_L3_S1" CONTENT="While Nadir was thus employed in the east, the Persian nobles of Isfahan persuaded the weak Tahmasap to place himself at the head of a large army, and march against the Turks, who were again assembling at the frontier. But he met a severe setback and lost in one month all that Nadir had gained during the previous years. He concluded a hasty treaty and ceded some of the western provinces to the Turks." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P81_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P81_L4_S1" CONTENT="When Nadir learnt of this humiliating peace, he thought that it afforded him an excellent pretext for the realisation of projects which he had so long cherished. Repairing to Isfahan, he deposed Tehmasap and seated upon the throne his infant son, Abbas, with himself as regent. The time did not appear to be ripe for Nadir to place himself on the throne. Then at the head of a large army he marched to attack the Turks. After repeated victories over the Turks and the recovery of lost territories, he formally assumed the title of King of Persia (1736). At Moghan by the unanimous voice of the representatives of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P82" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="82" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P82_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L1_S1" CONTENT="the army, he was offered the crown of Persia," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L2_S1" CONTENT="which after some feigned reluctance, he accepted" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L3_S1" CONTENT="on the condition that the Shia religion be replaced" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L4_S1" CONTENT="by the Sunni doctrine." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L5_S1" CONTENT="Soon after his elevation to the throne, Nadir" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L6_S1" CONTENT="marched to Isfahan, and the short time he spent" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L7_S1" CONTENT="there, was devoted to military preparations." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L8_S1" CONTENT="From the time Nadir was able to overthrow the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L9_S1" CONTENT="Afghan rule in Persia, he was thinking to conquer" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L10_S1" CONTENT="Kandahar. He sent orders to the Governor of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L11_S1" CONTENT="Isfahan to make a levy of 18,000 tomans as a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L12_S1" CONTENT="contribution towards the cost of the coming" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L13_S1" CONTENT="expedition. At the same time his agents were" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L14_S1" CONTENT="busy at different places requisitioning provisions" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L15_S1" CONTENT="for the troops. They carried their duties so" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L16_S1" CONTENT="rigorously that the inhabitants were reduced to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L17_S1" CONTENT="utmost misery. In the province of Kirman people" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L18_S1" CONTENT="were so deprived of their supplies that there was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L19_S1" CONTENT="a famine which lasted for seven long years." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L20_S1" CONTENT="After strong preparations Nadir advanced on" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L21_S1" CONTENT="Kandahar with an army of 80,000 men. He" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L22_S1" CONTENT="passed through Khurasan and Seistan, meeting" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L23_S1" CONTENT="no resistance on his way. But when he arrived" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L24_S1" CONTENT="at Kandahar, he found that its defences were too" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P83" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="83" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P83_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P83_L1_S1" CONTENT="48" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P83_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P83_L2_S1" CONTENT="formidable to give him hope of its early surrender. He was forced to adopt blockading methods. He ordered to build a new city in the vicinity of Kandahar and called it Nadir-Abad to quarter his army, as he was sure that the siege would last several months. One of his generals, Imam Ali Beg, advanced against Kilat-i-Ghilzai, which fell after a stubborn siege of two months. It was here that General Saidal Khan and a number of other Ghilzai leaders fell into the hands of the Persians. Nadir ordered that Saidal Khan be deprived of his sight, for he looked upon him as a dangerous foe." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P83_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P83_L3_S1" CONTENT="Nadir gave orders to build towers all around the city of Kandahar, and connecting them with small batteries in such a way, that the intercourse of the besieged with the country outside was completely cut off. In spite of these measures, the city held out for full one year. Nadir was then forced to change his tactics. The city of Kandahar stood on the face of a hill, and a wall ran all round it, fortified by a large number of bastions. The Persians made themselves masters of some of the most commanding eminences and from there they bombarded the city. Mean-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P84_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P84_L1_S1" CONTENT="49" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P84_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P84_L2_S1" CONTENT="while, the Bakhtiyaris took some of the principal towers. But the Afghans still held out in a detached fort with their leader, Mir Hussein, who made desperate efforts to drive the Persians back. But is was too late." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P84_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P84_L3_S1" CONTENT="On learning that Nadir had brought his heavy cannon to bombard the citadel, Mir Hussein decided to surrender." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P84_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P84_L4_S1" CONTENT="Nadir treated the Ghilzais very kindly and enlisted many of them in his army. Mir Hussein with his family and followers was sent to Mazandaran as prisoner. Nadir found imprisoned in Kandahar two Abdali brothers, Zulfikar Khan and Ahmad Khan. They had fled from Herat to seek shelter in Kandahar, but Mir Hussein threw them into prison. Nadir treated the two brothers very kindly. They were also sent to Mazandaran." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P84_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P84_L5_S1" CONTENT="The fall of Kandahar (March, 1738) brought Nadir very near to the frontier of the Mughal Empire. The tottering Mughal Monarchy of Hindustan could not escape his keen eyes. The Court of Delhi at the time was too much engrossed in its own internal affairs, to look beyond its borders. Even when Nadir invaded their territories and took Kabul, they" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P85_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P85_L2_S1" CONTENT="still expected that the mountain tribes would be able to check his advance towards India. But the tribes had no sympathies either with the Mughals or with the Persians. They were only looking forward to the day when they would be able to throw off the foreign yoke. They there-fore, decided to keep aloof and watch the course of events from a distance. The Mughals soon learnt with dismay that Nadir had crossed the passes and was successful in throwing a bridge across the Indus." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P85_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P85_L3_S1" CONTENT="Nadir did not meet any effective resistance until he reached the Jamna. His progress was rapid, and the governors on the way tendered their submission without resistance. Mohammed Shah, the Mughal Emperor, was at last obliged to check the advance of the invading force. He came out of Delhi at the head of a large army. The two armies came face to face at Karnal, twenty miles north of Panipat, on the fateful morning of the 24th February, 1739. The Indians, torn by mutual jealousies, were no match for the hardy and experienced soldiers led by Nadir in person. It was all over within a few hours. The Mughal army were completely routed; Khan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P86_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P86_L1_S1" CONTENT="51" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P86_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P86_L2_S1" CONTENT="Dauran, the Commander-in-Chief, was mortally wounded, and his brother, son and many other notables were among the slain. It is estimated that the Indians lost no less than 10,000 men, while the losses of the Persians were 2,500 killed and 500 wounded. Mohammed Shah had no alternative but to sue for peace. He therefore, decided to send Asif Jah to the Persian camp to negotiate peace-terms. Shortly afterwards the Emperor himself repaired to the Persian camp attended by his nobles. Nadir outwardly treated him with every mark of respect, but the Emperor henceforth was in reality a prisoner of war. Nadir pressing his advantage, marched towards Delhi on the 12th of March accompanied by the Emperor." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P86_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P86_L3_S1" CONTENT="On entering the capital, Nadir took up his headquarters in the palace built by Shah Jahan. The day after his arrival (21st of March) the Khutba was read in his name. Towards the close of the day false rumours found circulation that Nadir was dead ; other reports were that he had been imprisoned by the Emperor. The Indians carried away by excitement fell upon the Persians, who were stationed in different parts of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P87" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="87" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P87_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L1_S1" CONTENT="52" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L2_S1" CONTENT="town. Many of the Kizilbash troops were taken" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L3_S1" CONTENT="by surprise and cut to pieces. The Indian" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L4_S1" CONTENT="nobles, on hearing the rumour, fell upon the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L5_S1" CONTENT="Persian guards who had been sent to protect" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L6_S1" CONTENT="their property." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L7_S1" CONTENT="Nadir at first refused to believe the report of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L8_S1" CONTENT="disturbances. He ordered one of his men" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L9_S1" CONTENT="to go out and ascertain the true state of affairs." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L10_S1" CONTENT="No sooner did he come out of the fort than" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L11_S1" CONTENT="he was killed by the angry mob. A second man" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L12_S1" CONTENT="sent after him met the same fate. The darkness" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L13_S1" CONTENT="of night prevented Nadir from taking immediate" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L14_S1" CONTENT="action. Next morning he mounted his horse" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L15_S1" CONTENT="and, with a strong escort, riding through the city" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L16_S1" CONTENT="came to the golden mosque in order to study the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L17_S1" CONTENT="situation. He himself was assaulted. Someone" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L18_S1" CONTENT="fired at him from a window. The bullet missed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L19_S1" CONTENT="Nadir, but killed one of his chief officers beside" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L20_S1" CONTENT="him. Enraged at this unusual audacity he gave" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L21_S1" CONTENT="orders of a general massacre of the inhabitants." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L22_S1" CONTENT="The slaughter and loot continued to rage from" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L23_S1" CONTENT="sunrise till long after mid-day. The city was set" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L24_S1" CONTENT="on fire in several places, and it soon became a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L25_S1" CONTENT="horrible scene of destruction, blood and terror." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L26_S1" CONTENT="No distinction was made between the guilty and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P88" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="88" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P88_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L1_S1" CONTENT="the innocent, men and women, old and young." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L2_S1" CONTENT="At last the Emperor himself was forced to inter-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L3_S1" CONTENT="cede on behalf of his people through Asif-Jah, who" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L4_S1" CONTENT="with dangling sword in his neck, is said to have" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L5_S1" CONTENT="spoken to the tyrant in these words: “None has" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L6_S1" CONTENT="survived the general massacre. If still the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L7_S1" CONTENT="greed of your soldiers is not satiated and they" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L8_S1" CONTENT="are bent on continuing their gruesome work," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L9_S1" CONTENT="you have to revive the dead first so that," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L10_S1" CONTENT="you may be in a position to kill them again.”" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L11_S1" CONTENT="(Zindakuni wa baz kushi). Nadir, accepting" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L12_S1" CONTENT="his request, gave an order to his soldiers to refrain" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L13_S1" CONTENT="from further action which, to his credit, was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L14_S1" CONTENT="instantly obeyed." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L15_S1" CONTENT="Nadir now began to exact his tribute of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L16_S1" CONTENT="money and Jewels. The possessions of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L17_S1" CONTENT="nobles and wealthy merchants were con-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L18_S1" CONTENT="fiscated. Out of this he richly rewarded his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L19_S1" CONTENT="officers and men and dispatched a firman to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L20_S1" CONTENT="Persia exempting all the provinces from taxation" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L21_S1" CONTENT="for three years." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L22_S1" CONTENT="The work of collecting levy on the citizens" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L23_S1" CONTENT="took sometime. When all returns were com-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L24_S1" CONTENT="plete and Nadir had taken possession of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L25_S1" CONTENT="imperial treasures and jewels, including the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P89" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="89" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P89_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P89_L2_S1" CONTENT="famous peacock throne, the aggregate value of which is (estimated at 700,000,000, rupees) he rode through the streets of Delhi on his way to Persia (16th May). Before leaving the city he concluded a treaty with Mohammed Shah, by which all the country west of the Indus was ceded to him. The Persian troops suffered much on their return from India by the intense heat to which they were exposed. Besides, their homeward journey was intercepted by the incessant attacks of the Afghan mountaineers, who would not allow the proud conqueror to pass through their lands unless he was willing to pay them a share of the treasures he had brought with him from India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P89_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P89_L3_S1" CONTENT="On reaching Herat, Nadir displayed to public show the jewels and wealth he brought with him from India. He made Meshad the capital of his vast empire. But he was not destined to live long to reap the fruits of his labours. In 1747 as a result of a conspiracy he was killed in his camp near Khabushan, and within a few years after his death, the mighty empire which he had erected, fell to pieces." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P90_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P90_L1_S1" CONTENT="PART II" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P90_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P90_L2_S1" CONTENT="THE RISE OF THE DURRANIS" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P90_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P90_L3_S1" CONTENT="بوجود آمدن درانی ها" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P92_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P92_L1_S1" CONTENT="57" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P92_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P92_L2_S1" CONTENT="DURRANIS" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P92_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P92_L3_S1" CONTENT="Ahmad Khan Abdali and his 4,000 Afghans could not believe at first that Nadir Khan was dead. They hastened towards the royal quarters with a view to protect him. To their surprise, they found their way barred by a strong contingent of the Kizilbash. Though greatly outnumbered, the Afghans fought their way through their ranks and entered Nadir's tent, where they saw the headless trunk of the Shah in a pool of blood. After helping the members of the royal family, who were attacked by the insurgents, the Afghans decided to return to their native-land. They were forced to cut their way through the enemy for a greater part of their journey homeward. On reaching Kandahar a tribal Jirga was held (October, 1747) to consider the future of the country. The chief question was as to who should be elected king. Every one of the tribal chiefs put forth his claims. So heated did the discussion and the argument become between these rival claimants to the throne that recourse to arms seemed inevitable. Fortunately, there was a respectable divine, Sabar by name, who was present at this meeting. He was keenly" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P93" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="93" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P93_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P93_L1_S1" CONTENT="58" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P93_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P93_L2_S1" CONTENT="watching the procedure. At last he decided to intervene and to use his influence in solving this intricate problem. Addressing the audience he said, &quot;Gentlemen, give up this useless discussion. God has created Ahmad Khan to fill up this job. Gather round his standard to avoid His wrath.&quot; This intercession had the desired effect. All the contending chiefs immediately withdrew their claims in favour of Ahmad Khan, who was well-known for his ability and zeal. The divine was pleased to see this. He went out and brought a wreath made from the sheaves of wheat with him. This he placed on Ahmad Khan's head, pronouncing, &quot;May this serve you as a crown&quot;. All the chiefs came forward to pay homage to him. Ahmad Khan thus became the elected king of the Afghans." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P93_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P93_L3_S1" CONTENT="AHMAD SHAH-I-ABDALI (1747-1773). Ahmad Khan, who is henceforth called Ahmad Shah, was the chief of Sadozai clan, a branch of the Abdalis. He is, therefore, variously entitled—Abdali, Sadozai or Durrani. The last title, it is said, he took in consequence of a dream, wherein he was addressed as Dur-i-Darran (the Pearl of Age) or Dur-i-Durran (the Pearl of Pearls)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P94_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L1_S1" CONTENT="59" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L2_S1" CONTENT="It will be remembered that when Nadir Shah took" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L3_S1" CONTENT="Kandahar, he released Zulfikar Khan and his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L4_S1" CONTENT="brother Ahmad Khan from Mir Hussein's prison" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L5_S1" CONTENT="and sent them to Mazindaran. Later Ahmad" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L6_S1" CONTENT="Khan was appointed in command of a force of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L7_S1" CONTENT="his own tribe. It was here that he distinguished" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L8_S1" CONTENT="himself. He owed his rapid advancement to his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L9_S1" CONTENT="military ability. His mental powers were con-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L10_S1" CONTENT="siderable, and to these he added the advantage of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L11_S1" CONTENT="a noble birth and great physical energy and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L12_S1" CONTENT="courage. Nadir had predicted great things of his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L13_S1" CONTENT="future. Once he said, &quot;I have found neither in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L14_S1" CONTENT="Iran, Turan or Hind, a man equal to Ahmad" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L15_S1" CONTENT="Khan Abdali's character.&quot; This estimate of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L16_S1" CONTENT="Nadir was justified by later events." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L17_S1" CONTENT="Ahmad Shah, though very young at the time" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L18_S1" CONTENT="of his coronation, for he was hardly twenty-five," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L19_S1" CONTENT="proved himself a real military genius. His merits" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L20_S1" CONTENT="as a soldier secured him rapid advancement at a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L21_S1" CONTENT="very early age. Now when he came to power, he" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L22_S1" CONTENT="tried his best to win the affection of his people" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L23_S1" CONTENT="and to weld them together into a strong nation." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L24_S1" CONTENT="When this object was achieved, he proceeded to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L25_S1" CONTENT="conduct a series of important campaigns, which" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P95_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P95_L2_S1" CONTENT="he carried out successfully with the skill of a consummate general." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P95_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P95_L3_S1" CONTENT="Ahmad Shah first of all, turned his attention to Kabul and Ghazni, held by Nasir Khan, who after the death of Nadir Shah had declared himself on the side of the Mughals. Nasir Khan soon found that he had made a great mistake in his estimate of Ahmad Shah's prowess. After a feeble resistance he fled to Peshawar. When he saw that even there he could not maintain his position, he tendered his submission to the Afghan King." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P95_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P95_L4_S1" CONTENT="Ahmad Shah, following his success, crossed the Indus in 1748 at the head of 30,000 horsemen. He took Chhuch (Hazara) and Attock without much difficulty. He then marched to meet Hayatullah Khan, the Mughal governor of the Punjab. The Viceroy offered but a feeble opposition. He fell back precipitately and in great disorder towards the Mughal capital. Ahmad Shah, after taking possession of Lahore and other important cities of the Punjab, pursued the governor towards Delhi." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P95_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P95_L5_S1" CONTENT="Mohammed Shah, the Mughal Emperor, on" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P96_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L2_S1" CONTENT="1747—1773" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P98_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L1_S1" CONTENT="61" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L2_S1" CONTENT="hearing the news, dispatched his eldest son," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L3_S1" CONTENT="Prince Ahmad, at the head of a large force to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L4_S1" CONTENT="oppose the advance of the invading army. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L5_S1" CONTENT="Prince, who had not the courage to meet the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L6_S1" CONTENT="Afghans in the open-field, entrenched himself" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L7_S1" CONTENT="near Sirhind. Ahmad Shah on reaching the river" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L8_S1" CONTENT="Satluj, found that a powerful Mughal army had" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L9_S1" CONTENT="occupied all the available fords. With a con-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L10_S1" CONTENT="tingent of 12,000 men, he crossed the river at a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L11_S1" CONTENT="place where there was no ford. Leaving the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L12_S1" CONTENT="Indians in the rear, he made straight for Sirhind," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L13_S1" CONTENT="where the Indians had left their heavy baggage," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L14_S1" CONTENT="treasures and surplus stores. Ahmad Shah took" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L15_S1" CONTENT="possession of these, sent a part of the booty to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L16_S1" CONTENT="Lahore, but kept the heavy guns with him, which" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L17_S1" CONTENT="he needed badly." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L18_S1" CONTENT="The Imperial Army, on receiving the news," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L19_S1" CONTENT="immediately retraced its step with a view to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L20_S1" CONTENT="intercept the Afghans, but on reaching Sirhind," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L21_S1" CONTENT="lost courage and decided to entrench itself at a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L22_S1" CONTENT="village called Manupur. A small body of horsemen" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L23_S1" CONTENT="that Ahmad Shah had at his disposal could do" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L24_S1" CONTENT="little in face of such a formidable force, number-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L25_S1" CONTENT="ing at least 60,000 and supported by a much more" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L26_S1" CONTENT="powerful artillery. Ahmad Shah, like the great" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P99_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P99_L2_S1" CONTENT="commanders, led an attack in person. The Afghans were able to inflict heavy losses on the Mughals, but they too suffered severely. Qamar-ud-din Khan, the Vazier, was killed in the engage-ment, while his son, Mir Mannu, next in command stood the ground without flinching. At this critical moment, when the fate of battle hung in the balance, some carts loaded with rockets exploded near the Afghan gun-powder magazine, burning to death some 1,000 gunners. This obliged the Afghans to stand on the defensive, and when night came, they marched off home-wards. The Mughals had not the heart to pursue them." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P99_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P99_L3_S1" CONTENT="Mohammed Shah, the Mughal, was at this time seriously ill and expired at Delhi about a month after the battle of Sirhind. He was succeeded by his son Ahmad, under the title of Ahmad Shah. The Afghan King, on learning this, again appeared in the Panjab. Mir Mannu, who was left in charge of the Province, finding himself unable to cope with the situation, made his submission. Ahmad Shah Durrani allowed him to retain the governorship of the province on payment of 1,400,000 rupees annually as tribute." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P100_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P100_L1_S1" CONTENT="63" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P100_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P100_L2_S1" CONTENT="This agreement was later on ratified by the Mughal Emperor as well. After this satisfactory arrangement, Ahmad Shah Durrani decided to return to Kandahar. On his way back he took the cities of Dera Ghazi Khan, Dera Ismail Khan and Shikarpur." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P100_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P100_L3_S1" CONTENT="Early in 1749, Ahmad Shah Durrani marched on Herat at the head of a force numbering about 25,000. The city was then in possession of Shah Rukh, grandson of Nadir Shah. The place surrendering after a short siege, Ahmad Shah was able to advance on Meshad. Shah Rukh, a boy of 14, was merely a puppet in the hands of Mir Alam of Seistan. This ambitious chief, learning of the siege of Herat, had hastened to its relief. But at Turbat-i-Jam he was surprised by a force sent by Ahmad Shah with a view to intercept his advance. Mir Alam fought bravely, but in the end he sustained a crushing defeat and a large number of his men were either killed or taken prisoners. Ahmad Shah was therefore able to continue his march towards Meshad. He did not meet any further opposition on the way. He laid siege to Meshad. Shah Rukh, seeing that he was unable to keep up his position," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P101_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P101_L1_S1" CONTENT="64" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P101_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P101_L2_S1" CONTENT="came out of the citadel and tendered his submission. Ahmad Shah, receiving him kindly, left him in possession of his territories on condition that the Prince would acknowledge his suzerainty." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P101_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P101_L3_S1" CONTENT="Ahmad Shah continuing his march came to Nishapur. A severe winter with heavy snowfall forced him to fall back. In the spring of the following year Ahmad Shah once more marched against Nishapur. The city surrendered after a short siege. On his return homewards he sent an expedition to the north of the Hindu Kush, which secured him the possession of Balkh, Khanabad, Maimana and Badakhshan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P101_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P101_L4_S1" CONTENT="In the spring of 1751, Ahmad Shah was once more compelled to advance on Meshad to chastise Mir Alam, who taking advantage of his absence, had raided the city, blinded and dethroned Shah Rukh Mirza. Ahmad Shah had little difficulty in restoring order. Placing Shah Rukh once more on the throne, he advanced as far as Astarabad. This was the extreme limit of his conquests in the west." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P101_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P101_L5_S1" CONTENT="It will be remembered that on his second expedition to India, Ahmad Shah had reinstated" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P102_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L1_S1" CONTENT="65" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L2_S1" CONTENT="Mir Mannu as the governor of the Panjab on" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L3_S1" CONTENT="condition that he would pay annual tribute to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L4_S1" CONTENT="him. This treaty was ratified by the Mughal" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L5_S1" CONTENT="Emperor too. Now Ahmad Shah learnt that the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L6_S1" CONTENT="Emperor and Mir Mannu had failed to comply" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L7_S1" CONTENT="with the terms of this agreement. He, therefore," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L8_S1" CONTENT="decided to invade India for the third time." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L9_S1" CONTENT="On his approach, Mir Mannu, finding that no" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L10_S1" CONTENT="help could come to him from any quarter, made" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L11_S1" CONTENT="his submission a second time. He was not only" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L12_S1" CONTENT="forgiven but reinstated in his office. The terrified" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L13_S1" CONTENT="Emperor, too, sued for peace. According to a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L14_S1" CONTENT="new agreement, he formally ceded the Panjab and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L15_S1" CONTENT="Multan to the Afghan King. After a stay of a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L16_S1" CONTENT="few days, Ahmad Shah returned to his country." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L17_S1" CONTENT="On his way back he annexed Kashmir to his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L18_S1" CONTENT="kingdom." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L19_S1" CONTENT="Mir Mannu, the governor of the Panjab," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L20_S1" CONTENT="died in 1753. His son was appointed in his stead" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L21_S1" CONTENT="as the governor. As he was a minor, his mother," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L22_S1" CONTENT="Mughlani Begum, became regent. This once" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L23_S1" CONTENT="more gave a chance for intrigues and rebellions." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L24_S1" CONTENT="Shahab-ud-din, son of Ghazi-ud-din, who had" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L25_S1" CONTENT="succeeded to the office of Vazier at Mughal Court," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L26_S1" CONTENT="availing himself of the opportunity, entered into" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P103_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P103_L1_S1" CONTENT="66" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P103_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P103_L2_S1" CONTENT="a most amicable correspondence with the widow, desiring to marry her daughter. Having completely lulled her suspicions, he advanced on Lahore with a large force as if to celebrate the marriage. On reaching Lahore, he surprised the town and carried the governess off to his camp. Adina Beg, a notorious intriguer, was appointed in his place as the governor of the province. This insult to Ahmad Shah's authority, brought him to India a fourth time (1756)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P103_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P103_L3_S1" CONTENT="Marching rapidly from Kandahar and crossing the Indus, he entered the Panjab with a view to punish Adina Beg. The latter, finding himself unable to check his advance, retreated towards Delhi with the Afghan king at his heels. Ahmad Shah reached the vicinity of Delhi without opposition. Shahab-ud-din, finding himself too weak to check the advance of Ahmad Shah, contrived to pacify Mughlani Begum. Through her intercession he went to the Durrani camp. The Afghan king received him kindly, but continued his march into Delhi which he entered triumphantly. Alamgir II, the Mughal Emperor, was deposed and the Khutba was read in the name of Ahmad Shah Durrani." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P104_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P104_L1_S1" CONTENT="67" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P104_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P104_L2_S1" CONTENT="After a short rest at the Mughal capital, Ahmad Shah sent Jahan Khan, one of his generals, against the Jats. This expedition was completely successful. The Afghans, driving back the Jats, took Bulamgar and proceeded as far as Muttra, which surrendered without much opposition." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P104_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P104_L3_S1" CONTENT="Ahmad Shah, then finding it impossible to stay longer in India in consequence of the heat, made up his mind to return. He was about to leave, when the Emperor appealed to him for protection against his treacherous Vazier, who was in league with the Marhattas and Jats. Ahmad Shah, therefore, appointed Najib-ud-daula, a Rohilla noble of ability and good repute, to be the commander of the army, in the hope that he being an Afghan by origin, would work for the interests of his race." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P104_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P104_L4_S1" CONTENT="After these precautionary measures and arranging a marriage between Timur Mirza, his son, and a daughter of Alamgir II, the Afghan monarch decided to return home. He left Timur and Sardar Jahan Khan to look after his newly-acquired dominions east of the Indus. Hardly had Ahmad Shah turned his back on India," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P105_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L1_S1" CONTENT="68" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L2_S1" CONTENT="when Shahab-ud-din who had fled to Farrukhabad" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L3_S1" CONTENT="and taken shelter with the Marhattas, returned" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L4_S1" CONTENT="to Delhi and laid siege to it. Najib-ud-daula was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L5_S1" CONTENT="forced to retire towards Saharanpur. The Vazier" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L6_S1" CONTENT="immediately made Ahmad Khan Bangash the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L7_S1" CONTENT="Commander-in-Chief of the Mughal Army. Not" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L8_S1" CONTENT="content with this, he invited the Marhattas to his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L9_S1" CONTENT="help, for he knew that without their support he" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L10_S1" CONTENT="could not keep up his position at Delhi." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L11_S1" CONTENT="Meanwhile Ahmad Shah was busy in other" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L12_S1" CONTENT="quarters and could not pay his attention to what" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L13_S1" CONTENT="was going on at the Mughal capital. A serious" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L14_S1" CONTENT="disturbance had broken out in the Panjab." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L15_S1" CONTENT="Adina Beg, who had fled from Lahore on the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L16_S1" CONTENT="approach of the Afghan king, now reappeared" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L17_S1" CONTENT="on the scene and instigated the Sikhs to rebel." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L18_S1" CONTENT="He also invited the Marhattas to assist him in the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L19_S1" CONTENT="recovery of the Panjab." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L20_S1" CONTENT="Ragunath, the brother of Peshwa, availing" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L21_S1" CONTENT="of the opportunity, advanced on the Panjab at" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L22_S1" CONTENT="the head of a formidable force. Timur Mirza" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L23_S1" CONTENT="was forced to fall back. After appointing Adina" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L24_S1" CONTENT="Beg to his former position, the Marhatta chief" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L25_S1" CONTENT="retired to the Deccan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P106_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P106_L2_S1" CONTENT="Meanwhile Ahmad Shah's hands were too full with the affairs in Baluchistan, where Nasir Khan, the chief of the Bruhi tribe, had revolted. The Baluch Sardar had rendered much assistance to Ahmad Shah in his numerous expeditions both in India and Persia. He was adequately rewarded for his services. But on hearing that the Marhattas had conquered the whole of the Panjab and had ousted the Afghans from that province, he wavered in his allegiance to the Afghan Crown and declared his independence. Ahmad Shah was, therefore, forced to march against him immediately. This operation delayed the Shah for a considerable time. Ultimately, the gloomy state of Indian affairs made Ahmad Shah to conclude a hasty peace, by which Nasir Khan was allowed to retain his dominions on condition that he would acknowledge Shah's suzerainty and furnish contingents whenever the Afghan king made wars beyond the boundaries of Afghanistan. It was also stipulated that the Baluch Chief would in no way help or grant asylum to anyone of the Sadozai princes and would not interfere in Afghans' internal quarrels. To cement this alliance, Ahmad Shah married his son Timur" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P107_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P107_L1_S1" CONTENT="70" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P107_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P107_L2_S1" CONTENT="to Nasir Khan's niece. Nasir Khan was also exempted from the tribute which he paid annually to Ahmad Shah and got the districts of Quetta and Mastung as reward for his past services." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P107_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P107_L3_S1" CONTENT="After settling the affairs in this part of the country, Ahmad Shah was able to turn his attention towards India. On his approach, Emperor Alamgir II was murdered by his Vazier and the young prince, Ali Gauhar, afterwards Shah Alam II, had to flee for his life, and took shelter with the British. Passing through the Bolan Pass, Ahmad Shah came to Sukkur. Then continuing his march along the Indus, he advanced on Peshawar. He crossed the river near Attock. From there he continued his march through the northern part of the Panjab, avoiding the swollen rivers by keeping near the base of the northern hills. He crossed the river Jamna opposite Saharanpur." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P107_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P107_L4_S1" CONTENT="Driving the main Marhatta army towards the south, Ahmad Shah came suddenly face to face with a strong force led by Dataji Sindhia at a point some ten miles north of Delhi. In the engagement that followed the Marhatta Chief with two-thirds of his force was cut to pieces." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P108_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P108_L1_S1" CONTENT="71" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P108_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P108_L2_S1" CONTENT="A second detachment under the leadership of Mulhar Rao Hulkar was also surprised and completely annihilated. The third Marhatta division falling back continued its flight south of the Chambal. It was at last overtaken by a Durrani detachment and totally destroyed. As a consequence of these victories, the Afghans entered Delhi. The Vazier flying for his life entered the Jat country, where Mulhar Rao Hulkar and the remnants of his force had sought shelter." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P108_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P108_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Marhattas, one of the warlike races of India, dwelling along the south-western coast of India, were at this time at the zenith of their power. They had overrun greater part of India and their frontiers extended to the Indus and the Himalayas in the north, while on the south they stretched nearly to the extremity of the Deccan peninsula. With conquests their military power also increased considerably. The force was no longer composed of predatory bands, but had a nucleus of troops drilled in the European fashion. The army was well-paid and properly equipped and was trained by Europeans, mostly French." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P109_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P109_L1_S1" CONTENT="72" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P109_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P109_L2_S1" CONTENT="Their artillery, too, was far superior to any previously known in India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P109_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P109_L3_S1" CONTENT="The news of misfortune that had befallen Holkar and Sindhia did in no way discourage them. On the contrary it was only a fresh stimulus to exertion. They decided to stake their all in the forth-coming struggle with the Afghans. Great preparations were made and within a short time a very powerful army was placed under the command of Sadesho Bhao (or Sadashir Rao as he is variously called) with Viswas Rao, Peshwa's son, next in command. All the great Marhatta Chiefs had joined the force with their contingents and followers. Be-sides, many Rajput princes sent their quotas of troops and money, while Suraj Mal, a Jat leader, is said to have brought a body of 30,000 men of his tribe. Ahmad Shah had pursued the flying enemy as far as Anoopshehr. He could not proceed further due to the rainy season. When the Marhatta force reached Bharat-pur, Suraj Mal and Holkar, who were quite aware of the Afghan's war tactics, advised Bhao to leave the infantry and heavy guns with baggage behind in the Jat country and advancing with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P110_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L1_S1" CONTENT="73" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L2_S1" CONTENT="cavalry alone harass the Afghans, who, in their" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L3_S1" CONTENT="opinion, could not stand the intense heat of India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L4_S1" CONTENT="The rainy season of the country, they argued," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L5_S1" CONTENT="would soon compel the Afghans to retire to their" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L6_S1" CONTENT="homeland. But the haughty Marhatta chief," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L7_S1" CONTENT="puffed up by his recent successes in other parts of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L8_S1" CONTENT="India, rejected this counsel and looked down on" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L9_S1" CONTENT="victory thus achieved as below his dignity. He" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L10_S1" CONTENT="boldly marched on Delhi, then held by a small" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L11_S1" CONTENT="detachment of the Afghans. The Marhattas had" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L12_S1" CONTENT="no difficulty in besieging the city, which surrendered" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L13_S1" CONTENT="after a stubborn resistance. The Marhattas on" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L14_S1" CONTENT="entering the Mughal capital put the entire garrison" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L15_S1" CONTENT="to the sword." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L16_S1" CONTENT="Ahmad Shah, who had encamped on the left" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L17_S1" CONTENT="bank of the Jamna with a view to pass the rainy" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L18_S1" CONTENT="season could not come to the assistance of his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L19_S1" CONTENT="men ; the swollen river made crossing impossible." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L20_S1" CONTENT="The Marhattas looted the city to their heart's" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L21_S1" CONTENT="content. They defaced palaces, tombs and shrines" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L22_S1" CONTENT="for the sake of the ornaments with which they" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L23_S1" CONTENT="had been decorated. Bhao even proposed to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L24_S1" CONTENT="proclaim Viswas Rao emperor of India, but others" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L25_S1" CONTENT="advised him to postpone it until the Durranis" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P110_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P110_L26_S1" CONTENT="were driven across the Indus." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P111_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L1_S1" CONTENT="74" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L2_S1" CONTENT="In October, 1760, the Marhattas marched" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L3_S1" CONTENT="north to Sarhind, with a view to cut off Ahmad" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L4_S1" CONTENT="Shah's line of communication. On their way to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L5_S1" CONTENT="that city, they attacked and stormed the fortress" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L6_S1" CONTENT="of Kunjpura, sixty miles north of Delhi, putting" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L7_S1" CONTENT="to sword the entire garrison, numbering no less" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L8_S1" CONTENT="than 10,000 men. This wholesale massacre took" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L9_S1" CONTENT="place almost in sight of the Afghan army," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L10_S1" CONTENT="encamped on the other side of the river. Once" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L11_S1" CONTENT="more the flooded Jamna and the violence of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L12_S1" CONTENT="periodical rains stood in the way of rendering any" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L13_S1" CONTENT="help to the besieged. Ahmad Shah concluded" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L14_S1" CONTENT="that further delay was suicidal ; something must" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L15_S1" CONTENT="be done at once." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L16_S1" CONTENT="With this intention he broke up his canton-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L17_S1" CONTENT="ment and ordered his men to cross the river" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L18_S1" CONTENT="against all odds. On reaching the Jamna, he" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L19_S1" CONTENT="found it swollen and in full flood. He proceeded" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L20_S1" CONTENT="along it to find a ford. But he could see none." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L21_S1" CONTENT="He resolved to cross it at all cost. The disgrace" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L22_S1" CONTENT="must be wiped out. The passage across the river" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L23_S1" CONTENT="was conducted admirably and effected in face of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L24_S1" CONTENT="resolute resistance and volleys of bullets from the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L25_S1" CONTENT="other side. The Marhattas were so disheartened" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P111_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P111_L26_S1" CONTENT="to see this unusual bravery, that they fell back" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P112_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L2_S1" CONTENT="with great speed in face of the surging waves of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L3_S1" CONTENT="the Afghans, and on reaching Panipat they dug" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L4_S1" CONTENT="trenches and took shelter behind them." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L5_S1" CONTENT="The THIRD BATTLE OF PANIPAT (7th" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L6_S1" CONTENT="January 1761). Ahmad Shah following at the heels" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L7_S1" CONTENT="of the enemy caught them in the vicinity of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L8_S1" CONTENT="Panipat. Here he found the Marhattas strongly" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L9_S1" CONTENT="entrenched. They had thrown up works round" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L10_S1" CONTENT="their camps, encompassed by a broad and deep" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L11_S1" CONTENT="ditch, and protected on all sides by a fine artillery." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L12_S1" CONTENT="The total strength of the Marhatta force is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L13_S1" CONTENT="estimated between 300,000 and 500,000. Besides," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L14_S1" CONTENT="they had 200 guns, with numerous wall pieces," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L15_S1" CONTENT="and a great supply of rockets, (a favourable" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L16_S1" CONTENT="Marhatta weapon). A deserted Muslim officer" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L17_S1" CONTENT="from the French army, Ibrahim Gardi by name," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L18_S1" CONTENT="had also with 9,000 disciplined sepoys come to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L19_S1" CONTENT="their aid. Against this formidable force, Ahmad" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L20_S1" CONTENT="Shah had no more than 40,000 Afghans, mostly" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L21_S1" CONTENT="horsemen. A force of Indian Muslims, estimated" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L22_S1" CONTENT="at 38,000 foot and some 13,000, horse had also" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L23_S1" CONTENT="come to his help. Of these the Rohilla Afghans" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L24_S1" CONTENT="were efficient to some extent, while the rest was a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L25_S1" CONTENT="rabble of Indian foot soldiers, who had come to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P112_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L26_S1" CONTENT="loot either side that lost the war. The Afghans" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P113" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="113" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P113_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L1_S1" CONTENT="76" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L2_S1" CONTENT="had no artillery; their Indian allies had brought" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L3_S1" CONTENT="with them about thirty pieces of cannon of differ-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L4_S1" CONTENT="ent calibres." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L5_S1" CONTENT="Such was the numerical strength and equip-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L6_S1" CONTENT="ment of these two forces that now lay face to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L7_S1" CONTENT="face on the famous battle-field, which had previ-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L8_S1" CONTENT="ously twice decided the fate of India. But the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L9_S1" CONTENT="inadequacy of number and equipment of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L10_S1" CONTENT="Afghan force was duly compensated by the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L11_S1" CONTENT="generalship of its leader and the bravery of its" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L12_S1" CONTENT="soldiers. Ahmad Shah with the small number of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L13_S1" CONTENT="his men did not think it advisable to attack the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L14_S1" CONTENT="enemy in their strong position. He was, therefore," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L15_S1" CONTENT="obliged to adopt similar precautionary measures" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L16_S1" CONTENT="and to throw lines of trenches round his camp." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L17_S1" CONTENT="Bhao, who had fine Marhatta cavalry at his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L18_S1" CONTENT="disposal, dispatched raiding parties to harry the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L19_S1" CONTENT="country around in order to prevent supplies from" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L20_S1" CONTENT="reaching the Afghan camp. Govind Rao Bodela" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L21_S1" CONTENT="with his 12,000 horses, was ordered to carry this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L22_S1" CONTENT="plan out. He harassed the Afghans in the rear of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L23_S1" CONTENT="their camp, intercepting all supplies. Bhao also" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L24_S1" CONTENT="employed his light cavalry for this very end. As" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L25_S1" CONTENT="a result of this blockade the Afghans began to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P114_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L1_S1" CONTENT="77" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L2_S1" CONTENT="suffer heavily. This roused them to immediate" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L3_S1" CONTENT="action. They resolved to adopt reciprocal measures," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L4_S1" CONTENT="and to make up the deficiency in number by" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L5_S1" CONTENT="bold and rapid movements of their detachments." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L6_S1" CONTENT="A body of their horse under Attai Khan marched" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L7_S1" CONTENT="more than sixty miles, then detouring surprised" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L8_S1" CONTENT="Govind Rao's camp before daybreak. The enemy," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L9_S1" CONTENT="not prepared for such a move, retreated pell-mell," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L10_S1" CONTENT="Govind himself was among the slain. This single" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L11_S1" CONTENT="action so demoralized the Marhattas that hence-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L12_S1" CONTENT="forth they had not the courage to meet the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L13_S1" CONTENT="Afghans in the open field. The Afghans, posting" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L14_S1" CONTENT="strong pickets around Marhattas' camp, tried hard" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L15_S1" CONTENT="to cut off all supplies from reaching them. This" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L16_S1" CONTENT="state of affairs dragged on for three months and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L17_S1" CONTENT="no serious effort was made by the Marhattas to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L18_S1" CONTENT="pierce through the Afghan line and force a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L19_S1" CONTENT="convoy of food into the camp. With their" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L20_S1" CONTENT="numerous attendants and innumerable camp" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L21_S1" CONTENT="followers, their stock of provisions soon ran short." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L22_S1" CONTENT="Bhao bore his difficulties with dignity and patience." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L23_S1" CONTENT="The Afghans, too, suffered for want of supplies" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L24_S1" CONTENT="and had to bring them from long distances. But" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L25_S1" CONTENT="the patience, vigilance and activity of their leader" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L26_S1" CONTENT="enabled them to face these difficulties cheerfully." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P115_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P115_L2_S1" CONTENT="Ahmad Shah, having supreme faith in himself, had also the gift of inspiring in others implicit confidence in his leadership and in their final victory. On the contrary, the enemy was daily losing patience and morale. The Indians, who had flocked to Ahmad Shah's standard, were also anxious to put an end to this protracted siege by an immediate action. When they insisted in their demand, Ahmad Shah coldly answered, &quot;This is a matter of war with which you are not well-acquainted. In other affairs do as you please, but leave this to me and follow my advice implicitly.&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P115_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P115_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Marhattas at last clearly saw that if this state of affairs were to continue a little longer, they were sure to lose the contest. An immediate action, they thought, might relieve them of the impending danger. They therefore decided to come out of their fortifications and attack the Afghan camp." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P115_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P115_L4_S1" CONTENT="From the day of his arrival in Panipat, Ahmad Shah had pitched a small tent for himself in front of the camp, to which he repaired every morning before sunrise for prayers. Then mounting his horse he would visit the various posts and recon-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P116_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L2_S1" CONTENT="noiter the enemy's position. Thus after covering a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L3_S1" CONTENT="distance of forty to fifty miles, he would return to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L4_S1" CONTENT="his tent. At night he placed a picket of 5,000" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L5_S1" CONTENT="horses as near as he could to the enemy's camp," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L6_S1" CONTENT="where they remained under arms all the night," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L7_S1" CONTENT="while other parties went round the whole canton-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L8_S1" CONTENT="ment. Ahmad Shah himself would often take" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L9_S1" CONTENT="part in these rounds. He used to say to his Indian" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L10_S1" CONTENT="friends, &quot;You better sleep ; I will take care that no" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L11_S1" CONTENT="harm befalls you.&quot; Personal bravery of a leader" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L12_S1" CONTENT="is of vital importance in an Afghan army. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L13_S1" CONTENT="soldiers will gladly follow such a commander" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L14_S1" CONTENT="anywhere and against any odds ; but if he throws" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L15_S1" CONTENT="them into danger, while he himself remains at a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L16_S1" CONTENT="distance, they lose their enthusiasm directly, and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L17_S1" CONTENT="are half thrashed before the battle begins. They" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L18_S1" CONTENT="want a man, who would rush forward sword in hand" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L19_S1" CONTENT="at their head, call upon them to follow, and then" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L20_S1" CONTENT="dash into the middle of the foe. Unstinted praise" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L21_S1" CONTENT="must be accorded to Ahmad Shah not only for" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L22_S1" CONTENT="his generalship and bravery, but also for his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L23_S1" CONTENT="careful training of the troops and his strict" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L24_S1" CONTENT="enforcement of discipline. His appearance in the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L25_S1" CONTENT="midst of his soldiers had an inspiring effect on" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P116_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P116_L26_S1" CONTENT="them, who would gladly follow him through thick" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P117" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="117" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P117_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L1_S1" CONTENT="80" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L2_S1" CONTENT="and thin of the battle. Far from this, on the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L3_S1" CONTENT="approach of impending danger, Bhao's vanity" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L4_S1" CONTENT="vanished and his embarrassment increased with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L5_S1" CONTENT="the passing of time which had a most demoralizing" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L6_S1" CONTENT="effect on his comrades and followers. At last Bhao" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L7_S1" CONTENT="was forced to ask Shujaud-daula to mediate for" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L8_S1" CONTENT="peace between him and the Afghan King. &quot;The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L9_S1" CONTENT="cup is full to the brim&quot;, he wrote in his distress," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L10_S1" CONTENT="&quot;and cannot hold another drop. If anything" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L11_S1" CONTENT="could be done, do it at once, or else answer me" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L12_S1" CONTENT="plainly ; hereafter there will be no time for writing" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L13_S1" CONTENT="or speaking&quot;." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L14_S1" CONTENT="It appears that Ahmad Shah was not ready" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L15_S1" CONTENT="to negotiate a peace with his entrapped adver-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L16_S1" CONTENT="saries. The Marhattas, receiving no reply decided" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L17_S1" CONTENT="to lead an attack next morning." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L18_S1" CONTENT="On the seventh of January, 1761, at about" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L19_S1" CONTENT="three in the morning, Ahmad Shah received the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L20_S1" CONTENT="news that the whole of the Marhatta army had" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L21_S1" CONTENT="marched out of their camp with the intention of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L22_S1" CONTENT="attacking the Afghans. Shuja-ud-daula, the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L23_S1" CONTENT="first to get this information, came directly to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L24_S1" CONTENT="the Shah's camp and desired an immediate" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L25_S1" CONTENT="audience. Ahmad Shah soon appeared fully" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P118" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="118" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P118_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P118_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L1_S1" CONTENT="81" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L2_S1" CONTENT="dressed. On hearing the news, he was not perturbed in the least. Mounting his horse, which always stood ready by his door, he rode in the direction of the enemy, ordering his troops to follow." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L3_S1" CONTENT="The King's centre was composed of the Rohillas, Poupalzais and a body of the royal guards. The Marhattas first of all made much use of their guns. A heavy cannonade broke out. Shells and rockets whizzed over the Afghan lines. The centre of the Afghans was thrown into confusion. Ibrahim Girdi, seeing this, rode up to Bhao and said proudly, &quot;You have often blamed me for keeping a regular army. You will now see that they have earned their wages not in vain.&quot; Seizing a colour with his own hand, he ordered his battalions to cease fire and charge with their bayonets. The Rohillas, unable to stand the assault, reeled back, while their retreat laid open the right wing of Shah Wali Khan, the Grand Vazier, who commanded the centre of the army. Bhao and Viswas, flushed with these initial successes, attacked him with the flower of Marhatta force. A hand-to-hand battle ensued. Attai Khan was killed in the action and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P119" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="119" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P119_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P119_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L1_S1" CONTENT="the Afghans, who were greatly outnumbered," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L2_S1" CONTENT="were forced to give ground. Everything seemed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L3_S1" CONTENT="to go against them. Shah Wali, seeing this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L4_S1" CONTENT="miserable plight of his friends, dismounted, and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L5_S1" CONTENT="sword in hand, went forward to meet the enemy," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L6_S1" CONTENT="determined to lay his life at the post. Nawab" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L7_S1" CONTENT="Shujaud-daula was not far from the Grand" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L8_S1" CONTENT="Vazier, but could not see his plight due to thick" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L9_S1" CONTENT="dust intervening between him and the Vazier." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L10_S1" CONTENT="Shortly afterwards he sent some one in that" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L11_S1" CONTENT="direction to find out the cause of the suddenly" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L12_S1" CONTENT="diminishing sounds of men and horses. To his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L13_S1" CONTENT="great surprise, he learnt that the Grand Vazier was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L14_S1" CONTENT="fighting on foot, reproaching his men for cowar-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L15_S1" CONTENT="dice, and endeavouring to bring them back to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L16_S1" CONTENT="their posts. “Tell Shuja”, he said to the messenger," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L17_S1" CONTENT="“if he does not come at once to my assistance," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L18_S1" CONTENT="I must perish.” But Shuja would not move." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L19_S1" CONTENT="Seeing this, the King came in person with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L20_S1" CONTENT="his reserve to the assistance of his Vazier. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L21_S1" CONTENT="battle now became stationary, though the advan-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L22_S1" CONTENT="tage was still with the Marhattas, who came" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L23_S1" CONTENT="forward like the surging waves, confident of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L24_S1" CONTENT="their victory. Ahmad Shah, rallying the fugitives" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P119_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L25_S1" CONTENT="and ordering all those who refused to obey to be" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P120_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L1_S1" CONTENT="83" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L2_S1" CONTENT="cut to pieces, gave instructions for advance, at" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L3_S1" CONTENT="the same time directing a division on his left to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L4_S1" CONTENT="wheel up and take the enemy in the rear and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L5_S1" CONTENT="flank. This skilful manoeuvre at the opportune" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L6_S1" CONTENT="time decided the fate of the battle. All at" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L7_S1" CONTENT="once, as if by miracle, the whole Marahatta" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L8_S1" CONTENT="army turned back and fled at full speed, leaving" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L9_S1" CONTENT="the battle-field covered with the dying and dead." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L10_S1" CONTENT="The Commander-in-Chief of the Marhatta forces," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L11_S1" CONTENT="the heir-apparent to the throne, and almost all" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L12_S1" CONTENT="the chief officers and the greater part of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L13_S1" CONTENT="army perished in battle or in flight. The pursuit" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L14_S1" CONTENT="by moonlight cost the fleeing multitude tens of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L15_S1" CONTENT="thousands of their precious lives; their ponies" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L16_S1" CONTENT="were easily overtaken by the swift-footed Afghan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L17_S1" CONTENT="horses. Later a glimpse of the tragedy was given" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L18_S1" CONTENT="by a banker's letter to one of his correspondents," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L19_S1" CONTENT="which ran : &quot;Two invaluable pearls have been" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L20_S1" CONTENT="dissolved, twenty-seven gold Mohurs have been" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L21_S1" CONTENT="lost, and of the silver and copper coins the total" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L22_S1" CONTENT="cannot be easily estimated.&quot; By the pearls he" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L23_S1" CONTENT="means the commander and the next in command" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L24_S1" CONTENT="of the Marhatta forces, while gold Mohurs refer" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L25_S1" CONTENT="to officers that had fallen in the battle. Almost" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P120_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L26_S1" CONTENT="all the Marhatta chiefs were either killed or" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P121_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L1_S1" CONTENT="84" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L2_S1" CONTENT="wounded, except Holkar, who had left the field" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L3_S1" CONTENT="very early, when he found that balance had" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L4_S1" CONTENT="changed in favour of the Afghans and that the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L5_S1" CONTENT="Marhatta army was heading towards disaster." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L6_S1" CONTENT="Never a victory could be more complete." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L7_S1" CONTENT="The Third Battle of Panipat was more decisive" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L8_S1" CONTENT="than the previous ones. The whole of Hindustan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L9_S1" CONTENT="lay at the feet of the conqueror. The greatest" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L10_S1" CONTENT="power that could oppose Ahmad Shah was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L11_S1" CONTENT="smashed to pieces and their towering edifice" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L12_S1" CONTENT="crumbled to the ground. The British at this time" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L13_S1" CONTENT="had not yet fully consolidated their position even" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L14_S1" CONTENT="in Bengal. As such they were no match to the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L15_S1" CONTENT="Afghans, the victors of Panipat. To the Marhattas" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L16_S1" CONTENT="the day of the Third Battle of Panipat was one of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L17_S1" CONTENT="mourning and calamity, and with it their hope of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L18_S1" CONTENT="an Empire vanished for ever. Grief spread over" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L19_S1" CONTENT="the whole Marhatta people ; every one mourned" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L20_S1" CONTENT="the loss of relatives or friends. The Peshwa," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L21_S1" CONTENT="the head of Marhatta Confederacy, could not" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L22_S1" CONTENT="survive this shock. He was so overtaken with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L23_S1" CONTENT="grief and sorrow that, retreating towards Poona," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L24_S1" CONTENT="he passed away. The confederacy itself sustained" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L25_S1" CONTENT="an irreparable loss. Before it could recover from" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L26_S1" CONTENT="this shock and assume offensive once more, it" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P122" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="122" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P122_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L1_S1" CONTENT="85" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L2_S1" CONTENT="found itself confronted with another power, which was more than a match for it. This new power that appeared on the Indian horizon shortly afterwards was the British, who taking advantage of the confused situation of India after the death of Ahmad Shah the Great, had taken his place. Some of the historians are of the opinion that the battle of Panipat facilitated indirectly the British conquest of India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L3_S1" CONTENT="Why Ahmad Shah Durrani did not avail himself of this golden opportunity is a mystery to most of the historians. It is alleged by some that the climate of India did not suit him. Others contend that he did not like to extend the boundaries of his empire too much, for it was not easy to control it from the distant base of Kandahar and Ahmad Shah was too patriotic to shift his capital to Delhi. Another group of historians thinks that Ahmad Shah did not like to pay his attention too much to Indian affairs, as there were more pressing questions to be solved on other fronts, especially in the north and north-west of his kingdom." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L4_S1" CONTENT="The victory was illustrated numismatically by coins struck at Delhi, Bareilly, Muradabad and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P123" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="123" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P123_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L1_S1" CONTENT="86" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L2_S1" CONTENT="Sirhind. Ahmad Shah, content with the keeping of the Punjab as far as Satluj, nominated Ali Gauhar, who afterwards assumed the title of Shah Alam II, to the throne of Delhi, and he himself returned to Afghanistan in the spring of 1761. Immediately on the return, a fresh enemy appeared on the scene. The Sikhs, taking advantage of the confused condition of northern India, began to show more activity in the Panjab. The inroads of these people compelled Ahmad Shah to return to India once more (1762). It is related that he rose one night suddenly from his sleep, picking a body of horsemen, rode off to India. On reaching Jandiala, where a large number of Sikhs had assembled, he led a surprise attack. Ahmad Shah had hardly ten to twelve followers with him at this time, yet such was the terror inspired by his name that the entire Sikh army fled on his approach. Collecting his troops, he pursued and defeated them near Gujarwal, south of Ludhiana with enormous slaughter. The fight has come to be known in Indian history as the Gullughara, which means the Great Overthrow." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L3_S1" CONTENT="Ahmad Shah, leaving a governor at Sirhind, returned to his homeland. Upon his departure" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P124" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="124" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P124_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P124_L1_S1" CONTENT="87" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P124_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P124_L2_S1" CONTENT="from India, the Sikhs once more became restive. They readily recovered what they had lost. The town of Sirhind was destroyed and the Afghan governor was forced to flee." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P124_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P124_L3_S1" CONTENT="These events brought Ahmad Shah into India again. He traversed the Panjab without much opposition, but was soon compelled to retrace his steps towards Afghanistan to quell an uprising. His army suffered heavily from the heat during the first part of the journey. He had no difficulty in crushing the rebellion, but henceforth Ahmad Shah's health began to decline. A cancer appeared in his face, which became incurable. This affected greatly his activities. He was, however, compelled to exert himself in spite of his declining health, due to the increasing power of the Sikhs in the Panjab." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P124_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P124_L4_S1" CONTENT="In 1767 the Afghan King re-entered India with the intention of rooting out once for all the growing power of these warlike people. He went in person against them and after inflicting heavy casualties drove them into the mountains. The moment he turned his back on India, the Sikhs reappeared in greater force. Ahmad Shah on account of his fast declining health was forced to adopt conciliatory measures and tried to win" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P125" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="125" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P125_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P125_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L1_S1" CONTENT="the Sikhs over to his side. With this intention he" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L2_S1" CONTENT="granted the Sirhind-Patiala State to an influential" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L3_S1" CONTENT="Sikh chief. This measure, too, proved futile, for" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L4_S1" CONTENT="hardly had Ahmad Shah left the country, when the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L5_S1" CONTENT="Sikhs, overrunning the greater part of the Punjab," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L6_S1" CONTENT="took the powerful fortress of Rohtas, near Jhelum," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L7_S1" CONTENT="built by Sher Shah Sur. The Shah was about to wipe" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L8_S1" CONTENT="out this disgrace when a fresh rebellion in Khurasan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L9_S1" CONTENT="diverted his attention in that direction. Henceforth," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L10_S1" CONTENT="the Panjab ceased to be the base of operations" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L11_S1" CONTENT="of the Afghans for their advance on Delhi." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L12_S1" CONTENT="Nasirullah Khan, son of Shah Rukh, had" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L13_S1" CONTENT="taken up arms against Ahmad Shah with the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L14_S1" CONTENT="full support of the Persian nobles. The Afghan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L15_S1" CONTENT="King sent forward Timur, his son, in that direc-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L16_S1" CONTENT="tion. The Prince, after a well-contested battle" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L17_S1" CONTENT="in the neighbourhood of Meshad, inflicted a severe" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L18_S1" CONTENT="defeat on the Persians. Fleeing from the field" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L19_S1" CONTENT="they took refuge with the blinded Shah Rukh" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L20_S1" CONTENT="inside the sacred city. Ahmad Shah, who had" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L21_S1" CONTENT="come to the help of his son, now laid siege to it," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L22_S1" CONTENT="intending to reduce the city by a prolonged" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L23_S1" CONTENT="blockade. The Persians, once more finding their" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L24_S1" CONTENT="position untenable, surrendered. Ahmad Shah," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L25_S1" CONTENT="however, treated Shah Rukh with every mark of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P126" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="126" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P126_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L1_S1" CONTENT="89" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L2_S1" CONTENT="consideration and again left him in full possession" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L3_S1" CONTENT="of the holy city. Shah Rukh, repenting his ingrati-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L4_S1" CONTENT="tude, promised to remain loyal to the Afghan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L5_S1" CONTENT="crown and to supply a contingent of troops to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L6_S1" CONTENT="serve the King. Besides, he gave his daughter in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L7_S1" CONTENT="marriage to Timur. Meanwhile, a detachment" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L8_S1" CONTENT="of Afghan troops under Sardar Jahan Khan had" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L9_S1" CONTENT="succeeded in taking Tabbus, held by Ali Mardan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L10_S1" CONTENT="Khan, an Arab chief." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L11_S1" CONTENT="The failing energy at last forced Ahmad" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L12_S1" CONTENT="Shah to quit Persia. He returned to Kandahar" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L13_S1" CONTENT="for a much needed rest. In the spring of 1773, he" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L14_S1" CONTENT="retired to the milder climate of the Toba Hills," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L15_S1" CONTENT="in Achakzai country. But the malady grew worse," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L16_S1" CONTENT="and in the beginning of June, 1773, the great" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L17_S1" CONTENT="conqueror and military genius passed away peace-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L18_S1" CONTENT="fully at Murgha, in the fiftieth year of his age and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L19_S1" CONTENT="after a glorious reign of twenty-six." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L20_S1" CONTENT="Ahmad Shah was first and foremost a brave" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L21_S1" CONTENT="and intrepid general and a great military leader." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L22_S1" CONTENT="Always first in the battle-field, his personality" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L23_S1" CONTENT="inspired respect among his friends and followers," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L24_S1" CONTENT="and struck awe and terror among his enemy." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L25_S1" CONTENT="Within a quarter of a century he was not only" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P127_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L1_S1" CONTENT="90" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L2_S1" CONTENT="able to wrest Afghanistan from foreign hands, but was also able to carry his successful arms into foreign lands and cast down the proud Marhattas, who were dreaming of an Indian Empire. The change which he wrought in the fortunes of his country in the course of these few years was little short of miraculous. He succeeded admirably in bringing the contending Afghan tribes closer to one another and welding them together into a strong nation. He had full confidence in himself and inspired his people with the same spirit. He may safely be called the creator of modern Afghanistan and the father of the nation." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L3_S1" CONTENT="Ahmad Shah was also a man of literary taste. He was a poet, composing verses in Pashto as well as Persian. These poems, like those of Khush-Hal Khan Khattak, are all imbued with the noblest of patriotic sentiments." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L4_S1" CONTENT="In one of them he says :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L5_S1" CONTENT="I forget the throne of Delhi," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L6_S1" CONTENT="The moment I remember the sublime summits of my native mountains." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L7_S1" CONTENT="Ahmad Shah will never forget thee" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L8_S1" CONTENT="Even if he were to conquer the whole world." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P128_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P128_L1_S1" CONTENT="91" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P128_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P128_L2_S1" CONTENT="Timur Shah (1773—1793).—Ahmad Shah had nominated Timur Mirza, his second son as his successor. The Prince in his childhood had exhibited many signs of intelligence and sound judgment and it was hoped that he would follow in the brilliant footsteps of his father. He was ruling at Herat when the news came to him that his father was confined to bed at the Toba Hills. He immediately left for that place with the intention of attending to his father during his illness and at the same time safeguarding his interests in case of his death. Before he could reach his destination, the Shah, probably at the instigation of Shah Wali Khan, the Grand Vazier, ordered the Prince to retun to Herat and to look after the administration of that province. Timur knew the plot afoot but he had to obey his father. So he was at Herat when he learned that his father had passed away and that Sulaiman, his brother, availing himself of the opportunity and supported by Shah Wali Khan, his father-in-law, had declared himself king at Kandahar. But he failed to obtain the active support of some of the influential chiefs, who openly declared themselves for Timur. This encouraged the latter to advance on Kandahar." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P129_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P129_L1_S1" CONTENT="92" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P129_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P129_L2_S1" CONTENT="At his approach Sulaiman found himself nearly deserted. He had no choice but to run away. Fleeing for his life he was never heard of again, while Shah Wali Khan with two of his sons and a few prominent chiefs decided to repair to Timur's camp and pay homage. Unfortunately, none of them was even allowed to meet the victorious Prince. Orders were issued to put them immediately under custody. They were later tried on a charge of treason and done away with. This cold-blooded murder of persons who had served the country on many a battle field and had won laurels lowered Timur's prestige in the public eye. Every one began to look on him with hatred. Timur soon found that his previous popularity with the masses was fast dwindling. This very fact, it is said, led him to change his capital from Kandahar to Kabul, which has remained so even to this day." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P129_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P129_L3_S1" CONTENT="Timur lacked the energy and far-sightedness of his illustrious father. He was content with what he got from him and made no serious effort to consolidate his position. It is obvious that it is not possible for a successor of a great king to rest upon his father's laurels without exerting" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P130" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="130" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P130_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P130_L1_S1" CONTENT="93" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P130_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P130_L2_S1" CONTENT="for it. As was expected, no sooner the grip of the master hand was felt no more, than numerous sources of dangers, both from within and outside, appeared, menacing his authority. Timur was neither a general nor a statesman to cope successfully with the situation. On the contrary his policy was shifty and temporising. He alternately used force and conciliation, with the usual consequence that both policies failed and the situation deteriorated from bad to worse. The chiefs taking advantage of his vacillating policy paid him but nominal homage. The result was chaos and anarchy and the better part of Timur's reign was spent in quelling these uprisings. With a view to curb the influence of these refractory nobles, he recruited most of his army from the Kizilbash and Tajiks. A division of 12,000 Kizilbash cavalry was raised, who were regularly paid and properly looked after. Timur hoped that by this measure he would be able to secure himself against the rebels and obtain prompt obedience to his orders. The first important event of his reign was an uprising headed by Abdul Khaliq Khan, an influential chief. This rebellion was easily put down; Abdul Khaliq was taken prisoner and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P131_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L1_S1" CONTENT="94" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L2_S1" CONTENT="deprived of his eyesight. From 1775 to 1781" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L3_S1" CONTENT="Timur was confronted with major uprisings on" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L4_S1" CONTENT="various fronts, including Balkh, Seistan, Khura-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L5_S1" CONTENT="san and Kashmir. Of these the insurrection of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L6_S1" CONTENT="Sahibzada of Chamkani, which took place in 1779," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L7_S1" CONTENT="deserves special notice. The conspirators aimed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L8_S1" CONTENT="at dethroning Timur Shah and placing Iskandar," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L9_S1" CONTENT="Sulaiman's son, on the throne. Some prominent" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L10_S1" CONTENT="chiefs of the Mohmands and Khyber Afridis also" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L11_S1" CONTENT="took part in this conspiracy. Collecting a large" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L12_S1" CONTENT="force, the conspirators suddenly entered the royal" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L13_S1" CONTENT="citadel (Bala Hissar) at Peshawar through the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L14_S1" CONTENT="connivance of the Commander of the Guard." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L15_S1" CONTENT="The Shah took shelter in one of the towers. All" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L16_S1" CONTENT="would have been over, had not the Kizilbash" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L17_S1" CONTENT="Regiment come to his assistance. The conspira-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L18_S1" CONTENT="tors were soon overpowered and made to flee. A" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L19_S1" CONTENT="large number of them were killed in the action." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L20_S1" CONTENT="Faizullah Khan, one of the ring-leaders, was taken" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L21_S1" CONTENT="prisoner and put to death. The Mohmand Chief," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L22_S1" CONTENT="who had escaped this general slaughter, was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L23_S1" CONTENT="prevailed upon by an oath, sworn on the Kuran," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L24_S1" CONTENT="to submit. No sooner did he make his submission" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L25_S1" CONTENT="and surrender himself to the Shah than he was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L26_S1" CONTENT="tortured to death. This breach of faith was very" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P132_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L1_S1" CONTENT="95" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L2_S1" CONTENT="much detested by the people, who would not trust" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L3_S1" CONTENT="the Shah's word any more. This was the second" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L4_S1" CONTENT="cause which led to Timur Shah's unpopularity." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L5_S1" CONTENT="About this time the news was brought that" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L6_S1" CONTENT="the Sikhs had taken possession of Multan through" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L7_S1" CONTENT="the treachery of its governor. Timur Shah went" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L8_S1" CONTENT="in person to punish the invaders. A small force" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L9_S1" CONTENT="was sent in advance, which was able to lead a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L10_S1" CONTENT="surprise attack and turn the Sikhs out of their" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L11_S1" CONTENT="newly acquired possessions." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L12_S1" CONTENT="The Talpuris of Sindh now began to give" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L13_S1" CONTENT="trouble. They rose against the Afghan governor" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L14_S1" CONTENT="of the district and turned him out. Madad Khan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L15_S1" CONTENT="was dispatched to punish the insurgents. Break-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L16_S1" CONTENT="ing the resistance of the rebels he overran the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L17_S1" CONTENT="whole province. But soon after his return to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L18_S1" CONTENT="Kandahar, the Talpuris once more rose in arms" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L19_S1" CONTENT="and expelled the governor. A second army com-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L20_S1" CONTENT="manded by Ahmad Khan Nurzai, a raw inex-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L21_S1" CONTENT="perienced officer, was sent that way. But he was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L22_S1" CONTENT="defeated with great loss and the Afghan army" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L23_S1" CONTENT="had to fall back on Shikarpur. The Talpuri sent" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L24_S1" CONTENT="their representatives to the Shah to discuss the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L25_S1" CONTENT="terms of peace. As a result of these negotiations" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P133_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L1_S1" CONTENT="96" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L2_S1" CONTENT="Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpuri was confirmed as the ruler on payment of an annual tribute to the Afghan King. From this time onwards, Sindh became almost independent and paid but a nominal homage to the Afghan Crown." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L3_S1" CONTENT="Next the Shah was confronted with another rebellion in Kashmir. Hardly was this revolt put down, when a new one broke out in Balkh, instigated by Shah Murad Beg of Bukhara. At the same time another insurrection broke out at Bahawalpur. The Shah, collecting a large force, marched first to the north. At Aqchah some indecisive actions took place, the balance on the whole being in favour of the Afghans. Had they then forced the enemy to a general engagement, their success would have been inevitable. But Timur, content with small skirmishes, gave the enemy sufficient time to reorganize his army and to make use of gold in bribing some of the Afghan officers, who persuaded the Shah to come to terms with the King of Bukhara. By the treaty which was finally agreed upon, the ruler of Bukhara recognised the authority of Timur over Balkh and the adjoining districts lying south of the Oxus. What made the Shah con-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P134_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P134_L1_S1" CONTENT="97" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P134_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P134_L2_S1" CONTENT="clude this hasty treaty was the rebellion of Arsala Khan, an influential Mohmand Chief, who, taking advantage of Shah's absence in the north, declared his independence and successfully blocked the road between Kabul and Peshawar. The Shah left Balkh in the middle of winter when the Hindu Kush passes were all blocked with snow. He thereby experienced much hardship on the way. But the moment the Mohmand Chief got this news, he was so disheartened that he surrendered himself without striking a blow. Timur ordered him to be delivered to the tribesmen, with whom the chief was not on good terms. They instantly put him to death. This fact further alienated the people from the Shah." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P134_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P134_L3_S1" CONTENT="In the spring of 1793, Timur fell ill on a journey from Peshawar to Kabul. He died before reaching his destination. His coffin was taken to Kabul and buried in the Bagh-i-Umumi (Public Garden), where his mausoleum stands to this day." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P134_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P134_L4_S1" CONTENT="Timur was a weak ruler, not even the shadow of his illustrious father. His easy-going temperament was responsible for the beginning of the disintegration of the vast Empire founded by Ahmad Shah the Great." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P136_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P136_L1_S1" CONTENT="SHAH ZAMAN" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P136_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P136_L2_S1" CONTENT="1793—1801" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P138" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="138" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P138_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P138_L1_S1" CONTENT="99" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P138_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P138_L2_S1" CONTENT="tions, came face to face near Kilat-i-Ghilzai. After a short engagement Humayun, who was not popular, was deserted by his adherents and compelled to take refuge with Nasir Khan, ruler of Kalat. Zaman Shah entered Kandahar triumphantly." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P138_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P138_L3_S1" CONTENT="After a few days' rest, Zaman Shah marched against his second brother, Mahmud, who was holding Herat. However, the two brothers negotiated an agreement, by which Mahmud was allowed to retain the governorship of that province." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P138_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P138_L4_S1" CONTENT="Having thus secured his position within the country, Zaman then had time to turn his attention to foreign affairs. He thought of repeating the career of his grandfather, Ahmad Shah, and contemplated an invasion of India with the sole object of turning out the British, who by now had greatly consolidated their position. He was encouraged in his mission by some of the Indian Princes, foremost among these were Mirza Ahsan Bakht, a Mughal fugitive at the Afghan Court, Sultan Tipu of Mysore, and the ruler of Junagarh, who promised to pay a lakh (1,00,000) of Rupees" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P139" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="139" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P139_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P139_L1_S1" CONTENT="100" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P139_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P139_L2_S1" CONTENT="a day towards the expenses of the Afghan army during its stay in India. The news spreading like wild fire aroused for a short time great hopes and fears throughout Hindustan. But there was too little security at home to ensure prosperity abroad. It so happened that more than once Zaman Shah marched upon India to fight the British, but each time he was compelled to relinquish the idea and retrace his steps towards his motherland in order to quell an uprising, probably instigated by the secret agents of interested parties. In spite of this, for many years Zaman Shah's descent upon India kept the British in a constant state of alarm. But he was never able to advance beyond Lahore because of intense unrest in Afghanistan. The chief trouble came from Mahmud who gave him no rest, and Zaman had to hasten back lest he should find the Prince reigning at Kabul in his stead." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P139_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P139_L3_S1" CONTENT="The new century had scarcely dawned when the British found themselves confronted with innumerable perils both in Europe and Asia. Secret agents of Napoleon were busy cementing alliances hostile to British in every part of the two continents. Great Britain was much alarmed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P140" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="140" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P140_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P140_L1_S1" CONTENT="THE HISTORICAL FORT OF BALA HISSAR" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P140_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P140_L2_S1" CONTENT="Scene of many battles and episodes impression of Madame Chakour," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P140_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P140_L3_S1" CONTENT="the famous Afghan Artist" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P141" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="141" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<Page ID="P142" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="142" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P142_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L1_S1" CONTENT="101" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L2_S1" CONTENT="by the hostile attitude of some of the Princes in the East. An offensive alliance between France, Persia and Afghanistan might render the danger at once real and imminent. It was therefore thought expedient to dispatch a mission to Persia and to instigate that power to keep Zaman Shah busy on his western frontier. It was obvious that, threatened with invasion from the west, Zaman could never think of leading an expedition against the British in India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L3_S1" CONTENT="Persia was at this time ruled by Fateh Ali Shah, a member of the Kajar dynasty. After the death of Nadir Shah in 1747, the mighty Empire which he had erected fell to pieces. In Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Durrani was elected King. The southern and western provinces of Persia fell to the lot of Karim Khan of the Zend tribe. All that was left to Shah Rukh, the grandson of Nadir Shah, was the province of Khurasan, and he was protected in this possession by the Afghan King." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L4_S1" CONTENT="Karim Khan Zend, a just and enlightened ruler, died in 1779. His death was a signal for fresh uprisings marked by atrocious cruelties, in course of which his four surviving sons were" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P143" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="143" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P143_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P143_L1_S1" CONTENT="102" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P143_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P143_L2_S1" CONTENT="savagely butchered. At length, in 1795 Agha Mohammed Khan of the Kajar tribe ascended the throne. In 1796 he sent an envoy to Kabul demanding Zaman Shah to agree to the cession of Balkh to Persia, since the possession of that city, he contested, was necessary to him to check the advance of the Amir of Bukhara in that direction." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P143_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P143_L3_S1" CONTENT="Agha Mohammed, however, had soon to relinquish the idea of attacking Balkh for he found himself involved in a war with Russia over Georgia. The Shah of Bukhara was also forced to come to terms with Zaman Shah, and retired percipitately beyond the Oxus, renewing the treaty made with Timur Shah." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P143_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P143_L4_S1" CONTENT="In 1797 Agha Mohammed was murdered and was succeeded by his nephew, Fateh Ali Khan. During his reign began that closer connection between the British and Persia which had its origin in the fear of an Afghan invasion of India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P143_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P143_L5_S1" CONTENT="In 1797 Zaman Shah advanced to Lahore with the professed purpose of rescuing the house of Timur from the domination of the Sikhs and the Marhattas. His appearance at the head of a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P144" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="144" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P144_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P144_L1_S1" CONTENT="103" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P144_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P144_L2_S1" CONTENT="powerful army at such a juncture created a very strong sensation throughout India. The British were greatly alarmed by his descent on India and his vast preparations to march on Delhi. But they were soon relieved of their anxieties to learn that Mahmud, the deposed ruler of Herat, had appeared at Farah with a large number of adherents and with the active support of the Shah of Persia. This unexpected manoeuvre forced Zaman Shah to return to his homeland. Soon after, rumours of his renewed preparations, coupled with the apprehension of an invasion of India by the French and a deputation of a secret embassy by Napoleon to establish his influence in Tehran, aroused the British to take prompt measures for the security of their Indian Empire. Captain Malcolm was accordingly deputed as Envoy to Persia to induce Fateh Ali Khan Kajar to bring pressure upon Zaman Shah by attacking Khurasan and Herat and thus preventing him from his threatened invasion of India. The mission was completely successful. A treaty of friendship was signed. The Shah of Persia engaged to lay waste the western part of Afghanistan if Zaman Shah attempted to invade" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P145_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L1_S1" CONTENT="104" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L2_S1" CONTENT="India, and to prevent the French from settling or" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L3_S1" CONTENT="residing in Persia. In the event of war between" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L4_S1" CONTENT="the Afghans and the Persians or the Persians and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L5_S1" CONTENT="the French, the British were to support Persia." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L6_S1" CONTENT="The British gold and intrigues made great" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L7_S1" CONTENT="headway. As they themselves have admitted" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L8_S1" CONTENT="&quot; Every difficulty melted away beneath the magic" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L9_S1" CONTENT="touch of English gold&quot;. Malcolm was so" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L10_S1" CONTENT="confident of his success that he wrote proudly" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L11_S1" CONTENT="from Isfahan, &quot; Zaman Shah can do nothing in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L12_S1" CONTENT="India before the setting of rains of 1801. He has" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L13_S1" CONTENT="no time, even if he had the power for such an" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L14_S1" CONTENT="attempt, and by the blessing of God he will for" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L15_S1" CONTENT="some years to come be too much engaged in this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L16_S1" CONTENT="quarter to think of attacking India.&quot; What an" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L17_S1" CONTENT="irony of fate ! The letter had not yet reached" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L18_S1" CONTENT="India when the days of the Afghan sovereign were" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L19_S1" CONTENT="numbered. The nightmare of British dreams was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L20_S1" CONTENT="deprived of his eyesight by Mahmud and impri-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L21_S1" CONTENT="soned in Bala Hissar." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L22_S1" CONTENT="Zaman Shah committed a blunder by appoint-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L23_S1" CONTENT="ing Wafadar Khan, a base and designing man, to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L24_S1" CONTENT="be his minister. The conspiring nature of this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L25_S1" CONTENT="man rendered Zaman Shah, in spite of his amiable" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L26_S1" CONTENT="disposition, unbearable to the other chiefs. Every-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P146" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="146" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P146_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L1_S1" CONTENT="105" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L2_S1" CONTENT="body complained that the King was taking no" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L3_S1" CONTENT="active part in the management of public affairs" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L4_S1" CONTENT="and was only a mouthpiece of his crafty Vazier." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L5_S1" CONTENT="The Minister could make a puppet of the King" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L6_S1" CONTENT="but he could not wipe out the free spirit of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L7_S1" CONTENT="chiefs by his oppressions or intrigues. Alarmed at" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L8_S1" CONTENT="their growing influence, Wafadar Khan resolved" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L9_S1" CONTENT="to destroy them all, but his efforts in this direction" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L10_S1" CONTENT="finally proved his ruin, as well as that of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L11_S1" CONTENT="Sovereign himself. A number of these disgusted" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L12_S1" CONTENT="Sardars conspired to assassinate the Vazier, depose" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L13_S1" CONTENT="Zaman Shah, and place his brother, Shujaul-Mulk," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L14_S1" CONTENT="on the throne. They were also aiming at a con-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L15_S1" CONTENT="stitutional monarchy. The plot was, however," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L16_S1" CONTENT="discovered by the treachery of Mirza Sharif Khan," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L17_S1" CONTENT="one of the conspirators. Whereupon the ring-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L18_S1" CONTENT="leaders, including Sardar Payanda Khan, head of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L19_S1" CONTENT="the Barakzais, Mohammed Azim Khan, chief of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L20_S1" CONTENT="the Alokozais and Amir Arsalan Khan of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L21_S1" CONTENT="Jewansher clan, were arrested and executed." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L22_S1" CONTENT="Besides, a large number of other influential nobles," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L23_S1" CONTENT="who had absolutely no share in the plot, fell" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L24_S1" CONTENT="victim to the envy and fear of Wafadar Khan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L25_S1" CONTENT="This cold-blooded wholesale massacre of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P147" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="147" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P147_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L1_S1" CONTENT="106" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L2_S1" CONTENT="heads of different clans increased the general hatred of the people for the Shah and his Minister." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L3_S1" CONTENT="Sardar Payanda Khan had left twenty-one resourceful sons behind. Of these Fateh Khan, the eldest, was a gallant soldier and an able statesman. Now the sons of Payanda Khan gathered together to avenge the death of their father. As will be seen presently they did not rest for a moment until the bloody obligation had been faithfully carried out. After the death of his father, Fateh Khan fled to Persia to joint Prince Mahmud, who after his repeated failures, had at last taken shelter in that country and was intriguing with the King of Persia to help him in his cause." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L4_S1" CONTENT="Mahmud, who in the beginning of Zaman Shah's reign, had submitted out of necessity, was never content with the governorship of Herat. He aspired to be a king and was only on the look-out for an opportunity to realise his dreams. In 1794, when Zaman Shah was busy with Kashmir affairs, he rebelled and declared his independence. The King at the head of fifteen thousand men met him at the banks of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P148" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="148" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P148_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P148_L1_S1" CONTENT="107" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P148_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P148_L2_S1" CONTENT="Helmand. A well-contested battle took place, in which Zaman Shah, after narrowly escaping a defeat, obtained a complete victory over his adversary, who fleeing from the battle-field, reached Herat in safety. Unfortunately, the Shah did not follow his success, and turned his attention towards India. His design against that country was, however, frustrated this time by the activities of his eldest brother, who, after his defeat at Kilat-i-Ghilzai, had taken shelter in Baluchistan. In the battle that ensued, Humayun was again defeated and forced to flee. He was caught at Leiya, on the eastern bank of the Indus and deprived of his eye-sight by the orders of the Shah. Humayun passed the rest of his life in confinement." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P148_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P148_L3_S1" CONTENT="Being relieved of pressing anxiety, Zaman Shah left for Sindh, where things were not going on well. He had hardly reached the Bolan Pass when the news was brought to him that Mahmud was planning to attack him in the rear with the object of taking Kandahar. The King, concluding a hasty peace with Fatehulla Khan Talpuri, returned to Kandahar. A severe battle was fought at Girishk, on the Helmand. Mahmud" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P149" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="149" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P149_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L1_S1" CONTENT="108" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L2_S1" CONTENT="was once more defeated and had to flee for his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L3_S1" CONTENT="life. This time Zaman Shah, pursuing him, laid" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L4_S1" CONTENT="siege to Herat. Through the intercession and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L5_S1" CONTENT="solicitation of Mahmud's mother, the two brothers" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L6_S1" CONTENT="for the third time came to terms. Mahmud was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L7_S1" CONTENT="reinstated in his office. The Shah had hardly left" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L8_S1" CONTENT="the city when he was pursued by Mahmud's sons," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L9_S1" CONTENT="who pretended to be ignorant of the decisions" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L10_S1" CONTENT="arrived at. Zaman Shah, enraged at this apparent" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L11_S1" CONTENT="treachery, returned and entered Herat triumph-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L12_S1" CONTENT="antly. After appointing Kaisar, his son, the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L13_S1" CONTENT="governor of the province, he returned to his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L14_S1" CONTENT="capital." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L15_S1" CONTENT="Mahmud, reduced to despair, fled to Persia" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L16_S1" CONTENT="with his sons (1797). He approached the Persian" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L17_S1" CONTENT="king to help him in the capture of Herat." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L18_S1" CONTENT="Mahmud receiving no encouraging reply, endea-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L19_S1" CONTENT="voured to win some of the influential chiefs to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L20_S1" CONTENT="his side. Failing in his attempt to stir an" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L21_S1" CONTENT="uprising, he approached Mehr Ali Khan the ruler" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L22_S1" CONTENT="of Kauin and Berjend. With the help of this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L23_S1" CONTENT="chief he advanced on Herat and laid siege to it." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L24_S1" CONTENT="Once more he met disaster and was forced to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L25_S1" CONTENT="leave for Bukhara, where he was warmly received" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P149_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L26_S1" CONTENT="by the ruler of the country. Soon after, Zaman Shah" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P150_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L1_S1" CONTENT="109" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L2_S1" CONTENT="sent an envoy to Shah Murad of Bukhara, protest-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L3_S1" CONTENT="ing against his giving asylum to Mahmud and asking" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L4_S1" CONTENT="him to deliver him up to the Afghan King. Shah" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L5_S1" CONTENT="Murad, unwilling to offend Shah Zaman, ordered" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L6_S1" CONTENT="the fugitive to leave his country. The Prince took" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L7_S1" CONTENT="shelter in Gurganj in Khwarizm. He did not" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L8_S1" CONTENT="stay there for long and entered Persia a second" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L9_S1" CONTENT="time. It was here that he was joined by Fateh" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L10_S1" CONTENT="Khan Barakzai, the eldest son of Sardar Payanda" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L11_S1" CONTENT="Khan. The arrival of this Sardar inspired" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L12_S1" CONTENT="Mahmud with fresh courage. Supported by the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L13_S1" CONTENT="strong arm of the King-maker, he determined to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L14_S1" CONTENT="try his luck once more." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L15_S1" CONTENT="He entered Afghanistan with no more than" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L16_S1" CONTENT="fifty horsemen. With the exception of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L17_S1" CONTENT="Barakzai Sardars, no other chief of influence" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L18_S1" CONTENT="espoused his cause. But fortune favoured him" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L19_S1" CONTENT="this time and about two to three thousand men" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L20_S1" CONTENT="came to his help. With the small force he" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L21_S1" CONTENT="advanced on Kandahar and besieged the town." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L22_S1" CONTENT="On the forty-second day of the siege, Fateh Khan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L23_S1" CONTENT="was able to win over Abdullah Khan, a powerful" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L24_S1" CONTENT="chief of the garrison, to his side. Mir Akhor," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P150_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L25_S1" CONTENT="the chief of the defenders, fled for his life," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P151" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="151" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P151_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L1_S1" CONTENT="110" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L2_S1" CONTENT="while Prince Haidar, the governor, sought sanctuary" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L3_S1" CONTENT="at the tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L4_S1" CONTENT="Encouraged by these successes, Mahmud and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L5_S1" CONTENT="Fateh Khan pushed on towards the capital. At" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L6_S1" CONTENT="this time Zaman Shah was busy with his pre-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L7_S1" CONTENT="parations for another invasion of India. Hearing" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L8_S1" CONTENT="the sad plight of his garrison at Kandahar, he" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L9_S1" CONTENT="gave up these plans and decided to turn his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L10_S1" CONTENT="immediate attention to this side." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L11_S1" CONTENT="Before leaving Peshawar, Zaman Shah com-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L12_S1" CONTENT="mitted a serious mistake, which precipitated his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L13_S1" CONTENT="fall. Abdullah Khan Alokozai, the governor of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L14_S1" CONTENT="Kashmir, who had come to meet him, was impri-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L15_S1" CONTENT="soned and tortured. Saidal Khan, the victim's" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L16_S1" CONTENT="brother, who was then at Kandahar, with a view" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L17_S1" CONTENT="to avenge his brother's torture, went over to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L18_S1" CONTENT="Mahmud with all the members of his clan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L19_S1" CONTENT="Zaman, attaching little importance to the fate" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L20_S1" CONTENT="of Kanadhar and subsequent events, sent fifteen" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L21_S1" CONTENT="thousand of his soldiers to Kashmir, which had" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L22_S1" CONTENT="taken up arms against him. Then leaving the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L23_S1" CONTENT="major portion of his army at Peshawar, under" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L24_S1" CONTENT="his full-brother, Shujaul Mulk, Zaman Shah left" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L25_S1" CONTENT="for Kabul with a small contingent. On reaching" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P152_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P152_L2_S1" CONTENT="the capital, the real state of affairs was revealed to him. He found that the strength of his opponent was far beyond his expectations and that all the influential Durrani Chiefs had joined him. He, as well as his minister, was panic-stricken." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P152_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P152_L3_S1" CONTENT="After some hesitation, the King marched against Mahmud at the head of such troops that he could muster. The main body of the army was under the command of Ahmad Khan Nurzai, who had innumerable grievances against the King and his Minister. Fateh Khan was not ignorant of the fact and he utilised it to his full advantage. When the two armies came face to face, Fateh Khan, seizing Abdullah Khan, Ahmad Khan Nurzai's brother, threatened to kill him if the Chief refused to come over to his side with all his troops. Ahmad Khan, who was already wavering in his loyalty and wanted but a pretext, decided to join the ranks of the insurgents. With desertion in his camp the cause of Zaman Shah became almost hopeless. The King was so disheartened, that leaving the battle-field, he fled quickly towards Kabul, with Fateh Khan at his heels. Zaman, therefore, could not stay long in Kabul," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P153_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P153_L1_S1" CONTENT="112" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P153_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P153_L2_S1" CONTENT="and fled towards Peshawar with a handful of loyal followers. Travelling at breakneck speed he reached the fort of Ashik Khan Shinwari, one of his staunch adherents, on the way. The King, in spite of the advice and entreaties of his followers, decided to pass a night there. But this Ashik turned out to be a traitor. He received the King and his retinue with outward courtesy, but contrary to the Afghan principles of hospitality and &quot;ninawatay&quot; (asylum), detained the honourable guests and sent a swift messenger to Mahmud informing him of Shah's confinement." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P153_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P153_L3_S1" CONTENT="Fateh Khan, without losing time, sent Asad Khan, one of his younger brothers, to secure Zaman Shah and his party. The Minister and his master fell prisoners into the hand of their enemy. Wafadar Khan, with his brothers, were put to death, while the poor King was deprived of his eye-sight. The blinded Zaman was taken to Kabul and cast into prison at Bala Hissar, where he remained until the end of Mahmud's reign." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P153_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P153_L4_S1" CONTENT="Thus fell one of the greatest of Afghan kings, who for many years had been a &quot;ghastly" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P154_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L2_S1" CONTENT="phantom&quot; haunting the British rulers of India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L3_S1" CONTENT="With him vanished the glorious days of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L4_S1" CONTENT="Durrani Dynasty. The country soon after was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L5_S1" CONTENT="involved in anarchy and chaos which lasted for" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L6_S1" CONTENT="a quarter of a century, reducing Afghanistan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L7_S1" CONTENT="from a vast empire to a small kingdom." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L8_S1" CONTENT="The unlucky King survived the loss of his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L9_S1" CONTENT="sight for nearly half a century, and died at" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L10_S1" CONTENT="last full of years, but devoid of honours, as" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L11_S1" CONTENT="a pensioner of the British Government, at" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L12_S1" CONTENT="Ludhiana." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L13_S1" CONTENT="During the latter part of his reign Zaman" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L14_S1" CONTENT="Shah was confronted with the uprisings of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L15_S1" CONTENT="Sikhs several times, and he was forced to take up" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L16_S1" CONTENT="arms against them." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L17_S1" CONTENT="The Sikhs, for the most part of Jat origin," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L18_S1" CONTENT="dwell in the East Panjab. They are, properly" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L19_S1" CONTENT="speaking, not a race but a religious sect; the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L20_S1" CONTENT="name itself means &quot;disciples.&quot; The religion was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L21_S1" CONTENT="founded by Nanak (1469—1539), a native of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L22_S1" CONTENT="Punjab. Later it developed in the hands of ten" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L23_S1" CONTENT="successive leaders, called Gurus. Guru Nanak," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L24_S1" CONTENT="who was largely inspired by the teachings of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L25_S1" CONTENT="Islam, was held in great esteem by the Lodhi" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P155_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P155_L1_S1" CONTENT="114" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P155_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P155_L2_S1" CONTENT="Kings of Delhi. Even to this day his name is held in great reverence by the Afghans, who call him Baba (Father) Nanak. Sikhism, like Islam, inculcates belief in one God. It denounces idolatory, caste distinctions, and the claims of Brahmanism." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P155_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P155_L3_S1" CONTENT="In the beginning the followers of Baba Nanak or the Sikhs as they were called, led the peaceful life of ascetics, but later on they aspired to temporal power and taking advantage of the anarchy in Northern India, they took to arms in the hope of extending their hold over the Panjab. This brought them into conflict with the Afghans. Ahmad Shah Durrani and his son Timur Shah were able to keep them in check, but during the reign of Zaman Shah, the Sikhs, encouraged by his manifold occupations at home, redoubled their efforts, and this brought the Afghan King to India several times. The Sikhs seldom met him in the open field. On his approach they, leaving the plains, took to the hills, where they felt themselves safer from attack. As soon as Shah Zaman quitted the country, they returned from their hiding places and began to oppress the Muslim population of the Province." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P156_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P156_L2_S1" CONTENT="Finally in 1798, when Zaman Shah came to Lahore, he tried to conciliate the Sikhs and to win them over to his side. This measure was successful to some extent, and many of the Sikh Chiefs, including Ranjit Singh, coming to him tendered their homage. Zaman Shah, in pursuit of his new policy, appointed Ranjit Singh as the governor of Lahore. Having thus installed the influential Sikh to power, he hastened towards Khorasan, which was then threatened by Fateh Ali Shah Kajar (1799). This, indeed, was the beginning of the Sikh rule in the Punjab, which lasted till the middle of the nineteenth century (1849)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P156_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P156_L3_S1" CONTENT="Ranjit Singh, availing of the civil war taking place in Afghanistan, gradually subdued all the chiefs living along the Satluj. Then turning his attention to the west, he occupied the whole of the Panjab, Kashmir, and the trans-Indus districts from Peshawar to Dera Ghazi Khan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P156_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P156_L4_S1" CONTENT="On Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, there was all confusion, and his capital, Lahore, became the theatre of internecine quarrels, court intrigues and assassinations. In 1845, a war broke out between" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P157_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L1_S1" CONTENT="116" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L2_S1" CONTENT="the Sikhs and the British, the latter being victorious. By the terms of treaty concluded on March 9, 1846, the Sikhs agreed to cede the territory lying between the Satluj and the Bias and to receive a British garrison at their capital for eight years. Dalip Singh, Ranjit Sing's son, was recognized as Raja, but the administration of the country was virtually in the hands of Major Henry Lawrence, the British Resident at Lahore. According to the terms of this treaty, an indemnity of one and a half million pounds was to be paid to the British, or Kashmir ceded with half a million pounds. The Sikhs accepted the latter alternative. The British then handed over Kashmir for one million sterlings to Golab Singh, the Hindu Raja of Jammu. But the peace could not be maintained for a long time, and in 1848 the Second Sikh War broke out. The Sikhs were once more defeated and on March 12, 1849, Sher Singh and the remnant of the Sikh army laid down their arms. The whole of the Punjab together with the Sikh possessions beyond the Indus became part of the British Empire." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L3_S1" CONTENT="Shah Mahmud (1801—1803).—Mahmud's accession to the throne was at first hailed by all" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P158_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P158_L1_S1" CONTENT="SHAH MAHMUD SADOZAI" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P158_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P158_L2_S1" CONTENT="1801—1803 &amp; 1809—1818" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P160" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="160" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P160_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P160_L1_S1" CONTENT="117" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P160_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P160_L2_S1" CONTENT="the Afghans, who vainly hoped that this would be the end of civil wars, and that a bright future awaited them. But they were soon disillusioned when they saw that Mahmud was not interested in the welfare of his people and that the entire affairs of the State were entrusted to two of his ministers, Akram Khan and Fateh Khan, who were not on good terms with each other. The first was haughty and the other, though a man of great talents and courage, was very ambitious. The destinies of the country were henceforth in the hands of these two rival chiefs. Fateh Khan, who had helped Mahmud so much in the restoration of his kingdom, now did his best to keep him as a puppet on his tottering throne." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P160_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P160_L3_S1" CONTENT="Fateh Khan first of all made up his mind to wrench Peshawar held by Shujaul Mulk, Zaman's full-brother. The Prince, though young (he was hardly twenty) was full of energy, and was highly esteemed for his courage and manliness. Fateh Khan at the head of three thousand men went out to meet Shuja, who had declared himself King on learning the sad plight of his brother. He had no less than ten thousand men at" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P161" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="161" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P161_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P161_L1_S1" CONTENT="118" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P161_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P161_L2_S1" CONTENT="his command, mostly recruited from the tribesmen, who were lacking cohesion and discipline. The two armies came face to face midway between Kabul and Jalalabad on the banks of the Surkhrud. A severe contest took place. At first Shuja was victorious, but his followers, seeing the enemy in full flight, gave up the chase and fell upon the treasures, which Shuja had brought with him from Peshawar. Fateh Khan, availing himself of this golden opportunity, turned back and led a general assault, which decided the day in his favour. Shuja's forces were utterly routed, and he himself escaped with hardly fifty horsemen to the skirts of the Speen Ghar. For some time he could not find an asylum and was wandering from place to place. At last Amir Khan, an Afridi Chief of the Khyber Pass, came to his help and allowed him to rest in his hill-fortress for a while. Meanwhile, Kamran, Mahmud's eldest son, took possession of Peshawar and the neighbouring country. After installing Abdul Wahid Khan as Governor of the province, Kamran returned to Kabul. It was time for Shuja to come out of his hiding place. Collecting a force of 5,000 tribesmen, he led an attack on Peshawar. He was again defeated and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P162" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="162" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P162_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L1_S1" CONTENT="119" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L2_S1" CONTENT="had to take refuge in Chora among the hill-tribes. Even in these hours of distress and poverty Shuja never lost hope of his final victory." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L3_S1" CONTENT="Meanwhile, Mahmud found himself confronted with a serious uprising of the Ghilzais. Gathering a large force, they stationed a small guard behind to check the royal forces of Kandahar from attacking them in the rear, while the main body of Ghilzai's advanced on Kabul. On their way they beseiged Ghazni, but finding it impregnable, they left a small force to hold the beleagured army, and marched on Kabul via the Lohgar Valley (1802)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L4_S1" CONTENT="Shah Mahmud was in no way prepared to meet the insurgents. The major portion of his army had gone to Peshawar to fight Shuja. Hurriedly a force of three to four thousand men was collected and entrusted to Sher Muhammad Khan (Mukhtarud-daula), who was at time undergoing rigorous imprisonment on a charge of high treason. At Sijawand, not far from Baraki Rajan in the Lohgar Valley, Sher Muhammad Khan attacked the Ghilzais, who were at least twenty thousand in number. Ill-armed and undisciplined" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P163" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="163" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P163_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P163_L1_S1" CONTENT="120" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P163_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P163_L2_S1" CONTENT="as they were, they charged the royal batteries in a confused mass. Failing in their attempt, they made a furious assault on the entrenched army. The first line was taken, and the Ghilzais, flushed at their initial success, came forward like surging waves. At this critical juncture, when all was considered lost, a body of Royal-Guard (Ghulam-Bachaha) attacked them from the flanks. This checked their progress, and the Ghilzai were forced to stand on the defensive. But gradually losing ground, they retreated towards Kala-i-Zirrin, six miles from the scene of action. At night the Ghilzais were reinforced, and next morning they marched straight on Kabul, avoiding a second skirmish with the royal army, which was stationed at some distance to the left. It was not until the next day that the news leaked out. The Royal Force, quitting their trenches, hotly pursued the insurgents. The Ghilzais, instead of marching straight on Kabul and seizing the undefended capital, lingered on the way, plundering the villages enroute. This gave time to the forces to overtake them and inflict on them a crushing defeat." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P163_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P163_L3_S1" CONTENT="Next year the Ghilzais were again on the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P164" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="164" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P164_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L2_S1" CONTENT="move. This time their number exceeded fifty thousand. Fateh Khan was sent to crush the revolt. Within a few months, the Vazier was able to defeat the Ghilzais with great slaughter, and the storm melted away as it had gathered." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L3_S1" CONTENT="Meanwhile Shuja was not idle. He was carefully watching the course of events. With a force of 12,000 men he attacked Peshawar. Once more he was defeated, and had to seek safety in flight." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L4_S1" CONTENT="Shortly afterwards he learned that the people of Kabul itself had taken up arms against the King. A deadly feud had ensued between the Shias and the Sunnis, the King favouring the former, while most of the influential chiefs were sympathetic with the latter. These disorders were further aggravated by the absence of Vazier Fateh Khan from the capital and the untimely death of Akram Khan. Mahmud, therefore, was forced to shut himself up in the citadel (Bala Hissar), where he thought he would be able to hold his own with the help of the Kizilbash regiments. People from the neighbouring villages also flocked to the city to take part in the riots" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P165" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="165" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P165_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P165_L1_S1" CONTENT="122" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P165_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P165_L2_S1" CONTENT="that ensued. The most prominent of the insurgents were Ahmad Khan Nurzai, Nawab Khan, the Lame, Mukhtarud-daula and Sayyid Ahmad, a man of great learning and sanctity commonly called Mir Waiz. This Sayyid was held in great esteem among the people of Kabul. He always preached against the manifold corruptions and vices of the Court and the royal favours shown to the Shias. A formal complaint to the effect was disregarded by the Shah lest he might incur the displeasure of the sect, which he considered to be the best supporters of his cause." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P165_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P165_L3_S1" CONTENT="The communal tension was intensified by the sudden murder of a young Sunni boy, who had picked up a quarrel with the Kizilbash. It was rumoured that his execution was at the instigation of the King himself. At the time when the body of this young man was being taken to the cemetery, the funeral procession was fired upon in the streets mostly occupied by the Shias. This was a signal for a general rising against the Shah. Mukhtarud-daula was now openly taking part in the conflict, exciting the people to rise against the King. The Shah did not like to come to terms with the insurgents, but waited impatiently for the return" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P166" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="166" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P166_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P166_L1_S1" CONTENT="123" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P166_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P166_L2_S1" CONTENT="of Vazier Fateh Khan, who was now on his way with an army from Kandahar. The malcontents sent a message to Shuja to come to their help. Mukhtar-ud-daula, the ring-leader, privately left the city to join Shujaul Mulk. On the 12th July he returned to Kabul with the ex-King, who was warmly received by the people. But Shuja did not enter the city itself. Encamping near Babur's tomb, in the Chardeh Valley, he busied himself with collecting troops to meet Fateh Khan, who was marching on Kabul at the head of a large force. Next day an engagement took place at Kala-i-Kazi, six miles west of Kabul. Fateh Khan was at first victorious, but when he was advancing on Kabul, one of his influential Sardars went over to Shuja with his party. This decided the day in favour of Shujaul Mulk. Fateh Khan, finding himself almost deserted, sought safety in flight. Thereupon Shuja rode triumphantly into the city with Mukhtarud-daula walking by his side. Mahmud was so disheartened by this news that he sued for peace. Though the eyes of the fallen Prince were spared, he was imprisoned in the Bala Hissar. Zaman Shah was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P167_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L1_S1" CONTENT="124" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L2_S1" CONTENT="now released from confinement and restored to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L3_S1" CONTENT="his family (1803)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L4_S1" CONTENT="Shujaul Mulk (1803 to 1809).—The new King," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L5_S1" CONTENT="though young and energetic, had not the ability of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L6_S1" CONTENT="restoring order in a country torn by internal dis-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L7_S1" CONTENT="sensions and anarchy for more than a decade. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L8_S1" CONTENT="Chiefs all over the country had become powerful" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L9_S1" CONTENT="and unruly, and the outlying provinces were trying" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L10_S1" CONTENT="to assert their independence. These internecine" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L11_S1" CONTENT="wars had nearly sapped the resources of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L12_S1" CONTENT="country. Shuja's first act on ascending the throne" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L13_S1" CONTENT="was to raise funds to equip an army as well as to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L14_S1" CONTENT="gratify those who had helped him in gaining the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L15_S1" CONTENT="throne. The exhausted resources of the country" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L16_S1" CONTENT="could hardly meet these demands. The Shah was," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L17_S1" CONTENT="therefore, obliged to give large portions of his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L18_S1" CONTENT="revenue in grants to the Sardars, who became all" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L19_S1" CONTENT="the more powerful. Mukhtarud-daula was appoint-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L20_S1" CONTENT="ed Vazier, though the Shah could hardly trust his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L21_S1" CONTENT="loyalty. Lack of trust between the Shah and the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L22_S1" CONTENT="Vazier further deteriorated the situation. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L23_S1" CONTENT="slightest provocation from the Court would drive" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L24_S1" CONTENT="a noble into open rebellion." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L25_S1" CONTENT="Shah Shuja, after raising funds and equipping" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L26_S1" CONTENT="an army, marched on Kandahar, held by Prince" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P168_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P168_L2_S1" CONTENT="Kamran and Vazier Fateh Khan. The city was taken without much opposition. Kamran was forced to seek safety in flight, while Fateh Khan decided to submit to Shah Shuja. The King, failed to avail himself of this opportunity and made no serious attempt to win over the powerful Sardar to his side. On the contrary, perhaps at the instigation of Mukhtarud-daula, he received Fateh Khan very coldy. Disappointed at the treatment meted out to him, the Vazier decided to make good his escape and avenge his insult. Shuja, after restoring order at Kandahar and appointing Kaiser, son of Zaman Shah, as the governor of the place, returned to the capital. Shortly afterwards he again set out with an army 30,000 strong to assert his suzerainty over Kashmir and Sind. Fateh Khan, who had accompanied the Shah as far as Tezin, excused himself on the plea of a physical infirmity, which had stood in his way to keep pace with the royal cortege, promising at the same time that he would follow by easy stages. The request was granted, but soon after that the royal party left for Peshawar, Fateh Khan returned to Kandahar to foment a rebellion. He instigated Kaiser to raise the standard of revolt," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P169" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="169" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P169_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P169_L1_S1" CONTENT="126" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P169_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P169_L2_S1" CONTENT="claiming the throne as the legacy of his father. The news brought the Shah back to his capital. He then marched to Kandahar to meet his nephew. Kaiser was defeated and ran away for his life. The King, however, did not follow his success, but marched back to Peshawar. The insurgent Prince, with the help of his resourceful Vazier, was again able to raise an army and take possession of Kandahar. This brought Shah Shuja there once more. Kaiser fled at his approach, while Fateh Khan took refuge in Herat. Kaiser, shortly afterwards, repenting his folly, promised to remain loyal. The Shah received him kindly and reinstated him in his office." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P169_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P169_L3_S1" CONTENT="Firoz-ud-din, the ruler of Herat and a full-brother of Mahmud, was now instigated by Vazier Fateh Khan to take up arms against the Shah. But he wisely rejected the proposal and settled his differences amicably with Shujaul Mulk. The affairs of Kandahar and Herat thus favourably settled, Shuja had now time to turn his attention to the outlying provinces. He marched into Sindh to recover the arrears of revenue. The Chiefs, acknowledging his suzerainty, paid him a sum of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P170" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="170" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P170_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P170_L1_S1" CONTENT="127" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P170_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P170_L2_S1" CONTENT="17,00,000 rupees. He then left for Peshawar, reaching there in April, 1805." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P170_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P170_L3_S1" CONTENT="Shah Shuja then prepared an expedition to reduce Kashmir, where Abdulla Khan had declared his independence. The force encountered innumerable hazards on its way due to the difficult nature of the country and the shortage of food. A second attempt was, however, successful. The greater part of Abdullah's army was either killed or washed away by the Jhelum, and he himself escaped by swimming across the river." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P170_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P170_L4_S1" CONTENT="Meanwhile, Vazier Fateh Khan was active in Kandahar. He once again incited Kamran, Mahmud's son, to bid for the throne. Kamran had no hesitation in following his advice. Joining the Vazier, he marched on Kandahar. Kaisar, taking to his heels, sought refuge in Baluchistan. This news brought Shujaul Mulk once more to Kandahar. He had no difficulty in entering the city, as Kamran's forces melted away on his approach." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P170_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P170_L5_S1" CONTENT="The tension between the King and Mukhtar-ud-daula had increased by this time and each was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P171" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="171" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P171_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L1_S1" CONTENT="128" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L2_S1" CONTENT="suspicious of the other. Earlier the King had listened to his advice, but Shah's success on the various fronts led him to attach too much importance to his own valour and prowess. Henceforth he treated the Vazier with contempt and would attach no importance to his counsels." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Vazier was, therefore, on the lookout for a chance to avenge his grievances against the Shah. An attempt was made to raise Prince Abbas to the throne at Kabul. The plan did not succeed, but it gave a chance to the ex-King, Mahmud, to make good his escape from the Bala Hissar. Reaching Girishk, he joined hands with Fateh Khan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L4_S1" CONTENT="The Shah, attaching little importance to this, resolved to proceed to Sindh. In his absence from the capital, Mukhtarud-daula proclaimed Kaisar King of Kabul. The two then marched on Peshawar, which they occupied without much resistance. The Shah set out for Peshawar and met the rebels at Tahkal, in the suburbs of the city. The death of the Vazier in the struggle decided the battle in favour of the Shah. Kaiser was imprisoned and brought before the Shah" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P172" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="172" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P172_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L1_S1" CONTENT="129" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L2_S1" CONTENT="who, with his usual unwise leniency, pardoned him again." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Shah then marched on Kandahar where Vazier Fateh Khan and Mahmud were active. He met the insurgents in the eastern part of the city where Mahmud and his Vazier were defeated and forced to take shelter in the desert of Seistan 1808. The Shah then returned to Peshawar, reaching his destination on the 10th of January, 1809. It was here that he received a British mission headed by Stuart Elphinstone." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L4_S1" CONTENT="The internecine wars, which rent and convulsed the Afghan Empire, were a source of acknowledged security to the British power in the East. Captain Malcolm's mission to Persia was entirely successful. Persia prevented the Afghans from invading India. But British influence at the Court of Persia had by now waned to a great extent. Every year increased the difficulties of the Shah of Persia, and weakened his reliance on the British, who failed to carry out faithfully the terms of the agreement signed with Malcolm. The Shah was beset with danger and needed help. The British were not in a mood to aid him" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P173" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="173" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P173_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P173_L1_S1" CONTENT="130" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P173_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P173_L2_S1" CONTENT="at this critical moment. The Shah (Fateh Ali) was, therefore, obliged to address a letter to Napoleon, then at the zenith of his triumphant career, seeking the aid of the great conqueror to stem the tide of Russian encroachment in Georgia. Napoleon seized the opportunity with vigour and in 1805 sent Monsieur Jaubert to Persia to conclude a commercial treaty. The French envoy was received with great respect. This paved the way for a splendid embassy, which Napoleon proposed to dispatch to the Persian Court. The Shah was very pleased to get this news and threw himself entirely in the support of the French. He was prepared to listen to any proposal of theirs, not excluding an invasion of India if the French were prepared for that." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P173_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P173_L3_S1" CONTENT="This aroused the British to action and they saw the necessity of sending a similar mission to the Court of Tehran. To their embarrassment they found that a French embassy, under General Gardanne, an officer of high reputation, was already there to secure an offensive and defensive alliance. The embassy also brought a large number of French officers, both civil and military, to instruct and drill the Persian troops" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P174" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="174" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P174_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L1_S1" CONTENT="131" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L2_S1" CONTENT="on European models. French engineers and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L3_S1" CONTENT="artificers were busy in casting cannon and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L4_S1" CONTENT="strengthening the defences of Persia. Napoleon's" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L5_S1" CONTENT="agents were found visiting Persian ports in the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L6_S1" CONTENT="south, and intriguing and negotiating with the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L7_S1" CONTENT="ambassadors of the Mirs of Sindh, preparations" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L8_S1" CONTENT="preliminary to a French invasion of India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L9_S1" CONTENT="It was in July, 1807, that the two Emperors," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L10_S1" CONTENT="Napoleon of France and Alexander I of Russia," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L11_S1" CONTENT="signed the treaty of Tilsit. After a brief but" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L12_S1" CONTENT="bloody war, they embraced each other like" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L13_S1" CONTENT="brothers. In a few days the scene had changed." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L14_S1" CONTENT="In an atmosphere of cordiality the two monarchs" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L15_S1" CONTENT="decided upon a combined invasion of India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L16_S1" CONTENT="Lucien Bonaparte, the brother of Napoleon, was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L17_S1" CONTENT="destined for Tehran Mission, and no secret was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L18_S1" CONTENT="made of the intention of the two great poten-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L19_S1" CONTENT="tates." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L20_S1" CONTENT="These negotiations and war preparations had" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L21_S1" CONTENT="the effect of rousing the British Government to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L22_S1" CONTENT="try to recover their lost ascendency at the Persian" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L23_S1" CONTENT="Court and to protect their Indian Empire by" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L24_S1" CONTENT="binding the Western Frontier States in a chain" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L25_S1" CONTENT="of friendly alliances. Missions were, therefore," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P175" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="175" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P175_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P175_L2_S1" CONTENT="sent by the British Indian Government to the Mirs of Sindh (under Captain Seton), Ranjit Singh (under Metcalfe), the Court of Kabul (under Elphinstone), and the Court of Tehran (under Sir John Malcolm)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P175_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P175_L3_S1" CONTENT="The mission under Elphinstone was sent for the purpose of concerting with Shah Shuja the means of mutual defence against the threatened invasion of Afghanistan and India by the combined forces of France and Russia. The Mission was warmly received by Shah Shuja, who was at this time at Peshawar, and the negotiations resulted in the conclusion of a friendly treaty (June 7, 1809). The Shah promised to prevent the passage of the French and the Persians through his dominions and to exert himself to the extent of his power in making war on them and repelling them. He was not to permit them to cross into British India. The British on their part promised to help Shah Shuja in case the French and the Persians in pursuance of their confederacy advanced towards Afghanistan, and would hold themselves liable to afford the expenses necessary for the above-mentioned service to the extent of their ability. But Shah Shuja's fortune" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P176_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L2_S1" CONTENT="was then at a low ebb; his country was in a most" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L3_S1" CONTENT="unsettled condition, and his throne seemed to be" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L4_S1" CONTENT="tottering under him. He made himself busy" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L5_S1" CONTENT="collecting an army, and was projecting a great" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L6_S1" CONTENT="military expedition. On the 14th of June the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L7_S1" CONTENT="Mission turned its back on Peshawar and left for" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L8_S1" CONTENT="India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L9_S1" CONTENT="Elphinstone had scarcely left Peshawar when" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L10_S1" CONTENT="news was received that Kabul had been occupied" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L11_S1" CONTENT="by Mahmud with the aid of Fateh Khan. Before" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L12_S1" CONTENT="the Mission had cleared the limits of the Durrani" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L13_S1" CONTENT="Empire, Shah Shuja had given battle to his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L14_S1" CONTENT="enemies, and had been disastrously defeated." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L15_S1" CONTENT="The month of June had not worn to a close" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L16_S1" CONTENT="before it was evident that his cause was almost" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L17_S1" CONTENT="lost. Still, he did not abandon the contest. It" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L18_S1" CONTENT="was now rumoured that Mahmud had reached" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L19_S1" CONTENT="Jigdalik with the object of making an advance" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L20_S1" CONTENT="upon Peshawar. There was no time to lose." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L21_S1" CONTENT="The Shah, taking precautionary measures, sent" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L22_S1" CONTENT="his family towards Rawalpindi for safety, accom-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L23_S1" CONTENT="panied by his blinded brother, Zaman Shah." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L24_S1" CONTENT="After making necessary preparations, Shah" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L25_S1" CONTENT="Shuja left Peshawar for Kabul. He first encamped" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
</TextBlock></PrintSpace></Page>
<Page ID="P177" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="177" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<PrintSpace HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextBlock ID="P177_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P177_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L1_S1" CONTENT="134" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L2_S1" CONTENT="at Dakka, in the western extremity of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L3_S1" CONTENT="Khyber Pass, sending Azeem Khan and Maddad" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L4_S1" CONTENT="Khan in advance with 4,000 horses. The Shah" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L5_S1" CONTENT="soon learned that Maddad Khan had turned" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L6_S1" CONTENT="traitor and was in secret communication with the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L7_S1" CONTENT="enemy. Whereupon Shah Shuja directed Azeem" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L8_S1" CONTENT="Khan not to proceed further until he came up" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L9_S1" CONTENT="with his guns and the rest of the army. Mean-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L10_S1" CONTENT="while, Maddad Khan, with all the forces at his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L11_S1" CONTENT="command, left for Nimla, and informed Mahmud" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L12_S1" CONTENT="accordingly. Mahmud, who had been afraid to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L13_S1" CONTENT="advance further from Jigdalik due to lack of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L14_S1" CONTENT="means, was encouraged by this news and pushed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L15_S1" CONTENT="on with confidence to Gandomak. It was here" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L16_S1" CONTENT="that Maddad Khan came to see him. Having" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L17_S1" CONTENT="arranged and matured their plans, he was allowed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L18_S1" CONTENT="to return to Nimla. Shah Shuja learning of this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L19_S1" CONTENT="treachery ordered Akram Khan and Ghafoor" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L20_S1" CONTENT="Khan to lose no time in punishing the traitor." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L21_S1" CONTENT="When they reached Nimla, they found Maddad" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L22_S1" CONTENT="Khan with his rebel force ready to meet them" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L23_S1" CONTENT="(June 29, 1809). The moment Akram Khan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L24_S1" CONTENT="beheld the foul treachery, he rushed impetuously" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L25_S1" CONTENT="forward upon the enemy and fought with such" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L26_S1" CONTENT="bravery that numbers fell beneath his sword." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
</TextBlock></PrintSpace></Page>
<Page ID="P178" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="178" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P178_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P178_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L1_S1" CONTENT="135" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L2_S1" CONTENT="Unfortunately, in the midst of battle, a bullet" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L3_S1" CONTENT="struck him through the chest and the brave and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L4_S1" CONTENT="faithful general fell dead on the ground." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L5_S1" CONTENT="The death of Akram Khan had a demoralizing" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L6_S1" CONTENT="effect on the King, who deemed it decisive and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L7_S1" CONTENT="thought fit that further resistance was useless." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L8_S1" CONTENT="Submitting, therefore, to what he called his fate," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L9_S1" CONTENT="he turned off and made for the skirts of the Speen" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L10_S1" CONTENT="Ghar." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L11_S1" CONTENT="Still he did not give up the contest and was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L12_S1" CONTENT="hopeful of his ultimate victory. He withdrew" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L13_S1" CONTENT="beyond the Frontier and waited for favourable" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L14_S1" CONTENT="opportunity. After a short time he marched on" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L15_S1" CONTENT="Peshawar and took the Bala Hissar without much" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L16_S1" CONTENT="resistance. But his good luck was of a very" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L17_S1" CONTENT="short duration. The chiefs, on whom he relied" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L18_S1" CONTENT="most, were bribed by Atta Muhammad Khan," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L19_S1" CONTENT="the Governor of Kashmir, to seize the person" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L20_S1" CONTENT="of the Shah. They accordingly escaladed the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L21_S1" CONTENT="Bala Hissar, seized the royal person and carried" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L22_S1" CONTENT="him off to Kashmir. The Governor would" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L23_S1" CONTENT="offer him release only if he gave up the famous" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L24_S1" CONTENT="Koh-i-Noor diamond. But the Shah refused to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L25_S1" CONTENT="surrender this precious jewel. So he remained" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L26_S1" CONTENT="in captivity for full one year." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
</TextBlock></PrintSpace></Page>
<Page ID="P179" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="179" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P179_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P179_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L1_S1" CONTENT="136" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L2_S1" CONTENT="SHAH MAHMUD" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L3_S1" CONTENT="(AGAIN FROM 1809—1818)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L4_S1" CONTENT="At this time Mahmud sent a force to Kashmir" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L5_S1" CONTENT="under Vazier Fateh Khan. Atta Mohammed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L6_S1" CONTENT="Khan advanced to give battle, but being deserted" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L7_S1" CONTENT="by most of his followers, he fell back on Srinagar." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L8_S1" CONTENT="Ultimately, seeing resistance useless, he made his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L9_S1" CONTENT="submission to Fateh Khan. Shah Shuja, released" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L10_S1" CONTENT="from captivity, left for Lahore. Ranjit Singh" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L11_S1" CONTENT="received him warmly, but it soon became clear" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L12_S1" CONTENT="that he too coveted the famous Diamond." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L13_S1" CONTENT="Shortly after his arrival, the Maharaja sent" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L14_S1" CONTENT="Ram Singh to him demanding the Koh-i-noor." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L15_S1" CONTENT="Shah Shuja replied that when real friendship was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L16_S1" CONTENT="established he would give it to him. Ranjit Singh" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L17_S1" CONTENT="was in no mood to brook delay. He resorted" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L18_S1" CONTENT="to other means to extort it from the luckless" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L19_S1" CONTENT="King. He offered assistance in troops and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L20_S1" CONTENT="treasure if the Shah wanted to recover his throne." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L21_S1" CONTENT="Then an exchange of turbans took place and the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L22_S1" CONTENT="Shah gave him the coveted precious stone." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L23_S1" CONTENT="Ranjit Singh did not fulfil his part of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L24_S1" CONTENT="contract. On the contrary, as time advanced," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L25_S1" CONTENT="the condition of the King became still more" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L26_S1" CONTENT="hopeless. At last he decided to fly away and find" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P180_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P180_L1_S1" CONTENT="137" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P180_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P180_L2_S1" CONTENT="a peaceful asylum somewhere else. He remem-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P180_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P180_L3_S1" CONTENT="bered the friendly overtures of the British and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P180_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P180_L4_S1" CONTENT="made up his mind to go to them. Ranjit Singh" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P180_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P180_L5_S1" CONTENT="would not let him go. Eight soldiers guarded" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P180_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P180_L6_S1" CONTENT="his residence at night. However, a hole through" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P180_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P180_L7_S1" CONTENT="the ceiling was made, and the ex-King, leaving a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P180_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P180_L8_S1" CONTENT="faithful servant to sleep on his bed, escaped" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P180_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P180_L9_S1" CONTENT="through the hole in the guise of a mendicant," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P180_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P180_L10_S1" CONTENT="attended by two of his faithful servants. Instead" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P180_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P180_L11_S1" CONTENT="of making for the British territories, Shah Shuja" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P180_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P180_L12_S1" CONTENT="turned his face toward Jammu, where he was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P180_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P180_L13_S1" CONTENT="warmly received by the Raja of Kishtwar. After" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P180_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P180_L14_S1" CONTENT="an ineffective attempt to recover Kashmir with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P180_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P180_L15_S1" CONTENT="the assistance of the Raja, the Shah finally left" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P180_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P180_L16_S1" CONTENT="for Ludhiana, and placed himself under British" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P180_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P180_L17_S1" CONTENT="protection (September, 1816)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P181" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="181" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P181_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L1_S1" CONTENT="138" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L2_S1" CONTENT="THE FALL OF THE DURRANIS" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L3_S1" CONTENT="Mahmud ascended the throne a second time in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L4_S1" CONTENT="1809. The Barakzais were now dominant through-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L5_S1" CONTENT="out the country, while Mahmud was content with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L6_S1" CONTENT="the pomp and show of royalty." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L7_S1" CONTENT="Fateh Khan, after placing Mahmud on the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L8_S1" CONTENT="throne and establishing order in the country," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L9_S1" CONTENT="turned his attention towards the outlying provinces" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L10_S1" CONTENT="that had asserted their independence during the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L11_S1" CONTENT="turmoil. After compelling the rulers of Sindh" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L12_S1" CONTENT="and Baluchistan to tender their allegiance to the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L13_S1" CONTENT="Afghan King, he resolved to recover Kashmir" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L14_S1" CONTENT="as well. Atta Mohammed Khan, the Governor" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L15_S1" CONTENT="of that place, after a short resistance, was forced" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L16_S1" CONTENT="to surrender unconditionally with his brother," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L17_S1" CONTENT="Ghulam Mohammad. Whereupon Jahandar" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L18_S1" CONTENT="Khan, Commandant of Attock Fort and a younger" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L19_S1" CONTENT="brother of Atta Mohammed, was so enraged that" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L20_S1" CONTENT="he handed over the Fort to the Sikhs on payment" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L21_S1" CONTENT="of 100,000 rupees. This treachery enabled the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L22_S1" CONTENT="Maharaja to occupy a place of great strate-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L23_S1" CONTENT="gical and commercial importance on the routes" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L24_S1" CONTENT="leading to Kashmir, Peshawar and the Panjab." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L25_S1" CONTENT="Fateh Khan after appointing Azim Khan," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L26_S1" CONTENT="one of his brothers, as Governor of Kashmir," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P182" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="182" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P182_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L1_S1" CONTENT="AMIR DOST MOHAMED" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L2_S1" CONTENT="1826—1839 &amp; 1843—1863" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P184" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="184" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P184_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P184_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P184_L1_S1" CONTENT="139" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P184_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P184_L2_S1" CONTENT="left for Afghanistan. On reaching Attock, he found it held by a powerful Sikh Army. Dost Mohammad, in command of the advance-guard, led the assault in person, driving the Sikhs on all sides. He fought so bravely that he was given the name of Rustam by the Sikh General commanding the Fort. Dost Mohammed, at the head of his small contingent, rushed into the main defences of the enemy, captured some of the guns and forced the Sikhs to retreat. Unfortunately, at this juncture, some of the Afghans, overpowered with thirst, were forced to fall back, and this was a signal for general retreat. Dost Mohammad, who could get no help from the rear, was also obliged to give up the fight and join his brother, who was under the wrong impression that he had been killed in the action." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P184_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P184_L3_S1" CONTENT="Fateh Khan, on reaching the capital, learned that the Persians were threatening Herat. The ruler of the place, a younger brother of Mahmud, Haji Firozud-din, appealed to Mahmud for help. In order to stem the tide of the Kajar invasion, Vazier Fateh Khan was asked to repair to Herat. Haji Firozud-din outwardly received him warmly, but in his heart of hearts he hated the Vazier and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P185" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="185" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P185_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P185_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L1_S1" CONTENT="140" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L2_S1" CONTENT="did not allow him to enter the Fort. Fateh Khan, perhaps under instructions from Mahmud, arrested the ruler and sent him to Kabul under an escort, while he directed Dost Mohammed to enter Herat and take possession of the Citadel and the treasury. One of the princesses, sister of Kamran and wife of Prince Mohammed Kasim, son of Firozud-din, called upon her brother, to avenge her grievances. Kamran, governor of Kandahar, who had an old grudge against the Vazier, hailed the opportunity. Repairing to Herat, he caught hold of Fateh Khan, who had by now won a decisive victory over the Persians at Kafir Killa, and immediately deprived him of his eyesight, while Dost Mohammed Khan escaped to Kashmir with the treasures." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L3_S1" CONTENT="Retribution immediately followed this out-rage. Fateh Khan's brothers, twenty in number, raised the standard of revolt in every part of the country. The blinded Minister was taken to the Shah, who asked him to write to his rebellious brothers to submit. The Vazier replied courage-ously that he was a poor blind prisoner having no control over his brothers. In the meantime the Royal Forces sustained crushing defeats on" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P186" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="186" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P186_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P186_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L1_S1" CONTENT="141" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L2_S1" CONTENT="all sides at the hands of Fateh Khan's brothers." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L3_S1" CONTENT="Shah Mahmud made a last stand near Ghazni." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L4_S1" CONTENT="The Vazier was once more asked to write to his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L5_S1" CONTENT="brothers to stop fighting and surrender them-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L6_S1" CONTENT="selves to the Shah. Again he refused. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L7_S1" CONTENT="enraged Shah then ordered the unfortunate" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L8_S1" CONTENT="Minister, to whom he owed his crown twice, to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L9_S1" CONTENT="be put to death. The King-maker was literally" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L10_S1" CONTENT="hacked to pieces, but he bore his misfortune" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L11_S1" CONTENT="with courage. He raised no cry, and did not" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L12_S1" CONTENT="pray for mercy. He died as he had lived-brave" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L13_S1" CONTENT="and dauntless. The end of the Vazier was in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L14_S1" CONTENT="reality the death-knell of the Durrani dynasty." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L15_S1" CONTENT="It roused the feelings of vengeance on the part of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L16_S1" CONTENT="the powerful Barakzai brothers. Dost Mohammed," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L17_S1" CONTENT="one of the youngest, was the first to strike success-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L18_S1" CONTENT="fully. Shah Mahmud, together with Kamran," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L19_S1" CONTENT="were driven out of all their possessions except" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L20_S1" CONTENT="Herat, and the whole of Afghanistan was parcelled" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L21_S1" CONTENT="out among the Barakzai brothers." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L22_S1" CONTENT="In the confusion that arose, Afghanistan suffer-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L23_S1" CONTENT="ed heavily. Balkh was seized by the ruler of Bu-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L24_S1" CONTENT="khara, the trans-Indus districts fell to the lot of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L25_S1" CONTENT="Ranjit Singh, while the outlying provinces of Sindh" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P187_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P187_L2_S1" CONTENT="and Baluchistan assumed complete independence." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P187_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P187_L4_S1" CONTENT="the hands of Dost Mohammad, who soon estab-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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