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<TextLine ID="P7_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P7_L26_S1" CONTENT="Transportation &amp; Communications ... 174" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P7_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P7_L28_S1" CONTENT="PART VII : JOURNEYS THROUGH AFGHAN-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P7_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P7_L30_S1" CONTENT="Routes to Afghanistan ... 178" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P7_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P7_L31_S1" CONTENT="(1) Peshawar to Kabul ... 178" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P8_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P8_L10_S1" CONTENT="PART VIII : CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P8_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P8_L12_S1" CONTENT="PART IX : BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 243" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P8_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P8_L13_S1" CONTENT="APPENDIX I : Geological Tables ... 276" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P8_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P8_L15_S1" CONTENT="APPENDIX III : Afghan Calendar ... 278" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P8_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P8_L18_S1" CONTENT="APPENDIX VI : A Brief Introduction to Colloquial" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P8_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P8_L19_S1" CONTENT="Kabuli Farsi ... 286" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P10_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P10_L1_S1" CONTENT="His Majesty Mohammed Zahir Shah King of Afghanistan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P11" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="11" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P11_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P11_L1_S1" CONTENT="His Majesty King Mohammed Zahir Shah was born in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P11_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P11_L2_S1" CONTENT="Kabul on October 15, 1914. Studied first at Habibia and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P11_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P11_L3_S1" CONTENT="Istiqlal Schools, Kabul. In July 1924 proceeded to France" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P11_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P11_L4_S1" CONTENT="for higher education and studied at the following institutions:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P11_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P11_L5_S1" CONTENT="Jeanson de Sally College" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P11_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P11_L6_S1" CONTENT="Pasteur College" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P11_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P11_L7_S1" CONTENT="Montpellier School" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P11_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P11_L8_S1" CONTENT="In 1930 His Majesty returned to Afghanistan and underwent" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P11_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P11_L9_S1" CONTENT="military training in Kabul. During the reign of his father was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P11_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P11_L10_S1" CONTENT="appointed acting minister of the Ministry of National Defence" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P11_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P11_L11_S1" CONTENT="and the Ministry of Education. The last post he held until the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P11_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P11_L12_S1" CONTENT="martyrdom of his father on November 8, 1933." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P12" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="12" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P12_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P12_L1_S1" CONTENT="Preface to Third Edition" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P12_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P12_L2_S1" CONTENT="The second edition of this book appeared in November, 1955. It was given such a warm welcome by readers in and outside Afghanistan that all copies were sold out within three months." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P12_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P12_L3_S1" CONTENT="Unfortunately, in that edition the author was unable to check the proofs for corrections. This time strenuous efforts have been made to remedy those defects. The present edition has been thoroughly revised and a number of alterations have been made. I have freely and gratefully availed myself of information and suggestions furnished by friends, readers and Government officials since the initial appearance of this book. In response to one suggestion made by my esteemed friend, Dr. Harold Amoss of Asia Foundation, this edition has been enriched by the addition of a new chapter—An Historical Sketch." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P12_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P12_L4_S1" CONTENT="This New Guide and Brief Survey is destined to meet the needs of the casual tourist as well as of the more serious visitor who wishes to have a simple, rounded background on Afghanistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P12_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P12_L5_S1" CONTENT="I desire to express my heartfelt gratitude to those who have taken an interest in the compilation of this new edition and who have aided me with their useful advice and suggestions. Special mention is to be made of the help given by Mr. Abdus Sattar Shalizi, Deputy President, Press Department, and Mr. Abdul Wahab Tarzi, President of the Tourists' Bureau, who very kindly went through the manuscript and proposed several alterations and improvements." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P12_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P12_L6_S1" CONTENT="Last, though not least, I am grateful to my friend and colleague, Mr. Mohammad Ibrahim Sharif, who kindly co-operated in typewriting this manuscript." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P12_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P12_L7_S1" CONTENT="Shershahmina, MOHAMMED ALI" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P12_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P12_L8_S1" CONTENT="Kabul, Afghanistan," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P12_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P12_L9_S1" CONTENT="1-6-1958." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P13_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L2_S1" CONTENT="Introduction" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L3_S1" CONTENT="No country comparable to Afghanistan in size, and no people approaching the Afghans in historical interest and importance has received so little consideration at the hands of modern writers as have Afghanistan and the Afghans. Moreover what is known about it is quite inadequate and inappropriate, for most of the books are written by those who have had their personal axes to grind. Some call it a &quot;land of dreams&quot;, while others depict it as a forbidden land where no stranger is allowed to enter, and if perchance sets his foot on the soil &quot;he is tempting fate&quot;. It is with a view to dispel these false notions, and to encourage friendly intercourse and better understanding that this book is offered to the public." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L4_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan is a big country—larger than France or pre-war Germany. It has an area of over 270,000 square miles, nearly one-and-a-half times the size of Germany. The country has natural resources of great variety and in great abundance. She has mineral deposits, such as iron, coal, copper, lead, chrome, lapis-lazuli, asbestos, etc. Her potentiality for generating hydro-electric power is said to be immense. Recent reports suggest oil in different parts of the country in paying quantities. Agriculture, too, has great possibilities. With improved agricultural methods, extended irrigation, more capital, and better means of transportation and communication, Afghanistan would be able to support a population many times its present size." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P13_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P13_L5_S1" CONTENT="It is a land of ancient traditions and ancient wisdom, the birth-place of great religious thinkers and philosophers. It has been properly called the cradle of the Aryan race, for it was here that the Aryan settlers, forefathers of the advanced nations of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P14_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L1_S1" CONTENT="3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L2_S1" CONTENT="today, for the first time took to a settled life and laid the founda-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L3_S1" CONTENT="tion of a rudimentary form of democratic government. It was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L4_S1" CONTENT="here that two of the great religious movements of the world—" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L5_S1" CONTENT="Brahminism and Zoroastrianism—took their origin. Again it" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L6_S1" CONTENT="was here that two of the great religious classics (the Rigveda and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L7_S1" CONTENT="the Avesta) came into being." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L8_S1" CONTENT="From the archæological point of view, the country is a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L9_S1" CONTENT="most remarkable storehouse of antiquities, only partly touched by" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L10_S1" CONTENT="the hand of modern science. The Buddhist monasteries, carved out" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L11_S1" CONTENT="of rocks, are still the wonder of tourists and scholars. The glory" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L12_S1" CONTENT="of Bamian is inexhaustible. It was a great seat of culture," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L13_S1" CONTENT="similar to those well known to the Indologists in Nalanda," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L14_S1" CONTENT="Ajanta, Ellora, Odandapura, etc. The remains of Balkh, the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L15_S1" CONTENT="&quot;Mother of Cities&quot; when properly unearthed, might reveal the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L16_S1" CONTENT="treasures of Greco-Bactrian culture that are still hidden in the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L17_S1" CONTENT="soil of Bactria. The same may be said of the valley of Bagram" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L18_S1" CONTENT="in Kohistan, which has finally been identified with the spot" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L19_S1" CONTENT="occupied by the city of Capissa made famous by Ptolemy and the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L20_S1" CONTENT="Chinese pilgrim, Huien Tsang, in the seventh century A.D." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L21_S1" CONTENT="Numismatic and epigraphic evidence is also very prominent" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L22_S1" CONTENT="in Afghanistan. The numerous varieties of ancient coins that are" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L23_S1" CONTENT="found here give the impression that there is no country in the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L24_S1" CONTENT="world having such rich numismatic treasures. The coins that one" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L25_S1" CONTENT="comes across are of unusual variety—Greek, Bactrian, Thracian," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L26_S1" CONTENT="Sassanian, Kushan, Hindu, ancient Afghan, Mogul, modern" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L27_S1" CONTENT="Afghan, etc. The inscriptions known hitherto are not very" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L28_S1" CONTENT="mumerous, for some parts of the country are not properly" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L29_S1" CONTENT="excavated as yet. Naturally, most of these are in Arabic or" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L30_S1" CONTENT="Persian, but there are also inscriptions in Greek, Sanskrit and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P14_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P14_L31_S1" CONTENT="Pali, and even in Aramaic in the Southern Province." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P15" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="15" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P15_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L1_S1" CONTENT="4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L2_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan was a great seat of Buddhism, and it was from" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L3_S1" CONTENT="here that this religion found its way into China, Turkestan and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L4_S1" CONTENT="Mongolia. The Buddhist monasteries discovered in the various" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L5_S1" CONTENT="parts of the country are not only important from the archæological" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L6_S1" CONTENT="and historical perspectives, but also from the point of view" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L7_S1" CONTENT="of the history of art. The well-known school of sculpture" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L8_S1" CONTENT="that so wonderfully combined Greek realism with Indian" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L9_S1" CONTENT="mysticism, and which was named the School of Gandhara un-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L10_S1" CONTENT="doubtedly had its centre at Hadda, six miles south of modern" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L11_S1" CONTENT="Jalalabad, where its most beautiful specimens have recently been" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L12_S1" CONTENT="discovered. As one goes from Hadda towards Peshawar, Taxila" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L13_S1" CONTENT="and Lahore, the Gandhara specimens lose the striking beauty" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L14_S1" CONTENT="that characterises the specimens of Hadda." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L15_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan is also a promising field of investigation for" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L16_S1" CONTENT="the student of comparative philology, who may hope here to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L17_S1" CONTENT="come across the last of the little known and dying Indo-European" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L18_S1" CONTENT="languages, which are spoken in some of the mountain fastnesses" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L19_S1" CONTENT="of the country even to this day. Some of these ancient Aryan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L20_S1" CONTENT="languages are still preserved to a considerable extent in their" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L21_S1" CONTENT="original form and purity by many of the isolated hill-tribes." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L22_S1" CONTENT="It is also considered to be one of the most important" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L23_S1" CONTENT="primary agricultural centres of the world; a whole series of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L24_S1" CONTENT="different plants have originated here. Afghanistan's vegetation" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L25_S1" CONTENT="still awaits the investigation of the botanist, while the variety" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L26_S1" CONTENT="of its rocks and soils affords a vast field of research for the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L27_S1" CONTENT="enthusiastic geologist." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L28_S1" CONTENT="The Afghans are a virile race of inexhaustible energy." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L29_S1" CONTENT="Some look upon them as &quot;splendid specimens of humanity and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P15_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P15_L30_S1" CONTENT="the best fighting men in Asia&quot;. They are a gifted people, brave," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P16_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L1_S1" CONTENT="5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L2_S1" CONTENT="intelligent, hospitable and self-reliant. They have a very strong" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L3_S1" CONTENT="sense of nationalism. Indeed, pride of race and love of country" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L4_S1" CONTENT="are instilled in an Afghan from the cradle, and nothing induces" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L5_S1" CONTENT="him to surrender that love of independence that seems to be the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L6_S1" CONTENT="essence of his nature." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L7_S1" CONTENT="There is no caste in Afghan society; every Afghan thinks" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L8_S1" CONTENT="himself as good as another. In fact, the political atmosphere of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L9_S1" CONTENT="the country is healthier for the delicate plant of democracy than" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L10_S1" CONTENT="anywhere else in the East." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L11_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan occupies a very important position in the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L12_S1" CONTENT="strategy and politics of Central Asia. Geography has made it" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L13_S1" CONTENT="the great crossroad between North and South, East and West." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L14_S1" CONTENT="Its location, its strategic importance, and last though not the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L15_S1" CONTENT="least, its invigorating climate and the grandeur and beauty of its" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L16_S1" CONTENT="mountain system make it one of the most interesting places in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L17_S1" CONTENT="the world to visit. Even to those who have neither hobbies nor" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L18_S1" CONTENT="enterprise, but want rest and recreation in a lovely country with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L19_S1" CONTENT="a pleasant climate and an abundance of delicious fruits, Afghan-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L20_S1" CONTENT="istan would undoubtedly prove one of the best health-resorts in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L21_S1" CONTENT="the world. It is among those countries, which are still totally" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L22_S1" CONTENT="unsophisticated and unspoiled. Here are towns and villages" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L23_S1" CONTENT="where one may sleep or dine in comfort, and yet be surrounded" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L24_S1" CONTENT="with the atmosphere of a culture as old as history itself. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L25_S1" CONTENT="jaded visitor from the parched plains of the neighbouring count-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L26_S1" CONTENT="ries may regain health in its beautiful emerald green valleys," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L27_S1" CONTENT="which, having escaped the contamination of manufacturing life," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L28_S1" CONTENT="retain up to this day an ideal sylvan scenery and mediæval" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L29_S1" CONTENT="tranquillity." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L30_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan, once the crossroads between the East and the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P16_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P16_L31_S1" CONTENT="West, after centuries of eclipse when the seas became the more" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P17" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="17" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P17_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P17_L1_S1" CONTENT="6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P17_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P17_L2_S1" CONTENT="accessible and less expensive routes, has been given the opportunity once more to regain this old, prominent status with the advent of the air-age. Kandahar is located on the shortest air routes between Europe and Asia, and the air is today providing the main communication lines for the modern world. Truly never before has the old saying that history repeats itself seemed closer to dramatic confirmation." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P17_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P17_L3_S1" CONTENT="At present, Afghanistan faces great and rapid changes. The last three decades have been a period of progress and national awakening. The State, with a view to opening new avenues of wealth, prosperity and better living to the people, is working on vast plans of educational, industrial and public welfare, and agricultural development of the country. A five-year plan for the construction of better roads, better means of communication, and the development of mines, industry, education and agriculture has been formulated. To implement and finance this vast development, the State has signed agreements with foreign countries for loans and financial assistance, intent on serving national interests, and in no way endangering national independence or security. Besides, Afghanistan has had recourse to the services of many foreign experts and construction firms, and like many other under-developed countries has been welcoming specialists and consultants who are able to help advance its modernization." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P17_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P17_L4_S1" CONTENT="It is certain that if these vast plans and projects are honestly and successfully carried out, the day is not very far off when Afghanistan will take its proper place in the comity of advanced nations." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P18_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L2_S1" CONTENT="Geography" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L3_S1" CONTENT="Position and Extent.—Afghanistan, that is, &quot;the land" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L4_S1" CONTENT="of the Afghans&quot;, is an important inland country of Central" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L5_S1" CONTENT="Asia. It is roughly quadrilateral in shape, with a long narrow" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L6_S1" CONTENT="strip projecting eastward to the confines of Sinkiang (Chinese" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L7_S1" CONTENT="Turkestan). It lies completely in the North Temperate Zone" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L8_S1" CONTENT="between parallels 29° 30' and 38° 30' of north latitude, and 60°" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L9_S1" CONTENT="30' and 75° of east longitude. The greatest length from east to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L10_S1" CONTENT="west—from the Khyber to the Zulfikar Pass (extreme northwest)—" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L11_S1" CONTENT="is a little more than 600 miles; while its greatest breadth from" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L12_S1" CONTENT="north to south—from Kham-i-Ab, on the Oxus, to the Chagai" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L13_S1" CONTENT="Hills, in the extreme south on the Baluchistan border—is nearly" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L14_S1" CONTENT="500 miles. The total area aggregates 270,000 square miles, with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L15_S1" CONTENT="a population that may roughly be estimated at 12,000,000." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L16_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan at present is land-locked as a result of British" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L17_S1" CONTENT="appropriation in 1876 of the maritime province of Baluchistan," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L18_S1" CONTENT="till then a feudatory of the Amirs of Afghanistan. A little later" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L19_S1" CONTENT="Quetta was also occupied and turned into a military station." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L20_S1" CONTENT="This policy not only cut off Afghanistan's access to the sea, which" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L21_S1" CONTENT="is naturally a great obstacle to progress and trade; it went still" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L22_S1" CONTENT="further, and in the words of Amir Abdur Rehman Khan &quot;it" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L23_S1" CONTENT="pointed a dagger at the heart of the country&quot;. Within the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L24_S1" CONTENT="existing borders there are seven major provinces (Naib-ul-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L25_S1" CONTENT="Hukumagi), viz., Kabul, Kandahar, Herat, Mazar-i-Sharif," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L26_S1" CONTENT="Kataghan, Nangrahar and Pactia; and six minor provinces" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L27_S1" CONTENT="(Hukumat-i-Ala)—Maimanah, Farah, Badakhshan, Girishk," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L28_S1" CONTENT="Parwan and Ghazni." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L29_S1" CONTENT="Boundaries: The boundaries of the country have under-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L30_S1" CONTENT="gone tremendous changes during the last 150 years. At the be-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L31_S1" CONTENT="ginning of the 19th century, the Durrani Empire, built by Ahmad" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P18_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P18_L32_S1" CONTENT="Shah Durrani (1747—1773 A. D.), extended from Meshad to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P19_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P19_L1_S1" CONTENT="One of the lakes of Bandi Amir, near Bamian." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P21_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L1_S1" CONTENT="8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L2_S1" CONTENT="Kashmir, and from the Oxus to the Satlej and the Arabian Sea." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L3_S1" CONTENT="The country suffered great diminution, first when the grandsons" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L4_S1" CONTENT="of Ahmad Shah Durrani contested for supremacy, and secondly" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L5_S1" CONTENT="when it came into conflict with the two great rival imperialistic" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L6_S1" CONTENT="European powers—England and Tsarist Russia. The existing" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L7_S1" CONTENT="boundaries, especially those in the south and east, are mostly" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L8_S1" CONTENT="artificial, and have been forced upon the country from time to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L9_S1" CONTENT="time, irrespective of geographical, historical or ethnical con-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L10_S1" CONTENT="siderations." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L11_S1" CONTENT="The present boundary line between Afghanistan and Russia" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L12_S1" CONTENT="(USSR) is over seven hundred miles long. Starting from the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L13_S1" CONTENT="north-east corner of Afghanistan, where the Oxus leaves its high" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L14_S1" CONTENT="mountain cradle in the Pamir, it follows the course of the Oxus" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L15_S1" CONTENT="or Amu Derya as far as the post of Kham-i-Ab (River Bend) in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L16_S1" CONTENT="the extreme north. From here the boundary leaves the Oxus and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L17_S1" CONTENT="takes a south-westerly direction till it reaches the post of Tor-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L18_S1" CONTENT="Ghundi opposite Kushkinski, the terminus of the Russian Trans-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L19_S1" CONTENT="Caspian Railway. From this point the border line takes a north-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L20_S1" CONTENT="westerly direction until it reaches the Zulfikar Pass, the trijunc-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L21_S1" CONTENT="tion point between Afghanistan, Iran and Turkmanistan. From" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L22_S1" CONTENT="Kham-i-Ab to Zulfikar the boundary is laid through an open and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L23_S1" CONTENT="sparsely populated desert with occasional pasturage. It follows" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L24_S1" CONTENT="no natural features and would be undefinable but for the pillars" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L25_S1" CONTENT="set up by the boundary commissions." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L26_S1" CONTENT="From the Zulfikar Pass down to Siah Koh, the border line" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L27_S1" CONTENT="between Afghanistan and Iran remained uncertain for many" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L28_S1" CONTENT="years and was always the cause of friction and complaint between" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L29_S1" CONTENT="the two neighbouring countries. Finally in 1934, a Turkish" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L30_S1" CONTENT="General of repute, Fakhruddin Altai, was appointed arbitrator" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L31_S1" CONTENT="by the countries concerned. His decisions were accepted by the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P21_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P21_L32_S1" CONTENT="Governments of Afghanistan and Iran." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P22_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L1_S1" CONTENT="The Eastern Boundary: In 1849, after the collapse of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L2_S1" CONTENT="Sikh power, the British crossed the Indus and occupied the trans-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L3_S1" CONTENT="Indus Afghan districts under the name of Sikh heritage. At this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L4_S1" CONTENT="time there were some prominent English statesmen who did not" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L5_S1" CONTENT="like to support this imperialistic policy. One of them, Sir G." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L6_S1" CONTENT="Campbell, M. P., proposed to give these districts back to their" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L7_S1" CONTENT="&quot;original owners.&quot; In the words of Mr. Campbell : &quot;My pro-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L8_S1" CONTENT="posal in 1849 was to give these extra-Indian districts back to the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L9_S1" CONTENT="Afghans, establishing our scientific military frontier upon the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L10_S1" CONTENT="Upper Indus. But that great man (Lord Dalhousie) had a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L11_S1" CONTENT="weakness; it was perhaps in a disposition to carry annexation" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L12_S1" CONTENT="too far, and I venture to think him wrong when he overstepped" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L13_S1" CONTENT="the natural and ethnographical boundaries of India in going" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L14_S1" CONTENT="beyond the Indus on one side and into Burma on the other.&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L15_S1" CONTENT="Later on (November 12, 1893) a new line of demarcation," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L16_S1" CONTENT="the so-called Durand Line, was forced upon Amir Abdur Rahman" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L17_S1" CONTENT="Khan. The British according to this new pact excluded from the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L18_S1" CONTENT="Kabul political jurisdiction &quot;a million Pathans* of military" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L19_S1" CONTENT="age-the cream of the fighting strength of the country.&quot; This" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L20_S1" CONTENT="line, which excludes over a third of the Afghan people from their" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L21_S1" CONTENT="national government, has been the basic cause of all frontier" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L22_S1" CONTENT="troubles since the beginning of the 19th century until this day." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L23_S1" CONTENT="PHYSICAL FEATURES" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L24_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan is a highland, its average height being three to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L25_S1" CONTENT="four thousand feet above sea-level. The general character of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L26_S1" CONTENT="country is mountainous. It is largely covered by a series of ranges" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L27_S1" CONTENT="running in all directions, but generally from north-east to south-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L28_S1" CONTENT="west. The north-eastern and central portions of the country form" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L29_S1" CONTENT="*There is no real distinction between the Afghan, Pathan or Pashtun." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L30_S1" CONTENT="The Afghans, while speaking Pashto, call themselves Pashtuns. The word" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P22_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P22_L31_S1" CONTENT="Pathan is the corrupted form of Pashtun and is used mostly in India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P23_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P23_L1_S1" CONTENT="10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P23_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P23_L2_S1" CONTENT="a great plateau with an average height of some six thousand feet, with the Hindu Kush as its backbone. On all sides this plateau descends abruptly to lowland, save in the north-east, where it rises to the lofty Pamirs. To the south of the country lies the arid land called Seistan and Garmser, the average height here being 1,600 feet. Towards the north of the Hindu Kush it slopes away into another depressed tract as far as the Amu (the Oxus)—a vast plain of loess. Eastwards there is a sudden drop into the Indus basin." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P23_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P23_L3_S1" CONTENT="The central mountain range, or more properly ranges, dwindle away into the steppes and Namaksars (salt-deserts), lying north of Herat, where they meet the line of the Elburz coming from the opposite direction. The highest part of this plateau is the Pamir, more familarly known as &quot;Bam-i-Dunya&quot; (the Roof of the World). It is a vast plateau with a series of narrow valleys, having steeply sloping sides, the average height being ten to twelve thousand feet, while many of its intervening peaks run up to 18,000 feet and over. Here the characteristic types of landscape are &quot;tent-shaped, glacier coated mountains, divided by broad easy gaps, heights bare of verdure and shorn of forests and a land of desolate lakes—a region where for the greater part of the year there is neither fuel nor fodder, an Engadine of Asia, with nine months &quot;winter and three months cold weather; the home of wild sheep and shaggy yak, and the summer haunt of a few wandering shepherds.&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P23_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P23_L4_S1" CONTENT="Physically the country may easily be divided into eight distinct regions:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P23_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P23_L5_S1" CONTENT="(1) The Broad Lowland of Ancient Bactria:—This lies to the north between the Oxus and the massive mountain system of Tirband-i-Turkestan and the Hindu Kush. The rivers that rise in these mountains and flow to the north almost" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P24_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P24_L1_S1" CONTENT="11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P24_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P24_L2_S1" CONTENT="all lose themselves in the sands before reaching the Oxus. In ancient and mediæval ages Bactria had a fine system of irrigation, and was one of the richest parts of Central Asia. The Mongol depredations of the thirteenth century and later on Tamerlane's incursions wiped out all these irrigation works, and since then it has not fully regained its past fertility, and is therefore very sparsely populated." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P24_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P24_L3_S1" CONTENT="(2) The Hindu Kush Region: This constitutes a mountainous mass, difficult of access, mostly barren and uninhabited. This massive range, which takes its source from the Pamirs, melts away in fingers that spread fanwise north, south and west over the face of the country as far as the Shibar and Bamian passes. The average height is over 15,000 feet, and the peaks, which are covered with eternal snow, rise to 18,000 feet and over. The stupendous heights of these mountains, the magnificence of their lofty summits, the solemn and undisturbed solitude that reigns amidst these eternal snows, fill the mind with awe and admiration." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P24_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P24_L4_S1" CONTENT="(3) The Hilly Region of Badakhshan: This lies to the north-east, on the left bank of the Oxus. Here the mountains are generally covered with forests, and the intervening valleys are mostly fertile and well-watered." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P24_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P24_L5_S1" CONTENT="(4) Kabulistan: This is the most convenient term for the series of high alluvial plains which, lying between 5,000 and 6,000 feet above sea-level, occupy the region round Kabul. These plains are well-watered by the Kabul and its numerous tributaries. They constitute the richest and most densely settled part of Afghanistan, with a bracing climate except where there are marshes." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P24_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P24_L6_S1" CONTENT="(5) The Central Block of Hazarajat: This is a vast table-land extending from Herat to Kabul and from Ghazni to Bamian. It is a high, bleak, and intensely inhospitable country, where snow lies for the greater part of the year, and where little or no fruit" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P25_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P25_L1_S1" CONTENT="12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P25_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P25_L2_S1" CONTENT="is grown, and the cultivation is confined to the narrow banks of the rivers and streams. This irregular tableland has been scored and eroded by centuries of river action. From here emerge some of the greatest rivers of Afghanistan. To the north the river Khulm (Tashqurghan) and the Balkh take a hurried start for the plains of Bactria; westward the Hari Rud streams off to Herat; southward extend the long curving lines of the Helmand, Harut, Khash Rud and Arghandab, and eastward flows the Kabul with its various branches. A rugged mountain mass, called the Koh-i-Baba and Firoz Koh, the lineal continuation of the Hindu Kush, dominates this rolling plateau from the North. Taken as a whole these Hazara uplands may be described as one would describe Tibet—a rolling, heaving, desolate tableland, wrinkled and intersected by narrow mountain ranges, whose peaks run from 13,000 to 14,000 feet in altitude, enclosing between them restricted spaces and pasture-land." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P25_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P25_L3_S1" CONTENT="(6) The Arachosian Plain. This lies to the southwest. Here are the fertile districts of Kandahar and Zamindawar, watered by the Arghandab and the Helmand respectively. But the southwestern corner of this region constitutes a vast sandy tract, called Seistan. It is a flat, unwholesome country extending on either side of the Helmand. It owes its place in history and its reputation of enormous productiveness to the fact that it is the great central basin of Afghanistan, where the Helmand and nearly half-a-dozen other Afghan rivers run to a finish in vast swamps and lagoons. Surrounded by vast deserts on all sides, Seistan itself is seldom waterless, and there was, in days that can hardly be called ancient, a really fine system of irrigation, which fertilized a large tract of now unproductive land. The soil of Seistan is alluvial and consists chiefly of sand mixed with clay. A part of the surface shows moving sands. The land is generally flat, but there are a few low sandy hills." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P26_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P26_L1_S1" CONTENT="13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P26_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P26_L2_S1" CONTENT="(7) The Valley of Hari Rud: This occupies the north-western corner of the country and extends lengthwise to the border of Iran. It is extremely fertile and well-watered, and is known to history by the name of &quot;the Granary of Central Asia.&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P26_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P26_L3_S1" CONTENT="(8) The Lowland of Jalalabad (or the Ancient Plain of Nangrahar): This lies to the east, between the Hindu Kush and the Speen Ghar Range, and comprises the fertile districts of Laghman, Besud, Jalalabad, Kama and Surkh Rud. The average height is 2,000 feet. Its black soil is very productive, but its climate, though very pleasant in winter, is hot and heavy disagreeable in summer." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P26_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P26_L4_S1" CONTENT="Mountains" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P26_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P26_L5_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan has rightly been called the land of mountains. From the air they seem to be without number ; range after range extend to the horizon, so that the land resembles a sea in a heavy gale." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P26_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P26_L6_S1" CONTENT="The most important of the mountain systems of the country, being a continuation of the lofty Himalayas, is the Hindu Kush. It commences from the north-eastern corner of the Wakhan district, and taking a south-westerly turn, goes through the heart of the country. After traversing a distance of some 600 miles, it ultimatey dwindles away in the steppes and Namaksars of Herat. This gigantic range divides the country into two parts: the northern includes the provinces of Kataghan, Badakhshan, Mazar-i-Sharif and Maimanah; while the southern comprises the districts of Jalalabad, Kabul, Ghazni and Kandahar. This main range, the backbone of the country, which extends from the Pamir to the north of Herat, is known by different names in different parts of the country. The eastern portion" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P27_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P27_L1_S1" CONTENT="14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P27_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P27_L2_S1" CONTENT="from the Pamir to the Bamian Pass, is called the Hindu Kush Proper, which is again divided into two parts, viz., the Oriental and the Occidental." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P27_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P27_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Oriental Hindu Kush:—Starting from Wakhan it terminates at the Khawak Pass. The extreme north-east portion of this branch, at its junction with the Pamir, forms the boundary between three systems of drainage—those of the Indus, the Amu and the Tarim while further west it forms the watershed between the Amu and the Indus valleys. This part of the Hindu Kush rivals the Himalayas in the height of its peaks and the extent of its glaciers. It culminates in the beautiful peak of Tirich Mir (25,426 feet), located in the north of Chitral." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P27_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P27_L4_S1" CONTENT="The Oriental Hindu Kush, though a great obstacle, is no effective barrier in a military or commercial sense, for it is notched by a series of high passes, some of which are traversable for the greater part of the year. From Hunza, a district to the north of Chitral the passes of Kilik (15,600 ft.), Wakhjir (16,150 ft.), and Mingatake (15,430 ft.) lead to the Little Pamir and Yarkand ; while from Chitral, the Broghil (12,460 ft.) and Kachin (18,500 ft.) lead into Wakhan. Other passes between Chitral and Afghanistan are : Sar Ishtrag (17,450 ft.), Agram (16,630 ft.), Afsik (12,300 ft.), Durah (14,800 ft.) and Mandal (15,300 ft.), the last provides communication between Nuristan and the Kokchah Valley." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P27_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P27_L5_S1" CONTENT="A southern off-shoot of this range penetrates into the rugged but beautiful country of Nuristan—an inaccessible and difficult tract of dense mountainous forests, known by the general name of the Asmar Forests." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P27_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P27_L6_S1" CONTENT="The Occidental Hindu Kush.—Beginning from the Khawak it terminates at the Dandan Shikkan Pass (8,830 ft.)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P28_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P28_L1_S1" CONTENT="15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P28_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P28_L2_S1" CONTENT="This range is comparatively shorter and broader, maximum breadth being 60 miles and the average height 14,000 feet. The principal peaks from east to west are: Sheptal (15,000 ft.) Ouilian (16,900 ft.), and Kharzar (15,000 ft.) This range, too, is intersected by a series of narrow but difficult passes, which from time immemorial, have been used by invaders and travellers, and were also the chief trade routes between India and Central Asian countries. It was through these passes that the hordes of invaders, such as the Aryans, the Greeks, the Khushans, the Mongols, Tartars and others poured down on the fertile plains of India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P28_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P28_L3_S1" CONTENT="The best known passes of this range are: the Khawak (11,640 ft.), Khoknoll (11,450 ft.), Til (11,640 ft.), Salang and Bajgah (12,300 ft.), Kaoshan (14,340 ft.), Chahardar (11,300 ft.) Bamian (8,830 ft.), Akrobat, (10,255 ft.) Pelu (10,255 ft.) and Dandan Shikan (8,830 ft.). It was through the Bamian Pass that the famous Chinese pilgrim Huien Tsang, passed on his way to India in the early part of the 7th century A.D. He was very much impressed by the gigantic figures of Buddha on the face of the cliff, where they are still to be seen, though slightly disfigured." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P28_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P28_L4_S1" CONTENT="This range throughout is barren of everything except some tiny bushes of pistachio and silphium (or asafoetida), that are mostly found on its northern slopes." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P28_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P28_L5_S1" CONTENT="Mr. Douglas in his famous book, &quot;Beyond the High Himalayas,&quot; writes in this connection. &quot;The weird formations which the middle stretch of the Hindu Kush show are secondary to the colors of the rocks. I have seen nothing more beautiful than what the Hindu Kush discloses. These rooks are filled with yellow, red, green, pink, and purple. The air is so clear, the sun so brilliant, that every color, every shade is emphasized." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P29_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P29_L1_S1" CONTENT="The Buzkashi Match at Shahmahmud Stadium, Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P30_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P30_L1_S1" CONTENT="A caravan route." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P31_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P31_L2_S1" CONTENT="Every sunset turns peaks from gray to pink, to gold, to mauve. Every sunrise turns the Hindu Kush into mountains of magic.&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P31_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P31_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Koh-i-Baba.—Commencing from Bamian it extends westwards for a distance of about 125 miles. Its average height is less than 13,000 feet. Its culminating peak, Shah-i-Foladi or Shakh-i-Foladi, (16,874 feet) overlooks the sources of the principal rivers of the country, such as the Hari Rud, the Kabul and the Helmand. Another beautiful peak in this range is the Koh-i-Arus (the Mountain of the Bride), which, with its rose-coloured conical summit and dazzling cap of snow, attracts the attention from a great distance." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P31_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P31_L4_S1" CONTENT="The Koh-i-Baba, like the Oriental Hindu Kush, is mostly rugged, desolate and devoid of verdure." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P31_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P31_L5_S1" CONTENT="The Firoz Koh.—Further west of Koh-i-Baba is a double range, called Firoz Koh. It runs roughly parallel to the Tirband-i-Turkestan, another range lying to the north. The northern branch of the Firoz Koh is called the Safid Koh (the White Mountain), not to be confused with the Speen Ghar (Mont Blanc) of the Nangrahar Province. The southern range is known by the general name of Siah Koh (the Black Mount-ain). This too is rugged, mostly barren and pathless, and follows a course nearly parallel to the last named mountain. The southern spurs of this range give rise to the Khash Rud and some minor feeders of the Helmand." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P31_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P31_L6_S1" CONTENT="The Parapomisus.—This is a small range lying to the extreme west, between the districts of Herat and Badghisat. Its local name is Siah Babuk. It is comparatively low and is nowhere more than 9,000 feet high. From the city of Herat to the crest of the Parapomisus, which is pierced by several easy passes, such as Ardewan, Sabz, Sang, Hazrat Baba, and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P32_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L1_S1" CONTENT="17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L2_S1" CONTENT="Zarmast, is a distance of 16 to 25 miles. The total fall from" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L3_S1" CONTENT="these passes to Herat is about 2,000 feet. Between this range" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L4_S1" CONTENT="and the city there is a low ridge called the Koh-i-Mulla" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L5_S1" CONTENT="Khawaja, which dominates the city from a distance of about" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L6_S1" CONTENT="three miles, only with a higher altitude of 600 to 800 feet." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L7_S1" CONTENT="The Speen Ghar (Mont Blanc).—This is an off-shoot of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L8_S1" CONTENT="the great Sulaiman Range. It overlooks the Afridi Tirah on" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L9_S1" CONTENT="one side and the valley of Nangrahar (modern Jalalabad) on the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L10_S1" CONTENT="other. Sikkaram, its highest peak, is 15,600 feet in height, and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L11_S1" CONTENT="as it is covered with perpetual snow, the whole range being" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L12_S1" CONTENT="termed Speen Ghar, i.e., the White Mountain. A high ridge of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L13_S1" CONTENT="this range penetrates the Jaji country, whence it stretches as" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L14_S1" CONTENT="far as Jadran and Mangal territory (Pactia Province). The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L15_S1" CONTENT="slope of this range on both sides, as well as of those ranges that" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L16_S1" CONTENT="penetrate the Southern Province (Pactia), are all covered with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L17_S1" CONTENT="dense coniferous forests. There are pine trees and grand" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L18_S1" CONTENT="deodars (cedars), and magnificent ilex (oak) trees, which throw" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L19_S1" CONTENT="broad square spaces of solid shade." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L20_S1" CONTENT="From here westward stretches a boundless vista of ridges" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L21_S1" CONTENT="and hazy plains, fainting to almost imperceptible tints of blue," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L22_S1" CONTENT="till it is only against the yellowing evening sky that the pale" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L23_S1" CONTENT="silhouette of the hills that stand about Ghazni can be detected." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L24_S1" CONTENT="Here lie the famous passes of Gomal, Tochi, Shuttargardan and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L25_S1" CONTENT="Peiwar (or Tootgai). The first two figure in mediæval history" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L26_S1" CONTENT="and were selected early in the eleventh century, by the great" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L27_S1" CONTENT="Sultan of Ghazni, Mahmud, who is said to have swept down" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L28_S1" CONTENT="through these passes with his cavalry and with a rapidity that" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L29_S1" CONTENT="seems incredible for those days." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L30_S1" CONTENT="The Sulaiman Range.—This mountain system serves as" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L31_S1" CONTENT="a barrier between the Indus basin and the highlands of modern" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P32_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P32_L32_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan. The Sulaiman Hills are mostly rugged, barren" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P33" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="33" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P33_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L1_S1" CONTENT="18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L2_S1" CONTENT="and unprofitable. The mightiest of the Sulaiman Mountains" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L3_S1" CONTENT="is the one which is called Takht-i-Sulaiman (Soloman's Throne)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L4_S1" CONTENT="It may be seen on the western horizon from Dera Ismail Khan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L5_S1" CONTENT="against the evening sky—a grey, flat-looking rampart rising" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L6_S1" CONTENT="from the lower line of mountains north and south of it, slightly" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L7_S1" CONTENT="depressed or saddle-backed in the middle, but culminating in a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L8_S1" CONTENT="well-defined peak at its northern extremity. Such is the appear-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L9_S1" CONTENT="ance of the Takht (the peak) from afar. It is difficult to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L10_S1" CONTENT="approach it for reason of the steepness of the cliffs and the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L11_S1" CONTENT="scarps which surround it." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L12_S1" CONTENT="Central Afghanistan (or Hazarajat) is to a very large" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L13_S1" CONTENT="extent a land of difficult hills and deep and rugged defiles." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L14_S1" CONTENT="These numerous subsidiary ranges run mostly parallel to each" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L15_S1" CONTENT="other, and some of them extend as far as Kandahar. One" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L16_S1" CONTENT="exceptionally long spur forms the steep Khojak Range, which" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L17_S1" CONTENT="has been pierced to allow a branch of the N.W. Railway to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L18_S1" CONTENT="reach the Afghan frontier at New Chaman." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L19_S1" CONTENT="The Tirband-i-Turkestan.—This most important range" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L20_S1" CONTENT="lies south of Maimanah. It is about 120 miles long, and runs" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L21_S1" CONTENT="roughly parallel to the Firoz Koh. Its highest peak, Zangolak," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L22_S1" CONTENT="reaches a height of 11,590 feet." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L23_S1" CONTENT="Passes Leading to the Indus Basin.—The mountain" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L24_S1" CONTENT="ranges forming the eastern boundary of modern Afghanistan are" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L25_S1" CONTENT="pierced at many places by passes across which invading hordes" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L26_S1" CONTENT="have poured in all ages to take possession of the fertile valleys" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L27_S1" CONTENT="below. They have also been the chief commercial links between" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L28_S1" CONTENT="the sub-continent of pre-partitioned India and Afghanistan from" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L29_S1" CONTENT="time immemorial. Most of these passes have been formed by the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L30_S1" CONTENT="valleys of the rivers flowing towards the Indus, and are generally" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P33_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P33_L31_S1" CONTENT="named after these tributaries. The most famous among these," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P34_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P34_L1_S1" CONTENT="19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P34_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P34_L2_S1" CONTENT="which has been frequently trodden and which is even now the most important trade route of the country, is the Khyber, from the name of the last defile through which the Kabul-Peshawar route passes. It goes along the Khyber Pass (3,370 ft.) to Jalalabad (1,950 ft.) and thence via Lataband Pass (8,000 ft.) or Tang-i-Gharu Gorge to Kabul (6,000 ft.), the capital of Afghanistan. The distance between Kabul and Peshawar is 180 miles." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P34_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P34_L3_S1" CONTENT="The second route leads via Peiwar Kotal to the Kurram valley, joining the Jaji country with Parachinar and Thal. In the Second Afghan War (1878–80) this route was most frequently used by the British invading troops. It is not motorable. The distance between Kabul and Parachinar via Peiwar and Shuttargardan Passes is about 100 miles." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P34_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P34_L4_S1" CONTENT="The third is the Tochi Pass, linking Ghazni with the Indus basin. It too, is, not motorable. It was frequently used by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni (998–1030 A.D.) during his Indian invasions." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P34_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P34_L5_S1" CONTENT="The fourth is the Gomal Pass. This route is also very important historically. The Gomal and Tochi have been used for hundreds of years by the great clans of warrior-merchants, the Ghilzais, Powindahs, and Kharotis who move their caravans down these passes each year to pass their winter in the warm plains below. They generally leave their women-folk, children and old men somewhere near the border, while the young men take their camels and merchandise to trade in the Punjab and Central India. Their wares consist mostly of carpets, felt-rugs, dried fruits, wool and lamb skins. On their return journey to Afghanistan, they take up textiles, tea, sugar and hardware." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P34_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P34_L6_S1" CONTENT="This route starts from Dera Ismail Khan and goes along the Gomal Pass (7,500 ft.) to Ghazni (7,280 ft.) in Eastern" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P35_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P35_L1_S1" CONTENT="20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P35_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P35_L2_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan. A branch of it leads to Kilat-i-Ghilzai and Katawaz. Trade is carried over it on camels, horses and ponies." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P35_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P35_L3_S1" CONTENT="The fifth is the Bolan Pass route, which starts from Quetta (5,000 ft.) and goes along the Khojak Pass and via Chaman (4,450 ft.) reaches Kandahar (3,340 ft.) in Southern Afghanistan. From Kandahar it passes farther into the interior of the country and goes to Herat via Farah in Western Afghanistan. From Chaman to Kandahar there is now an excellent motor road 70 miles long, which carries a considerable part of the trade of the country." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P35_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P35_L4_S1" CONTENT="There are also some minor routes from Jalalabad to Bajaur and Swat via the Kunar valley. Alexander, the Great, during his march on India (327 B.C.) made use of one of these routes." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P35_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P35_L5_S1" CONTENT="Rivers &amp; Lakes." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P35_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P35_L6_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan, though well-watered, has few large rivers for a country of such a size. With the exception of the Amu (the Oxus), in the extreme north, which forms the natural boundary between Russian Turkestan and Afghanistan, there is no river in the whole of the country which is not fordable throughout its course for the greater part of the year." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P35_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P35_L7_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan is a closed basin, having no outlet to the open sea. Its maritime province, Baluchistan, was snatched from it in 1876, and incorporated with British India. Except the Kabul and its tributaries and a few small rivers in the south-east, which flow into the Indus, all the rivers of Afghanistan are either absorbed inland or disappear in the neighbouring countries. Though most of these rivers are not suitable for navigation they offer great potentialities for the development of combined irrigation and hydro-electric projects. But the greatest drawback in this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P36" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="36" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P36_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P36_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L1_S1" CONTENT="respect is that these rivers have a seasonal flow, being fed during" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L2_S1" CONTENT="the rainy season, which does not last for more than four months," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L3_S1" CONTENT="and for the rest of the year they are practically without any ap-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L4_S1" CONTENT="preciable flow. The full utilization of the waters of these rivers" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L5_S1" CONTENT="is, therefore, possible only by the construction of dams and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L6_S1" CONTENT="large storage reservoirs at suitable points, which in a hilly country" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L7_S1" CONTENT="like Afghanistan, are not lacking. The flow of the stored water," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L8_S1" CONTENT="as it is let out for purposes of irrigation, can also be utilized for" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L9_S1" CONTENT="generating electric energy." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L10_S1" CONTENT="The rivers of Afghanistan can easily be divided into three" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L11_S1" CONTENT="categories: (1) Those that flow to the north, most of them" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L12_S1" CONTENT="ultimately disappearing in oases from which there is no outlet; (2)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L13_S1" CONTENT="those that run to the east and empty themselves into the Indus ;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L14_S1" CONTENT="(3) those that run to a finish in the swamps and Hamuns of Hel-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L15_S1" CONTENT="mand." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L16_S1" CONTENT="(1) The rivers of the Oxus basin :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L17_S1" CONTENT="The Oxus.—Its old and classical names are: Wehrodh," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L18_S1" CONTENT="Kui Shu, Wurhu, and Jaihun. The modern name of Amu is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L19_S1" CONTENT="derived from the town of Amul, later Amu and Amuyah." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L20_S1" CONTENT="The Amu is the largest river of Central Asia, being 1,400" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L21_S1" CONTENT="miles long, and serves as a natural boundary between Afghanis-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L22_S1" CONTENT="tan and Russian Turkestan for some 400 miles. Rising in the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L23_S1" CONTENT="plateau of the Little Pamir, which in winter is a world of snow" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L24_S1" CONTENT="and ice, the Amu flows west through the depression of Central" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L25_S1" CONTENT="Asia, and after leaving the Afghan border at Kham-i-Ab, turns" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L26_S1" CONTENT="north-west and traverses a vast desert. It ultimately falls into" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L27_S1" CONTENT="the Sea of Aral." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L28_S1" CONTENT="In its upper course the Amu is generally known by the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L29_S1" CONTENT="name of Punja or Five Rivers. Contributing to the volume of its" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P36_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P36_L30_S1" CONTENT="upper waters are two principal streams—the Pamir and the Aksu." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P37_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L1_S1" CONTENT="22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L2_S1" CONTENT="The trio drain the Pamirs, the Aksu uniting with Panjah at Kala-i-Wamar, the third at Langer Kisht. The Pamir and the Aksu rise amid the glaciers which drain into the Sarikul Lake (13,390 ft, above sea-level) and Lake Chakmaktin (13,100 ft). The five rivers which make up the waters of the Panjah or upper Oxus are; the Pamir, the Panjah, the Aksu (or Murghab), the Shakh and the Ghund." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Oxus is very rapid in its early course. At Baza-i-Gumbaz and for a short distance along the Wakhan valley, the river slackens, until turning westward it recovers its speed and tumbles swiftly forward. From Rang, which is a little east of Ishkashim, to Khorok in Shighnan, there is a preceptible increase in the current of the river." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P37_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P37_L4_S1" CONTENT="The Oxus, in its passage through the Wakhan valley, presents a number of interesting contrasts. In its higher reaches, at first a tumbling mountain torrent, it becomes, below Langar-Kisht, a slow lifeless stream, so nerveless and placid that it cannot carry with it the stones which it has brought from its upper course. The eye meets here vast areas covered with large quantities of debris. But a little below, as far as Ptuk, there is a belt of vegetation, and the banks are covered with grass. There are many willows, white poplars, and here and there impenetrable copses of camel thorns. Beyond Ptuk once more the beneficient character of the river changes, and the banks reflect a waste of sand-dunes and patches of drift sand. Even the mud deposit of the main stream appears to be exhausted. The mountains at Langer Kisht recede considerably on either side from the river and thus make room for a broader valley. But they close again immediately west of Kala-i-Panjah, forming a very narrow ravine through which the river can just pass. Beyond this narrow passage the valley expands once more and the rivers is divided into a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P38_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L1_S1" CONTENT="23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L2_S1" CONTENT="number of arms, dotted with little islands, all covered with stunted thorny bushes." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L3_S1" CONTENT="Between Sersai and Nut, the stream forces its way through such a narrow rocky ravine that the boom of the falling waters echoes throughout the valleys. Below Nut the valley widens, and the banks of the river are covered with thick copses—the haunt of wild animals and the home of many beautiful birds." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L4_S1" CONTENT="After making a semicircle round Badakhshan, the Amu enters the ancient plain of Bactria, so famous in history. Here it receives the waters of the Kokcha and the Kunduz (now Baghlan), which rise from the northern slopes of the Hindu Kush. The period of the greatest activity of these rivers begins in May, when the ice melts and the heavy snow breaks up. At such a moment a large volume of water sweeps their shallow channels, carrying with it huge masses of stones and ice, running with such a force as to make fording extremely difficult and dangerous. The main channel is so swollen that the great quantity of water passing through its bed breaks its bounds and totally inundates the adjoining valleys." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L5_S1" CONTENT="From Hazrat-i-Imam onwards, the river flows in open country, and is no longer confined by the walls of mountains. Numerous feeders appear on either bank at this point of its course. The Kulab, Surkhab, and Durban appear on the right, while on the other side Kataghan and Mazar give rise to a large number of streams, but nearly all of them are exhausted (specially those of Mazar) before they have an opportunity to effect a junction with the Oxus." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P38_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P38_L6_S1" CONTENT="The Oxus is peculiarly liable to shift its channel, and has done so from time to time, forming new islands, taking fresh curves, and actually changing its destination from the Caspian" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P39_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P39_L1_S1" CONTENT="The remains of an old Watch tower." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P40_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P40_L1_S1" CONTENT="The Independence Memorial, Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P41" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="41" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P41_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L1_S1" CONTENT="24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L2_S1" CONTENT="Sea to the Aral. In its lower reaches the bed of the river is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L3_S1" CONTENT="extremely muddy, and it has been estimated that no less than" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L4_S1" CONTENT="16,000,000 tons of sedimentary matter constantly pass down the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L5_S1" CONTENT="channel to form a vast delta at its mouth." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L6_S1" CONTENT="The Kokcha.—This is a small turbulent tributary of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L7_S1" CONTENT="Amu and takes its source near Ramgul Pass, at the northern foot" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L8_S1" CONTENT="of the Hindu Kush. Taking a northerly direction, it flows past" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L9_S1" CONTENT="the villages of Anjuman, Skarkar, Parwara, Ishpishmir: Garm," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L10_S1" CONTENT="Iskan, Jurm, Khairabad, and reaches Faizabad, the capital city" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L11_S1" CONTENT="of Badakhahn. Then turning north-west it passes below Rustaq," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L12_S1" CONTENT="and making for the Oxus, flows into it to the north of Hazrat-i-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L13_S1" CONTENT="Imam. Little use is made of the waters of this river, for its bed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L14_S1" CONTENT="is very deep and the current is extremely swift." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L15_S1" CONTENT="The Kunduz.—Another river of this category is the Kun-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L16_S1" CONTENT="duz, now called Baghlan. Rising in the western Hindu Kush," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L17_S1" CONTENT="near Bamian, it flows through the Shikari Pass, where it is known" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L18_S1" CONTENT="by the name of Bamian Stream (Rud-i-Bamian). At Doab it" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L19_S1" CONTENT="receives the waters of the Shighnan and Kamard. The joint" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L20_S1" CONTENT="stream then breaks out of the Hindu Kush gorge near Barfak," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L21_S1" CONTENT="and makes for Doshi. After passing through a series of difficult" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L22_S1" CONTENT="narrow valleys, and through steep and rocky banks, it reaches" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L23_S1" CONTENT="Pul-i-Khumri, a comparatively open country. Leaving Baghlan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L24_S1" CONTENT="to the west it flows straight to the north and, via Aliabad," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L25_S1" CONTENT="goes to Kunduz, whence, turning north-east, it flows into the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L26_S1" CONTENT="Oxus." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L27_S1" CONTENT="The Kunduz, throughout its length, in the plains as well as" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L28_S1" CONTENT="in the hilly districts, is utilized for irrigation purposes, so very" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L29_S1" CONTENT="little is left of it when it makes a junction with the Amu." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L30_S1" CONTENT="Other tributaries of the Oxus, which take their rise on the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P41_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P41_L31_S1" CONTENT="northern slopes of the Hindu Kush, are: the Tashqurghan, the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P42_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L1_S1" CONTENT="25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L2_S1" CONTENT="Balkh and the Maimanah. But they often lose themselves" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L3_S1" CONTENT="on their way and seldom reach the Oxus." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L4_S1" CONTENT="The Murghab (385 miles). -This is an important river of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L5_S1" CONTENT="this group, and takes its rise in the mass of mountains connecting" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L6_S1" CONTENT="the eastern extremities of the Firoz Koh and the Tirband-i-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L7_S1" CONTENT="Turkestan. At first it flows in a westerly direction, but after" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L8_S1" CONTENT="receiving the waters of numerous tributaries, it turns north-west" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L9_S1" CONTENT="and passes the Afghan fortress of Bala Murghab and the border" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L10_S1" CONTENT="post of Karawalkhana. At the latter place it receives the waters" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L11_S1" CONTENT="of the Kansar, one of its affluents. Continuing in a north-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L12_S1" CONTENT="westerly direction it flows past Maruchak, lying on the right" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L13_S1" CONTENT="bank, where a short distance below, the Kashan flows into it. At" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L14_S1" CONTENT="Maruchak the river is the dividing point between Russia and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L15_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan for a distance of some 15 miles. The villages of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L16_S1" CONTENT="Panjdeh and Akteppe are both situated upon the left bank of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L17_S1" CONTENT="river, within the Russian territory. At Akteppe it receives the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L18_S1" CONTENT="waters of the Kushk river, which rises from the northern slopes" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L19_S1" CONTENT="of the Parapomisus range. From this point onward the Murghab" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L20_S1" CONTENT="flows in a due northerly direction, till it runs dry in the sands" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L21_S1" CONTENT="of the Karakum desert." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L22_S1" CONTENT="The country through which the river flows is, in the main," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L23_S1" CONTENT="a mixture of desert wastes and cultivated strips, with rising up-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L24_S1" CONTENT="lands, carpeted in spring by bright flowers and hidden in winter" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L25_S1" CONTENT="by heavy snows. South-west of Bala Murghab the valley narrows" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L26_S1" CONTENT="to a defile. Through this the river rolls, tumbling with thunder-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L27_S1" CONTENT="ous clamour towards Panjdeh, where it acquires a considerable" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L28_S1" CONTENT="breadth. The swiftness of its current and the uncertainty of its" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L29_S1" CONTENT="depth, together with deep holes and masses of protruding rocks," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L30_S1" CONTENT="add to the hidden dangers from quicksands, and make fording" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L31_S1" CONTENT="intricate proceeding. Rafts and inflated skins are generally" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P42_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P42_L32_S1" CONTENT="employed by the local people while crossing this river." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P43_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L1_S1" CONTENT="26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L2_S1" CONTENT="The Hari Rud (530 miles). This is the last river of this group, and takes its source from the Dai Zangi mountains, west of Koh-i-Baba, at a height of 10,050 feet. It is chiefly formed by the combination of two streams, Sar-i-Jangal and Tangalab, which meet a little below the village of Daulatyar (8,117 ft.). For a distance of about 300 miles the Hari Rud flows from east to west, mostly through the fertile valley and charming scenery of the province of Herat, roughly parallel to the Parapomisus range. Then flowing south of the city, it makes for Zindajan. Here 30 miles west of Herat, it changes its direction and turns north-west, passes Kushan, and finally touches the Iranian border at Toman Agha, whence, for a distance of some 60 miles, it forms the natural boundary between Afghanistan and Iran. It leaves the Afghan border at the Zulfikar Pass, and after irrigating the Tejend Oases, it gradually dwindles away, until it ultimately loses itself in the sands. The province of Herat, the &quot;Granary of Central Asia&quot;, owes its importance, undoubtedly, to this river, and it may be appropriately called the &quot;Gift of the Hari Rud.&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L3_S1" CONTENT="(2) Rivers which take their waters to the Indus: The greatest river of this category is the Kabul, which is quite an insignificant stream in its early course. It rises at a height of 14,079 feet under the Unai Pass, on the western slopes of an extension of the Paghman range, which separates it from the sources of the Helmand. This river in the irrigation season runs dry in its upper course as all the water is diverted from it into the fields that border it." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P43_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P43_L4_S1" CONTENT="The Kabul after issuing from the Unai Pass, first takes an easterly direction, and passes through the villages of Taghri, Jalrez, the Mamakai. Then suddenly changing its course, it flows south-west and waters Maidan, a fertile valley 25 miles west of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P44_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P44_L2_S1" CONTENT="Kabul. After flowing through a narrow gorge, Lalandar by name, it makes a circuit round the Korough mountain, south of Kabul, and enters the beautiful valley of Chardeh. Here it receives the waters of the Paghman river. The joint stream, under the name of Rud-i-Kabul, passes through the Guzargah Pass, and flows through the heart of the old city. The Lohgar, after irrigating the famous Lohgar valley, joins it a little below the city. It is really a bigger stream than the Kabul and plays an important part in the agricultural development of a very large district south of the capital, a district which rivals any in Afghanistan for beauty of natural scenery and richness of cultivation." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P44_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P44_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Kabul, after irrigating the vast plains east of the capital, enters another gorge, the Tang-i-Gharu. A few miles below, it makes a fall, known as Mahipar. It then enters the Sarobi plain, where it receives the waters of the Panjsher, the Shuttal, the Ghorband, the Tagab and the Mahipar. The joint stream then makes for the Laghman valley through a third gorge—Tangi Abrishimi (the Silken Gorge)—which is 18 miles long and is encompassed by high rugged hills. It then moves along the fertile valley of Laghman (old names : Lampaka and Lamqan). Here two more tributaries, Alishang and Alinghar, flow into it. Below Daronta, where the Kabul is crossed by a suspension bridge, the Surkh Rud joins it from the south-west. Here the Kabul becomes a river of considerable size, and fording is not possible. A few miles below Jalalabad, near Kama, the Kunar, coming from the north, joins it. The river Kabul then flows eastward, roughly parallel to the Kabul-Peshawar road. After crossing Dakka, Afghan frontier post, it forces its way through a fourth gorge in the independent Mohmand territory. This portion of the river contains several whirlpools, which render" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P46_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L2_S1" CONTENT="moderately placid and shallow, the fords are always bad because of the boulders and stones in the bed." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Kunar valley of Bashgul, or Arnawai, together lead up to the Mandal and Dorah Passes, either of which is the gateway to the rich valleys of Eastern Afghanistan, and opens a direct line to Jalalabad from the Oxus, which does not touch Kabul at all. These passes are high, difficult, and very much more deeply buried under snow than those further west. The Broghil Pass, which leads out of the Yarkhun valley into Wakhan, is practicable for laden animals during eight months of the year. The Dorah Pass is also much trodden, and is also used by pack animals as a commerical link between the Kunar valley and Badakhshan, but it is open for traffic for three months only—from July to September." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L4_S1" CONTENT="Other important rivers of this category are : the Kurram, the Tochi, the Gomal, the Kundil and the Sharan Toi, all flowing east to join the Aba-sin, or the Indus." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L5_S1" CONTENT="(3) Rivers that empty their waters into the Seistan Lakes: The most important river of this group is the Helmand, which drains the south-western part of the country. The name also takes the forms of Heirmand and Hilman ; ancient names are : Etymander, Etyman-doros, Erymanthus and Hætumat." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P46_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P46_L6_S1" CONTENT="The Helmand is the largest of the inland rivers, being 625 miles in length. It rises in an elevated valley on the western side of the Paghman range, an offshoot of the great Hindu Kush. In its preliminary course, for a distance of nearly 200 miles, it flows in a westerly direction through the heart of Hazara country. Then it breaks out of the mountains and drains the open country and cultivated plains of Zamindawar. Below Girishk it receives the joint stream—the Arghandab-Tranak-Arghastan—which drains south-western Afghanistan. The Helmand then enters a desert" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P47_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L2_S1" CONTENT="which extends throughout its lower course till it terminates in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L3_S1" CONTENT="the lakes of Seistan. There the Helmand divides itself into many" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L4_S1" CONTENT="channels, forming, as it were, an inland delta, from which the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L5_S1" CONTENT="waters are evaporated by the hot air, for there is no opening to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L6_S1" CONTENT="the sea." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L7_S1" CONTENT="The immediate banks of the river and the country within" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L8_S1" CONTENT="half a mile are nearly everywhere, with the exception of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L9_S1" CONTENT="great desert, fertile and in most places well-cultivated. Though" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L10_S1" CONTENT="fordable for the most of the year in the greater part of its length," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L11_S1" CONTENT="the Helmand is still a formidable river. Even in the dry season it" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L12_S1" CONTENT="is breast-deep at the fords, but at the time of snow-melting, that" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L13_S1" CONTENT="is, early spring, it is very rapid, and fording is a dangerous task." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L14_S1" CONTENT="Inflated skins and toteens (a kind of raft) are used in crossing" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L15_S1" CONTENT="this river at its mouth." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L16_S1" CONTENT="The Helmand has frequently changed its course within" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L17_S1" CONTENT="historic times. Silting up its bed, it has always struck out new" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L18_S1" CONTENT="channels for itself. It has altered the face of the land so extens-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L19_S1" CONTENT="ively and so often that it is rather difficult to prove the vast" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L20_S1" CONTENT="extent of its ancient agricultural wealth and the immensity of its" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L21_S1" CONTENT="population. Besides this, other forces of nature, which seem to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L22_S1" CONTENT="be let loose on Seistan with peculiar violence and activity, have" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L23_S1" CONTENT="also been at work to change its topography. The sweeping blasts" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L24_S1" CONTENT="of the north-west wind, which rage through this part of Asia with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L25_S1" CONTENT="a strength and persistence unknown in regions more protected by" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L26_S1" CONTENT="topographical features, are forming vast, smooth slopes to the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L27_S1" CONTENT="windward side of every obstruction by smoothing off the rough" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L28_S1" CONTENT="angles of the gaunt bones of former buildings, and sometimes" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L29_S1" CONTENT="positively wearing them away by the force of attrition. Villages" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L30_S1" CONTENT="that flourish one year may be sand-buried the next; channels" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P47_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P47_L31_S1" CONTENT="that now run free with water for crop may be chocked in a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P48_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P48_L1_S1" CONTENT="31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P48_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P48_L2_S1" CONTENT="month; and all the while the great Helmand, curving north-ward in its course, pours down its steady volume of silt brought from the highlands, carrying tons of debris into open plains where it is spread out, dried, wind-blown and swirled back again southward in everlasting movement." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P48_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P48_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Helmand in Seistan is a different river from that of its early course. Its character changes from the point where it makes its great bend north towards its final exit into the lagoons and swamps of the Hamun. At Charburjak the Helmand is a wide, rippling stream when in flood. To its north lies the great flat, wind-swept Dasht-i-Margoo, about as desolate and arid a region as fancy could depict. To the south lies Dasht-i-Zirreh, with its innumerable sand-dunes resembling islands in a sea of sand." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P48_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P48_L4_S1" CONTENT="The Arghandab.—This is a tributary of the Helmand, and takes its source in the Hazarajat country near Barhaq Pass. It flows in a south-westerly direction, and, after crossing Kilat-i-Ghilzai, it emerges into an open plain and irrigates the richest part of Kandahar province. It is a small stream in winter, but deep and rapid when fed by the melting snow." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P48_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P48_L5_S1" CONTENT="Other rivers of this group are : the Khash Rud the Farah Rud, and the Harat. All three rise in the Hazarajat, drain the south-western part of the country and ultimately empty themselves into the Hamun." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P49" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="49" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P49_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P49_L1_S1" CONTENT="A Part of the Kajaki Dam." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P50_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P50_L1_S1" CONTENT="An irrigated field in the Arghandab Valley, Kandahar." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P51_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L1_S1" CONTENT="32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L2_S1" CONTENT="Lakes.—Afghanistan, in spite of its great size, has very few large lakes. The best known of these are :—" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Hamun-i-Helmand and the Godi Zirreh, lying southwest on the Persian-Afghan border, are shallow salt-lakes. The latter is, perhaps, the mostsalt lake in the world, for it is said that its waters are even more laden with salt than those of the Dead Sea." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L4_S1" CONTENT="Ab-i-Istadah is another small lake, about 80 miles south of Ghazni. It too, has no outlet, and its water is therefore salt." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L5_S1" CONTENT="Sarikul (Lake Victoria or Lake Wood) lies north of Wakhan on the Russian border. It is frozen for the greater part of the year. This fine lake lies in the form of a crescent, about 14 miles long from east to west, and with an average breadth of one mile. On three sides it is bounded by swelling hills, not more than 500 feet higher than the level of the lake, while along its southern side it is enclosed by a high mountain some 3,500 feet above the lake, or about 19,000 feet above sea-level. It is covered with perpetual snow, and from this never-failing source the lake is supplied. The surrounding hills and mountains that encircle Sarikul give rise to some of the principal rivers of Central Asia." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L6_S1" CONTENT="Sheva, a lake of blue, sweet water, is situated on the western border of Badakhshan, close to the Oxus. This, too, is very cold and is generally frozen over for three-quarters of the year." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P51_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P51_L7_S1" CONTENT="Band-i-Amir is a series of small but extremely beautiful lakes, lying some 50 miles west of Bamian in the lap of the Koh-i-Baba. These fine natural lakes, as we could call them, are encompassed on all sides by high hills of various colours," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P52_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L1_S1" CONTENT="33" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L2_S1" CONTENT="the reflection of which in the bluish-green and transparent water below, adds to the charm of these lakes." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L3_S1" CONTENT="In addition to these there are a few small salt lakes in the western part of the Herat province. There are also a good many signs of other ancient lakes in this locality which have dried up, and it is on this account that the place is called Namaksar, that is, Salt-Desert." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L4_S1" CONTENT="On the top of the mountain next to Paghman there is a small lake called Hauz-i-Khas, a splendid place for those who are interested in mountaineering." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L5_S1" CONTENT="Climate.—The climate of the country, generally speaking, is cold in winter, hot and dry in summer. The central plateau, owing to its higher altitude, is cooler than the rest of the country, which has an intensely high temperature (of over 100° F.) during the summer months (June and July). It is generally characteristic of the Afghan climate that there is a great variation of temperatures between winter and summer, day and night, sun and shade. These variations are, however, less pronounced in the east, where the climate merges with that of pre-partitioned India. On the whole, the climate should be pronounced as extreme, ranging from—12° to 110° F." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L6_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan is far removed from the moderating influence of the sea. There are no cooling sea breezes to counteract the heat of summer, nor are there warm ocean currents and pleasant westerly winds to mitigate the cold of winter." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P52_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P52_L7_S1" CONTENT="High up in any of the numerous and beautiful side valleys or upon the meadowy slopes of the Hindu Kush, Speen Ghar or Koh-i-Baba, almost any gradation of climate is to be had. Thus while at Kabul (6,000 ft.), in July, the mean temperature" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P53_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L1_S1" CONTENT="34" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L2_S1" CONTENT="is about 80° F. in the valley of Paghman, some 16 miles to the west of the capital and at an elevation of 7,200 feet, the mean temperature would scarcely exceed 60°. Higher up on the slopes of the Paghman range, the average temperature would not exceed 50°, while great extremes of cold nights are met. In stretches which occur at higher levels (8,000 to 10,000 ft.) one gets some extraordinary conditions of temperature. There are places where the ground temperature in the sun may be over 60°, while it is still freezing in the shade." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L3_S1" CONTENT="In the height of summer, when the plain of Jalalabad is extremely sultry, and while the very air is frequently so hot as to cause the death of persons exposed to it, the Afghan Mont Blanc (Speen Ghar) lifts its lofty head, covered with perpetual snow. The nearest hills are cold and pleasant, and the more remote ones are covered with snow. However, the winters of Jalalabad, as well as those of Kandahar, are very agreeable, and are scarcely colder than those of Northern India, while the winters of the central plateau, especially that of Ghazni and Hazarajat, remind one of the severity of a Russian winter. On every side there are glassy sheets of ice for those who like to skate. Afghan children, incidentally are fond of skating and most of them glide on ice with their shoes." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L4_S1" CONTENT="The coldest month of the year is the month of Dalv (corresponding to January 21 to February 20) when the mean temperature falls below zero. The lowest temperature occurs in cold waves, which may last several days." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P53_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P53_L5_S1" CONTENT="One of the hottest parts of the country is Seistan, in the extreme south-west. The heat in this part is more deadly than the sword of a human enemy. Here dust-storms occur frequently at all seasons, sometimes changing the light of midday to an intensity of darkness to which no ordinary night ever approaches." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P54_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P54_L1_S1" CONTENT="35" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P54_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P54_L2_S1" CONTENT="This darkness is sometimes accompanied by a blast of the Simoon—a wind which is generally destructive to vegetables as well as to human and animal life." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P54_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P54_L3_S1" CONTENT="Rainfall is very scanty; nowhere more than 15 inches in a year. The Monsoon, which sweeps over India from June to September, brings rain only to the eastern valleys that lead to the Indus, and the rest of the country is totally dry during summer months. Afghanistan gets much of its precipitation as winter snow, and a small but very important contribution of rain in spring. The rainfall of the country is neither certain nor well-distributed. These spring-rains are nearly always accompanied by thunderstorms, hail and sudden downpours, causing great damage to houses, fields, and fruit-trees." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P54_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P54_L4_S1" CONTENT="The winter-snow results from the cold north-west winds. Usually there are half a dozen snow-falls (from December to the end of February). Throughout the mountainous districts snow lies on the ground for several months, while the villagers remain inside their huts for the greater part of the day, if there is no sunshine." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P54_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P54_L5_S1" CONTENT="One of the chief characteristics of the Afghan climate is the clear blue sky and the large amount of sunshine throughout the year. Almost cloudless skies are the rule in summer, and even in winter, clouds are less numerous than would be expected. The unpleasant chill of winter finds compensation to some extent in the bright sunshine. A comparatively low rainfall and blue skies render the mountain scenery an enticement to the tourists coming from countries of foggy atmosphere." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P54_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P54_L6_S1" CONTENT="The dry summer conditions are ideal for the ripening of delicious fruits for which Afghanistan is famous throughout the world. Typical examples are the citrus fruits of Jalalabad" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P55" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="55" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P55_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L1_S1" CONTENT="valley, such as oranges and lemons, and great varieties of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L2_S1" CONTENT="deciduous fruits-such as apricots, peaches, plums, pears," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L3_S1" CONTENT="apples, etc." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L4_S1" CONTENT="By the middle of March or the Naoroz (New Year's Day," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L5_S1" CONTENT="corresponding to the 21st of March) the winter breaks up. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L6_S1" CONTENT="spring moves in everywhere-showery, sometimes even windy" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L7_S1" CONTENT="and rather cold. But by the beginning of May the sun begins" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L8_S1" CONTENT="to assert itself; the weather continuing pleasant until the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L9_S1" CONTENT="beginning of June, when the increasing heat in most areas drives" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L10_S1" CONTENT="the people to &quot;yelaq&quot;, that is the countryside or the adjoining" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L11_S1" CONTENT="hills. Judging from the physique, strength and activities of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L12_S1" CONTENT="inhabitants, we should pronounce the Afghan climate on the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L13_S1" CONTENT="whole bracing and favourable to the human constitution. Those" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L14_S1" CONTENT="who have felt the refreshing effects of the strong winds of its" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L15_S1" CONTENT="lofty mountains and highlands, need not fear for their health" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L16_S1" CONTENT="and comfort." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L17_S1" CONTENT="The great difference between the seasons and the quickness" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L18_S1" CONTENT="with which they change has a striking effect on the customs and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L19_S1" CONTENT="dress of the inhabitants. In winter all are clad in long woollen" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L20_S1" CONTENT="garments or skins called Posteen." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L21_S1" CONTENT="They have fires constantly in their houses, and often sleep" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L22_S1" CONTENT="around stoves (or sandalies). When spring sets in and the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L23_S1" CONTENT="snow suddenly disappears, the country is covered with a green" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L24_S1" CONTENT="carpet of young grass, the buds burst forth, and are soon" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L25_S1" CONTENT="followed by a profusion of beautiful gay flowers, reminding one" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L26_S1" CONTENT="of these lines:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L27_S1" CONTENT="And here's that glorious life in bloom," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L28_S1" CONTENT="Gone are the blankets too," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L29_S1" CONTENT="As Nature starts to paint again," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P55_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P55_L30_S1" CONTENT="And man comes out to view." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P56" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="56" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P56_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P56_L1_S1" CONTENT="37" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P56_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P56_L2_S1" CONTENT="From icicles to merry spray," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P56_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P56_L3_S1" CONTENT="To waterfall and rushing stream :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P56_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P56_L4_S1" CONTENT="Of gardens pleasant and gay," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P56_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P56_L5_S1" CONTENT="Folk on the plains now dream." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P56_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P56_L6_S1" CONTENT="With the coming of spring and warmer weather, sports can be enjoyed, many of which continue through the summer and autumn. These range from playing marbles and jumping ropes, to basketball, football, volleyball, tennis, summer camping, buz kashi, horse-back riding, and hikes and picnics." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P57" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="57" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P57_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P57_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L1_S1" CONTENT="38" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L2_S1" CONTENT="Flora and Fauna" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L3_S1" CONTENT="Vegetation and Food-products.—The uncertainty and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L4_S1" CONTENT="scantiness of rainfall, the average of which is not more than" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L5_S1" CONTENT="15 inches a year, mostly received in winter and early spring," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L6_S1" CONTENT="play an important part in the agricultural life and economic" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L7_S1" CONTENT="development of the country. A good rainfall naturally affects" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L8_S1" CONTENT="not only the amount of dry cultivation, called the Lalmi, which" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L9_S1" CONTENT="depends entirely on spring rains, but it also affects the irrigated" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L10_S1" CONTENT="crop, called Abi, and the spring-streams and Karezes (sub" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L11_S1" CONTENT="terranian channels)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L12_S1" CONTENT="In the greater part of the country there are two harvests;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L13_S1" CONTENT="the one reaped in summer, called Bahari or the spring-crop, is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L14_S1" CONTENT="the result of autumn sowing, and includes wheat, barley, and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L15_S1" CONTENT="certain varieties of peas and beans. The second harvest, called" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L16_S1" CONTENT="Tirmahi or Autumnal, is gathered in autumn from a spring" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L17_S1" CONTENT="sowing, and includes crops of rice, Indian corn, varieties of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L18_S1" CONTENT="millet, mash (phascolous mungo), tobacco, turnips, and maize," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L19_S1" CONTENT="besides other grains of less importance. The loftier regions," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L20_S1" CONTENT="such as Hazarajat, Kabul, Asmar and Badakhshan, yield but" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L21_S1" CONTENT="one harvest." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L22_S1" CONTENT="In addition to these cereals, crops of madder, cotton," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L23_S1" CONTENT="clover, hemp and lucerne, are very largely cultivated, clover," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L24_S1" CONTENT="trefoil and lucerne from important fodder crops, and when" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L25_S1" CONTENT="properly irrigated, are said to afford ten to twelve cuttings in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L26_S1" CONTENT="the season. They are given green to the cattle during summer," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L27_S1" CONTENT="and a large quantity is dried and made into wisps to be used" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L28_S1" CONTENT="in winter. Green lucerne is given to horses, mules and cattle," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L29_S1" CONTENT="sometimes alone, and sometimes chopped and mixed with chaff." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L30_S1" CONTENT="Great care is necessary in judging the proper quantity of green" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L31_S1" CONTENT="lucerne to be given to cloven-footed animals, as they relish it" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P57_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P57_L32_S1" CONTENT="so much that they often over-eat and burst, unless promptly" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P58" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="58" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P58_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L1_S1" CONTENT="39" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L2_S1" CONTENT="treated. Vegetables include the egg-plant, spinach, leek, cabbage, cauliflower, marrow, gourd, raddish, carrot, turnip, onion, potato, tomato, garlic, etc." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L3_S1" CONTENT="Of the cucurbitaceous crops, known as Palez, melon, water-melon (Kharbooza and Tarbooz) are the most important. The province of Mazar-i-Sharif is especially noted for its delicious melons. Some of them are said to be so delicate that they would crack if a rider were to pass by them very swiftly, and some are so sweet that one has to take nearly half an inch off the slice before eating it." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L4_S1" CONTENT="Northern Afghanistan is the home of wild-melon, a weed found in the crops of maize, sorghum and cotton. Sometimes it may be observed outside the crops, along the river banks and roads. On the whole expanse of Seistan, from Farah right up to the Iranian border, the wild water-melon is met with. In the desert of Helmand and Bukwa, on the Kandahar-Herat road, vast sandy tracts are covered with the growth of these melons, of the size of an orange. In winter dried fruits are driven by the storms over the deserts like balls." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L5_S1" CONTENT="Other cultivated plants are cotton, sugarcane and beet-root. Sugarcane is grown extensively in the district of Laghman, Jalalabad, Lower Kunar, Chakhansur and Farah. It is chiefly used in making raw sugar, gur as they call it. Recently a sugar mill was established at Jalalabad to make use of sugarcane grown in the district." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P58_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P58_L6_S1" CONTENT="Cotton of best quality grows with facility in Northern Afghanistan up to an elevation of 5,000 feet above sea-level. The soil and climate of Kataghan and Mazar-i-Sharif are especially favourable to cotton-growing. Before 1935 the annual output was below 400 tons. Since then it has increased tremendously. Cotton yields have been boosted by seed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P59" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="59" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P59_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P59_L1_S1" CONTENT="Tangalak Factory Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P60" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="60" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P60_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P60_L1_S1" CONTENT="Afghan National Bank &amp; D'Afghanistan Bank, Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P61" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="61" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P61_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P61_L1_S1" CONTENT="40" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P61_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P61_L2_S1" CONTENT="improvement and successful demonstration of the use of long-handled hoe. As a result cotton production which before 1950 rarely exceeded 10,000 tons a year, in 1955 reached 47,270 tons, and is expected to reach 60,000 tons in the near future." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P61_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P61_L3_S1" CONTENT="The increase in the production is due to the two-fold encouragement this branch of agriculture has received at the hands of the State. First, direct assistance was rendered by the Government. Taqavi or farm loans were given to the peasants free of interest. Agricultural schools and experimental stations were established. Improved varieties of cotton-seeds were supplied. Several irrigation projects were undertaken and these proved of inestimable value for the increase in cotton production. Finally in 1954 a new Cotton Export Corporation, sponsored by the Government, undertook to spread modern cultivation methods, and to improve seeds and quality of the lint." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P61_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P61_L4_S1" CONTENT="Secondly, the state accorded indirect assistance by the protection of cotton-ginning and weaving industries within the country. A large portion of this cotton is consumed locally by the textile-mills and hand-looms, and the surplus is exported." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P61_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P61_L5_S1" CONTENT="The cotton grown in the Central Plateau is of low quality, being of very short staple. On the whole, Afghan cotton is much superior in quality to the cotton grown in the adjacent countries and has, therefore, a ready market abroad." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P61_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P61_L6_S1" CONTENT="Beet-root is cultivated extensively around Baghlan and is made into sugar at the same place. Sugar-beet harvested in 1953 totalled 23,000 tons, but in the opinion of Edwin P. Pathison, sugar-beet expert of the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization in Afghanistan, better cultivation and better seed strains are expected to result in a yield of 56,000 to 60,000 tons in the coming years." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P62_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L1_S1" CONTENT="41" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L2_S1" CONTENT="Agricultural Development in Afghanistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L3_S1" CONTENT="At present there are vast plans for the agricultural develop-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L4_S1" CONTENT="ment of the country, the most important of these being the Hel-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L5_S1" CONTENT="mand Valley Project. The valleys of the north-east are fertile" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L6_S1" CONTENT="and capable of high productivity, but the south-west, with its" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L7_S1" CONTENT="great areas of uncultivated or occasionally cultivated land, offers" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L8_S1" CONTENT="the greatest possibilities for future development. This region is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L9_S1" CONTENT="primarily drained by the Helmand River and its system of tribut-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L10_S1" CONTENT="aries. The Helmand Valley is an inland basin, cut off from the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L11_S1" CONTENT="sea on all sides by a ring of mountains. The watershed covers a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L12_S1" CONTENT="large area, draining the southern slopes of the high Hindukush" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L13_S1" CONTENT="mountains. The Helmand is the perennial source of considerable" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L14_S1" CONTENT="size; the low flow during the summer months rarely goes below" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L15_S1" CONTENT="1,500 to 2,000 cfs. (42 to 56 cubic meters per sec.)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L16_S1" CONTENT="The Helmand empties into the Hamun-i-Helmand, a series" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L17_S1" CONTENT="of shallow lakes in the south-western corner of the country, along" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L18_S1" CONTENT="the Iranian border. Also discharging into the lakes are several" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L19_S1" CONTENT="other smaller streams which drain the southwestern part of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L20_S1" CONTENT="country, viz., the Adraskand, Farah, Khuspas, Khash Rud and Dor" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L21_S1" CONTENT="Rud. These streams may have flood discharges of considerable" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L22_S1" CONTENT="magnitude, but the annual flow is largely taken for upstream" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L23_S1" CONTENT="irrigation, and in general they are intermittent streams; the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L24_S1" CONTENT="lower reaches are usually dry during a large part of the year." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L25_S1" CONTENT="There is evidence that Hamun-i-Helmand was once of very" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L26_S1" CONTENT="much greater extent. In the past ages, the rivers discharging into" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L27_S1" CONTENT="this great inland sea carried large quantites of sediments which" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L28_S1" CONTENT="were deposited on the lake floor during a long period of time." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L29_S1" CONTENT="With change of climate the sea receded, exposing a broad flat" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L30_S1" CONTENT="terrain of deep silt. That portion of this region which lies in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L31_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan is known as Chakhansur. This area has probably" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P62_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P62_L32_S1" CONTENT="been cultivated to a greater or lesser extent since the dawn of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P63" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="63" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P63_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P63_L1_S1" CONTENT="42" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P63_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P63_L2_S1" CONTENT="history, as evidenced by the innumerable cultural ruins of all ages which abound. This region suffers from an adverse climate, however, since the normal rainfall is very low (probably about 5 inches per year), the weather is hot and dry for long periods, and a hot, strong wind blows continuously for four months during the summer causing heavy wind erosion, dust storms and areas of active sand dunes. Furthermore, in some sections the soil is saline, and has an inherent low ferility. In spite of these drawbacks, vast areas have apparently been cultivated in the past and supported large populations, but today the population is sparse and only a comparatively small portion of land is being farmed." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P63_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P63_L3_S1" CONTENT="Additional arable land exists in the flood plains bordering all the river valleys; also some valuable soils occur in the alluvial bottoms of the &quot;mandas&quot; and dry washes on the higher desert benches, where silt is dropped during run-off periods. The latter areas are usually of small extent, and offer only limited opportunities for cultivation." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P63_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P63_L4_S1" CONTENT="Owing to the arid and dry climate practically all cultivation in southern Afghanistan must be supported by irrigation. Irrigation water has generally been obtained, within the period of recent history at least, on a local community basis, either by direct diversions from the rivers—often augmented during low flow by temporary brush dikes, or from karez. The annual run-off of the rivers is sufficient to irrigate much larger areas than have actually been cultivated, but owing to the fact that about 70% of the flow occurs during three months in the spring, most of the water cannot be utilised and runs to waste, while during the rest of the year the flow is inadequate. This unequal distribution puts definite limitations on the extent of cultivation and types of crops which can be raised. By storing excess of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P64" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="64" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P64_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P64_L1_S1" CONTENT="43" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P64_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P64_L2_S1" CONTENT="spring floods in reservoirs, and then by regulated release of this water as needed during the rest of the year, it is possible to put a much larger proportion of the total amount of available water to productive use and to permit agricultural expansion, at the same time alleviating the ill effects of destructive floods." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P64_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P64_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Government of Afghanistan, with this object in view, entered into contract with Morrison-Knudson, an American firm, for engineering studies, designs and construction (in 1946). The Company has been continuously engaged on these projects from that time to this day." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P64_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P64_L4_S1" CONTENT="The first construction projects entered upon were the Boghra Diversion Dam on the Helmand River, a few miles above Grishk, and the Boghra Canal. The Canal had been started some years previously and had been partially excavated by hand labour methods. After MKA took over the contract, they brought in heavy equipment and tractors, &quot;Carryall&quot; scrapers power shovels and draglines of large capacity, etc., and the job proceeded on a production basis. By May of 1950, the first 40 miles of the canal had been dug and the necessary concrete structures built, including three long, large-diameter siphons and three shorter siphons crossing under major &quot;Mandas&quot;. At one point in the canal, near Girishk, a power drop was provided, and the concrete structures for a hydro-electric power plant was built to provide for future power installation." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P64_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P64_L5_S1" CONTENT="In April, 1950, the Government entered into a second con-tract with MKA for additional public works construction, and negotiated an agreement with the U. S. Export-Import Bank of Washington for a loan of 21 million dollars to finance the work. The new contract provided for the construction of (1) a dam on the Helmand near Kajaki, about 60 miles above Grishk, (2) a dam on the Arghandad river, below the village of Dahla" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P65" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="65" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P65_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P65_L1_S1" CONTENT="44" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P65_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P65_L2_S1" CONTENT="about 25 miles from Kandahar, and (3) extension of the Boghra canal some 35 miles into the Dasht-i-Margo, and also another branch-canal some 65 miles long, following the flood plain of the Helmand near the village of Shamalan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P65_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P65_L3_S1" CONTENT="Work on the above program proceeded with despatch. By the end of 1950, excavation of the Boghra Canal to its farthest extent in the Marja desert was completed." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P65_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P65_L4_S1" CONTENT="Actual construction of the Kajaki Dam got underway in July 1951, and it was completed by January 1953. The site selected for this dam is at a point where the river flows through a deep narrow canyon in a limestone ridge. Jast above this site the valley widens into a broad alluvial plain, providing an excep-tional combination of a vast reservoir impounded by a very short dam." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P65_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P65_L5_S1" CONTENT="At full development, the capacity of the lake is nearly 3,000,000 acre-feet (3,500 million cubic meters). The dam is of composite earth and rockfill type with a rolled-filled impervious core. The maximum height of the embankment above the foundation is 94 metres, and the length along the crest is 273 metres. The width of the dam at the base is over 400 metres. The total volume of material placed in the fill is about 3,225,000 cubic metres of which 1,285,000 cubic metres is rock. The dam also provides for building a hydro-electric plant and installing three turbines and generator units with a total capacity of some 120,000 kilowatts. This plant will be built in the future when markets and demand have developed for power of this magnitude." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P65_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P65_L6_S1" CONTENT="The amount of land which has been farmed in the valley within the recent past is not known, but it is estimated that perhaps 350,000 jereebs (one jereeb is 1/2 of an acre) may be in crops in any one year. By the construction of the Kajaki Dam not only will" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P66" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="66" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P66_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L1_S1" CONTENT="45" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L2_S1" CONTENT="the acreage be increased by bringing in new lands under irriga-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L3_S1" CONTENT="tion, but all areas will be benefited by the increased and depend-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L4_S1" CONTENT="able supply of water which the dam will sustain. Furthermore," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L5_S1" CONTENT="it will make possible the double-cropping of a large proportion of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L6_S1" CONTENT="the area, i. e., two seasonal crops can be harvested from the same" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L7_S1" CONTENT="land each year, which in effect doubles this acreage." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L8_S1" CONTENT="Arghandab Dam is located in a narrow valley in a region of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L9_S1" CONTENT="low mountain ridges, about 25 miles above where the river breaks" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L10_S1" CONTENT="out onto the broad plain. The dam is about 60 metres high" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L11_S1" CONTENT="above the rock base at maximum section, and 50 metres high" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L12_S1" CONTENT="above the old river bed. The width of the base of the dam at the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L13_S1" CONTENT="maximum section is about 230 metres and the length along the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L14_S1" CONTENT="crest is 520 metres. It is a rolled-filled earth structure, and the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L15_S1" CONTENT="embankment contains about 2,500,000 cubic metres of water." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L16_S1" CONTENT="This dam will play a great rôle in the economic and social develop-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L17_S1" CONTENT="ments of the Arghandab Valley. It will also help in generating" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L18_S1" CONTENT="electricity, some 6,500 kw, which is badly needed at Kandahar." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L19_S1" CONTENT="AGRICULTURE IN AFGHANISTAN" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L20_S1" CONTENT="In most parts of the country agriculture is primitive and pro-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L21_S1" CONTENT="duces only a small part of what could be produced if the water-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L22_S1" CONTENT="supply were fully developed, and the best farming methods were" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L23_S1" CONTENT="used." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L24_S1" CONTENT="Wheat is the principal crop, and in many places, the only" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L25_S1" CONTENT="crop grown. Much of it is grown under the old system in which" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L26_S1" CONTENT="the land produces one crop in two or three years, lying idle" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L27_S1" CONTENT="in the alternate years. This is due partly to shortage of water," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L28_S1" CONTENT="but it is also commonly believed to be necessary to keep the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L29_S1" CONTENT="fertility of the land high. In a few places where soil fertility" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L30_S1" CONTENT="is unusually high or where abundant manure is available, the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P66_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P66_L31_S1" CONTENT="wheat crop is followed in the same year by a crop of corn" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P67" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="67" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P67_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L1_S1" CONTENT="46" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L2_S1" CONTENT="(maize). In other places, corn, which is the second most important crop in most parts of the country, is grown largely on land that has produced only grass for a number of years." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L3_S1" CONTENT="Pasture for livestock is seldom purposely grown, but usually consists of natural vegetation, wheat-stubble, or other crop residues. In certain places, where moisture conditions are usually good and grasses invade the land, a good pasture may exist, but often the forage is coarse and unpalatable, and not capable of feeding large numbers of livestock. Improved irrigated pastures, consisting of selected plants, such as clover and good pasture grasses may help in feeding livestock, which are generally underfed. Fertilization is practised to some extent but much less than it could be to good advantage. Animal manure, night-soil and ashes are the fertilizers generally used. Chemical fertilizers are not yet popular, although they would increase crop yields on many soils. Manure (cow-dung) is commonly made into cakes and burned for fuel, and this destroys much of its fertilising value, even if the ashes are applied to the land." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P67_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P67_L4_S1" CONTENT="Farming is done largely by hand. The wooden plow, drawn by oxen, is the only common piece of farm equipment not worked by hand. Common tools are irrigation shovels, and hand-sickles. Small plots and tough sods are commonly spaded, whereas fields are generally plowed. Wheat is harvested with the sickle and collected in circular piles. The grain is trodded out by yoked cattle which are driven round and round on the piles. The grain is then separated from the chaff by winnowing—tossing the tramped mixture into the air and allowing the wind to blow away the chaff. This very slow and laborious system of harvesting and threshing is nearly the same that was in vogue some 2,000 years before in this part of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P68" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="68" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P68_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P68_L1_S1" CONTENT="47" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P68_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P68_L2_S1" CONTENT="world. It requires much labour, and the threshed grain is often very dirty. It is more wasteful of grain than in modern methods of harvesting by machinery." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P68_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P68_L3_S1" CONTENT="Grapes are grown in a unique way, unknown in the other parts of the world. The vines are planted in trenches and trained upon high earthen ridges. This system, which is almost universal here, has both advantages and disadvantages. The ridges, once they are built, support the vine and protect the fruit from wind and excessive sunshine, and the trenches make irrigation easy. The fruit is sometimes damaged, however, if the ridges become wet through rain during the ripening period, although rain at this season is very rare here. Another disadvantage is that this system is waste of land, that is, fewer vines can be planted on each jareeb of land and, therefore, yields are less than when vines are planted by other systems. Still another disadvantage is the enormous amount of hand labour required in excavating the trenches and building the ridges." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P68_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P68_L4_S1" CONTENT="Cultivation, as it is commonly practised in Western countries, is almost unknown in Afghanistan. The only crops grown in rows are some of the vegetables and melons which are grown on raised beds or ridges. Carrots are commonly grown in this way. Wheat, corn and most vegetable seeds are broadcast on flat ground. Weeds are pulled by hand or cut off with the sickle. Hard crusting of the surface soil after irrigation is a common trouble under this system, and this commonly prevents seedlings from emerging from the soil. It also causes a dense, hard condition of the soil that is unfavourable for the growth of many crop plants. The hard crusting and dense condition can be prevented to a considerable extent by mulching or heavy manuring." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P69" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="69" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P69_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P69_L1_S1" CONTENT="قطغن" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P69_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P69_L2_S1" CONTENT="یک رمه اسپ" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P69_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P69_L3_S1" CONTENT="و شتر" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P69_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P69_L4_S1" CONTENT="Northern Afghanistan. A herd of horses and camels." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P70" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="70" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P70_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P70_L1_S1" CONTENT="Afghan Mechanics at work." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P71" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="71" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P71_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P71_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L1_S1" CONTENT="Livestock is grown both on the range and on the farms," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P71_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L2_S1" CONTENT="but the number could be increased considerably and the quality" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P71_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L3_S1" CONTENT="could be greatly improved by providing better pastures and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P71_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L4_S1" CONTENT="forage and by scientific breeding." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P71_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L5_S1" CONTENT="The commonest domestic animals are sheep and goats, but" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P71_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L6_S1" CONTENT="they are raised more on the desert range than on the farms." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P71_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L7_S1" CONTENT="Close grazing by these animals over many countries has destroyed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P71_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L8_S1" CONTENT="most of the vegetation over large areas. They are efficient" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P71_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L9_S1" CONTENT="meat-producers and also yield valuable wool, mohair, skin" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P71_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L10_S1" CONTENT="and milk. On account of their destructive nature, however," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P71_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L11_S1" CONTENT="they should be well herded and kept away from valuable crops" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P71_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L12_S1" CONTENT="and trees." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P71_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L13_S1" CONTENT="Cattle, although abundant on some farms, are less common" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P71_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L14_S1" CONTENT="than sheep. They are used as work animals and milk producers," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P71_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L15_S1" CONTENT="and also produce meat and hides. Beef is not widely used here," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P71_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L16_S1" CONTENT="and is lean, tough and of low quality. The cows are also poor" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P71_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L17_S1" CONTENT="milk producers. The inferior quality of the cattle is due partly" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P71_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L18_S1" CONTENT="to poor breeding and partly to lack of nourishing feed, as they" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P71_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L19_S1" CONTENT="are seldom fed grain or hay, and must get most of their sub-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P71_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P71_L20_S1" CONTENT="sistence from poor pastures or stubble fields." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P72" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="72" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P72_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P72_L1_S1" CONTENT="49" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P72_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P72_L2_S1" CONTENT="Irrigation in Afghanistan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P72_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P72_L3_S1" CONTENT="The dry summer conditions necessitate irrigation of farm lands by means of streams which get water from the rivers or directly from the melting snow. This type of irrigation is generally confined to the high mountain districts. The inhabitants of these districts have shown remarkable skill in conducting water along the ledges." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P72_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P72_L4_S1" CONTENT="Another system, very ingenuous and ancient, is known by the name of &quot;Karez&quot;. It means conducting water through underground canals for the purpose of irrigation. This system is in vogue in various parts of the country, chiefly at the foot of mountains and in broad valleys surrounded by hills. The spot, where the water is to issue, must always be at the foot of a slope extending to a hill, and the ground must be examined to ascertain whether there are springs, and in what direction they lie." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P72_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P72_L5_S1" CONTENT="In the selection of a site for a Karez the excavators are guided solely by experience and have no scientific appurtenances for assistance. A site is generally taken along the bank of a hill torrent or when such a torrent debouches from the mountains into the valley. Note is also taken of the appearance of the moisture and of the presence of moisture-loving shrubs and grasses. The next step is to dig one or two trial wells, and if they prove successful, a succession of wells are dug and connected by tunnels until the water reaches the surface. When a Karez is once constructed, its wells are of no further use, except to allow a man to descend occasionally to clear out the channel. The distances between the wells varies from 50 to 100 yards. Sometimes these tunnels have been pushed back as much as twenty miles." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P73_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P73_L1_S1" CONTENT="50" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P73_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P73_L2_S1" CONTENT="In order to increase the supply of water it is sometimes found necessary to construct several branches at the top of the Karez. The cost of construction of a Karez varies with its length and the nature of the soil. The excavation of a Karez is expensive, and is generally constructed by joint capital and owned by several co-sharers. Passage of a Karez through land belonging to a stranger is allowed on payment in the from of a share in the Karez or cash." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P73_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P73_L3_S1" CONTENT="Construction of dams or water- storage reservoirs, to hold up flood water, has been in vogue in this country from very ancient times. Remains of dams constructed even before the advent of Islam are to be seen in different parts of the country. Four such ancient dams, said to be constructed by Sultan Mahmood of Ghazni (998-1030 A. D.), are still to be seen in the vicinity of Ghazni. One of them known as Band-i-Sultan (Sultan's Dam) has been recently reconstructed, and is now known by the name of Band-i-Seraj. The present Government, alive to the importance of such dams in this country, has completed nearly half a dozen of these within the space of the last few years. Of these the Kajaki Dam and the Arghandab Dam are the most important. The construction of these water reservoirs has greatly improved the condition of the peasantry, and this creation of new acreage has, undoubtedly, been a strong inducement for the unsettled nomadic tribes to adopt a sedentary and peaceful mode of life." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P73_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P73_L4_S1" CONTENT="Artesian wells are not yet very popular with the people. In some parts of the country use is made of the Persian water-wheel (Arhat) for purposes of irrigation." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P74_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L1_S1" CONTENT="51" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L2_S1" CONTENT="Fruits" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Afghans are a fruit-loving people, and the dry summer" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L4_S1" CONTENT="conditions of the country play a great rôle in the development of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L5_S1" CONTENT="this industry, for which Afghanistan has acquired world-wide" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L6_S1" CONTENT="fame. One encounters beautiful gardens and orchards through-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L7_S1" CONTENT="out the country, where conditions are favourable. The lowland" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L8_S1" CONTENT="of Jalalabad is famous for some fine species of citrus fruits." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L9_S1" CONTENT="Great varieties of deciduous fruits, such as apricots, peaches, plums" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L10_S1" CONTENT="pears, and apples, as well as almonds, figs, pomegranates, mulber-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L11_S1" CONTENT="ries, walnuts and pistachios grow well in higher altitudes. Several" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L12_S1" CONTENT="kinds of grapes, from pure white to dark black, in different sizes," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L13_S1" CONTENT="shapes and flavours are found in different parts of the country," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L14_S1" CONTENT="but especially in the districts of Kandahar, Herat and Koh" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L15_S1" CONTENT="Daman." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L16_S1" CONTENT="The wild fruit trees and shrubs play by no means an" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L17_S1" CONTENT="unimportant part in the nourishment of the people and foreign" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L18_S1" CONTENT="trade of the country. Of these, pistachios occupies the first" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L19_S1" CONTENT="place, this being a product of the northern districts-from Herat" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L20_S1" CONTENT="to Kataghan. The pistachio tree generally grows on the loess" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L21_S1" CONTENT="hillocks." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L22_S1" CONTENT="In south-western Afghanistan and in the forest zones of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L23_S1" CONTENT="the eastern and southern provinces, different species of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L24_S1" CONTENT="hawthorns, blackberries and current bushes are found in great" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L25_S1" CONTENT="numbers. Whole thickets of barberry cover the river valleys of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L26_S1" CONTENT="the high mountains round Badakhshan and Nuristan. The nuts" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L27_S1" CONTENT="of the edible pine (pignolia or Jalghoza as it is locally called) are" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L28_S1" CONTENT="also one of the chief articles of food, and large quantities are" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L29_S1" CONTENT="exported abroad. Besides, the country is extremely rich in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L30_S1" CONTENT="some medicinal plants, but so far only a few of them are made" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P74_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P74_L31_S1" CONTENT="use of," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P75" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="75" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P75_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L1_S1" CONTENT="52" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L2_S1" CONTENT="Forest Vegetation" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L3_S1" CONTENT="The forest vegetation of the country is extensive and varied." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L4_S1" CONTENT="The main ranges of the Speen Ghar and Asmar (in Nuristan) are" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L5_S1" CONTENT="covered with dense coniferous forests. There are trees such as" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L6_S1" CONTENT="cedrus deodara, abies excelsa, pinus longifolia, pinus piaster, pinus" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L7_S1" CONTENT="pinea (or the edible pine), and larix communis. Besides these," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L8_S1" CONTENT="yew, hazel, juniper, wild walnut wild peach and almond trees are" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L9_S1" CONTENT="also frequently met with in these forests. Under the shade of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L10_S1" CONTENT="these trees grow several varieties of roses, honeysuckle, currants," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L11_S1" CONTENT="gooseberries and hawthorns. The wild lemon and vines are also" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L12_S1" CONTENT="very common. On the secondary heights, adler, ash, Khinjik," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L13_S1" CONTENT="arbor-vitæ, commercial indigo, dwarf laburnum, etc., grow" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L14_S1" CONTENT="extensively. Lower still and down to 3,000 feet, the eye meets" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L15_S1" CONTENT="wild olive, specimens of rock-roses, wild privet, acacia, mimosa," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L16_S1" CONTENT="barberry, wild palm and zizypus. Important forest products" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L17_S1" CONTENT="are: timber, resin, charcoal, honey, wax, and pignolia. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L18_S1" CONTENT="dense natural forests of Afghanistan stand mainly in the eastern" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L19_S1" CONTENT="and north-western areas. The actual area of these natural" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L20_S1" CONTENT="forests has not been determined so far, although their general" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L21_S1" CONTENT="boundaries are pretty well-known. It has been estimated that" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L22_S1" CONTENT="these natural forests do not occupy in excess of two-and-a-half" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L23_S1" CONTENT="per cent of the land area of Afghanistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L24_S1" CONTENT="In addition to the dense forests there are certain other" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L25_S1" CONTENT="lands occupied by shrubs and scattered tree growths. These are" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L26_S1" CONTENT="more extensive and of great importance but do not yield large" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L27_S1" CONTENT="quantities of forest products." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L28_S1" CONTENT="People who have made special studies of the flora of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L29_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan claim that the dense and scattered forests were once" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L30_S1" CONTENT="considerably greater in area and better in quality than now." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P75_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P75_L31_S1" CONTENT="Their studies seem to conclude that forests and grass resources have" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P76_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P76_L1_S1" CONTENT="53" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P76_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P76_L2_S1" CONTENT="so decreased that the climate of the country has been affected, resulting particularly in less rainfall and greater variation of temperatures between winter and summer. Beides, throughout the country and particularly on the arid-desert type of lands, there is an urgent need for fuel. The Government of Afghanistan is very keen to preserve these natural forests as well as the grazing lands, and steps are being taken for reforestation." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P77_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L2_S1" CONTENT="Animals" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L3_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan is noted for its wild animals. The most im-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L4_S1" CONTENT="portant of these are: the wolf, fox, hyena, wild dog, wild cat," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L5_S1" CONTENT="jungle cat, common leopard, small Indian fox, mongoose, wild" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L6_S1" CONTENT="sheep, onager (wild ass), mole, talpidae, Indian shrew," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L7_S1" CONTENT="collared-hedgehog, bats, jerboa, gerbit, deer, oorial, ibex," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L8_S1" CONTENT="pica and hare." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L9_S1" CONTENT="The wolves are particularly formidable during winter in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L10_S1" CONTENT="the cold districts when the land is covered with snow, and they" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L11_S1" CONTENT="roam about in search of food. They often form packs and," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L12_S1" CONTENT="coming down the hills, prowl near villages, frequently destroying" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L13_S1" CONTENT="cattle, sometimes even attacking men. They are said to run" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L14_S1" CONTENT="ahead of their victim, and with their hind legs throw up snow" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L15_S1" CONTENT="on his face and body, and, when they see that his hands and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L16_S1" CONTENT="feet are benumbed by the effect of snow, they fall upon him and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L17_S1" CONTENT="tear him to pieces. During winter one hears strange stories" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L18_S1" CONTENT="about the daring of this ferocious animal." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L19_S1" CONTENT="The villagers use various methods to defend themselves" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L20_S1" CONTENT="when attacked. When one of them is pursued by a wolf, with no" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L21_S1" CONTENT="fire-arms to frighten him off, he generally follows this simple" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L22_S1" CONTENT="method to get rid of his enemy. Tying one of his shoes to the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L23_S1" CONTENT="end of his turban, and holding the other end in his hand, he" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L24_S1" CONTENT="lets the shoe trail after him. The wolf coming nearer his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L25_S1" CONTENT="victim is attracted by the shoe and tries to catch it, but finding" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L26_S1" CONTENT="it moving forward, leaps aside. So this continues; the shoe keeping" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L27_S1" CONTENT="the wolf occupied and at a respectable distance. Meanwhile" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L28_S1" CONTENT="the villager, if fortunate, reaches his destination, and the wolf," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L29_S1" CONTENT="finding his life in danger, makes for the neighbouring hills." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L30_S1" CONTENT="The bear is also very common in all the wooded districts, but" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P77_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P77_L31_S1" CONTENT="it seldom quits its haunts. The bears are of two colours, black" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P78_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P78_L2_S1" CONTENT="and grey. The tiger is found near Kunduz, among reeds by the river sides. But now that the wastelands in and around Kunduz are being brought under cultivation, the number of tigers is fast diminishing." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P78_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P78_L3_S1" CONTENT="The mountains, especially to the east and north, hold several species of the goat family, notably the Markhor, oorial and ibex. There is a fine kind of wild sheep in the Afghan Pamir, usually known by the name of Ovis Poli, whose horns form one of the most prized trophies in the sportsman's collection. These wild sheep, perhaps the largest of the class, whose long curved horns often measure sixty inches in length, were first made known to Europe by the Venetian traveller, Marco Polo, who visited the Pamirs in the 13th century A.D., on his way back to his native land, and from whom the sheep derives its Latin name." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P78_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P78_L4_S1" CONTENT="The deer is also of two kinds: one called &quot;Kohi&quot; (mountain-bred) is found mostly in the central plateau on mountain sides; the other called &quot;Dashti&quot; (of plains) is mostly met with in the deserts of Bukwa, Chakhansur (bordering Seistan Lake), in the country around Herat, and in the northern plains." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P78_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P78_L5_S1" CONTENT="Horses, camels, donkeys, sheep, goats, ponies, dogs and cats are the principal domestic animals. The horse claims the first place among all the domestic animals. A considerable number of horses are bred in every part of the country, but those of Kataghan and Mazar-i-Sharif are considered best. Camels are of two kinds; the ordinary one, which is comparatively taller and is generally used in deserts and plains; and the second, the two-humped Bactrian camel, which due to its long shaggy hair can easily stand the intense cold of Afghan winters." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P79_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P79_L1_S1" CONTENT="The new motor-road between Kabul and Sarobi via Tong-i-Gharu gorge." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P80_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P80_L1_S1" CONTENT="Typical Afghan mountain scenery." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P81_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P81_L2_S1" CONTENT="There are different kinds of sheep, such as the Turki, Ghilji, Hazaragi, and Kandahari. There is another famous breed of sheep—the Karakuli—which is reared for the sake of its skins. All Afghan sheep are remarkable for their distinctive fat tails, which are over a foot broad, and almost entirely composed of fat." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P81_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P81_L3_S1" CONTENT="Northern Afghanistan presents an expanse only slightly elevated (average altitude being 2,000 feet above sea-level), with loess-like deep soil, mostly arable, or readily accessible to cultivation. A great part of this region forms an immense pasture, where throngs of livestock from many parts of the country come to graze. It is also here that the famous Karakuli sheep are reared. Every year millions of their newly-born lambs are killed for their fine glistening skins which have a ready market abroad, and, from an economic point of view, form the chief source of Afghan revenue." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P81_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P81_L4_S1" CONTENT="Of the cows, those of the Kunar District, though of short stature, are considered the best. It is related that the pick of these Kunar oxen were sent to Macedonia by Alexander the Great to improve the breed there. Of the cats, the Burraqi, (Persian cat) is very famous and is noted for its long, lustrous and silky hair. Next in importance is the greyhound of Ghazni District, which has come to be known as the Afghan hound in foreign countries." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P81_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P81_L5_S1" CONTENT="In Wakhan, in the extreme north-eastern corner of the country, herds of yak (Ghazhgaw) are met with. The yak stands about three feet and a half at the shoulders, and is a hairy and powerful animal, with its belly reaching within six inches of the ground, which is swept by its bushy tail. The long hair, streaming down from its dewlap and from its legs," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P82_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L2_S1" CONTENT="gives it, but for the horns, the appearance of a huge Newfound-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L3_S1" CONTENT="land dog." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L4_S1" CONTENT="The yak is to the inhabitants of the Pamir what the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L5_S1" CONTENT="reindeer is to the Laplanders in Northern Europe. Like the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L6_S1" CONTENT="elephant it possesses a clear knowledge of what will bear its" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L7_S1" CONTENT="weight. If travellers are at fault, one of these animals is driven" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L8_S1" CONTENT="before them, and it is said that it avoids the hidden depths and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L9_S1" CONTENT="chasms with admirable sagacity. Its footing is sure, and faults" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L10_S1" CONTENT="are seldom noticed. Should a fall of snow close a mountain pass" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L11_S1" CONTENT="to man and horse, a score of yaks driven ahead answer the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L12_S1" CONTENT="purpose of the pioneers." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L13_S1" CONTENT="The yak usually frequents the mountain slopes and their" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L14_S1" CONTENT="level summits. Whenever the mercury does not rise above zero," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L15_S1" CONTENT="it is the season most suitable for the activities of this animal." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L16_S1" CONTENT="If the snow on the elevated flats lies too deep for him to crop" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L17_S1" CONTENT="the herbage, he rolls himself down the slopes and eats its way" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L18_S1" CONTENT="up again. The heat of summer sends the animal to what is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L19_S1" CONTENT="termed the old snow, that is, the region of eternal snow ; the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L20_S1" CONTENT="calf being retained below as hostage for the mother's return, in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L21_S1" CONTENT="which she never fails." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L22_S1" CONTENT="In the summer the Kirghiz women, like the pastoral in-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L23_S1" CONTENT="habitants of the Alps, encamp in the higher valleys which are" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L24_S1" CONTENT="interspersed among the snowy mountains and devote their whole" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L25_S1" CONTENT="time to dairying. The men remain on the plains below and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L26_S1" CONTENT="attend to the agricultural part of the establishment, but" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L27_S1" CONTENT="occasionally visit the upper stations ; and all speak with rapture" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L28_S1" CONTENT="of these summer wanderings." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L29_S1" CONTENT="The yak's hair is clipped once a year, in spring. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L30_S1" CONTENT="strong, wiry and pliant hair of the tail is made into ropes, which" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L31_S1" CONTENT="for strength is the equal of that manufactured from hemp. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P82_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P82_L32_S1" CONTENT="hair of the body is woven into mats and also into a strong fabric" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P83_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P83_L2_S1" CONTENT="which makes an excellent riding trousers. The milk of the yak is richer than that of the common cow, though the quantity it yields is less." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P83_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P83_L3_S1" CONTENT="Birds" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P83_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P83_L4_S1" CONTENT="There are some 124 species of birds. Goose and duck shooting is excellent in late autumn or early spring. There are several varieties of partridges and pheasants. The Afghan pheasants are good birds of the European type akin to English pheasant, only larger and with more brilliant plumage. These pheasants are very plentiful in northern districts, especially in the marshes on the banks of the Oxus." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P83_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P83_L5_S1" CONTENT="Fowls such as hens, ducks, geese and turkeys are reared in large numbers. There are various kinds of pigeons—green, blue and grey, and cooing doves and cuckoos. Besides these, hosts of little birds are to be seen, as well as brilliantly coloured ones, like the golden oriole, the paradise fly-catcher, with its floating tail like a silver ribbon; the king-fisher, and various kinds of finches, bulbuls (nightingales) and song-birds." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P84_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P84_L2_S1" CONTENT="Structure and Minerals" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P84_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P84_L3_S1" CONTENT="The whole central range resembles the other great mountain chains of the world in that it is a great mass of folded mountains, which arose at the same time as the Alps of Europe, the Himalayas of Asia and the Rockies of North America. It is a type of Tertiary folded mountain chain. In between these folded mountains are blocks of ancient rocks which are said to be extremely rich in metallic minerals. Besides gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, coal, chrome and other useful metals, the country possesses some potentially good oil-fields, mostly situated north of the Hindukush, in the vicinity of Herat, Saripul, Maimanah, Shibarghan and Taluqan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P84_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P84_L4_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan's reserves of coal are no less than 20,000,000 tons and its reserves of high grade iron are about 3,000,000 tons. This is based on the statement of Mr. C. Watson Owings, American mining engineer, whose services were provided to the Afghan Government by the United States Technical Cooperation Administration." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P84_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P84_L5_S1" CONTENT="The figure of 20,000,000 tons is for known coal reserves. Mr. Owings believes that complete geological exploration of the country would result in the discovery of reserves much larger than this." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P84_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P84_L6_S1" CONTENT="The largest coal reserves are around Darrah-i-Soof, about 100 miles south of Mazar-i-Sharif. Reserves here are not less than 14,500,000 tons. Mr. Owings says: &quot;Judging from surface out-croppings, the tonnage may be twice as large. About half the coal in these seams appears to be in the Tor Valley, and half of it seems to be hard lump coal of high heating value&quot;." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P85_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P85_L2_S1" CONTENT="At Karkar, in the mountains near Pul-i-Khumri, are coal reserves totalling 4,000,000 tons, while at least 40,000 tons remain at Ishpushta, which gives Kabul its present coal supply. About 63 miles northeast of Herat are other reserves of hard lump coal totalling at least another 1,000,000 tons." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P85_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P85_L3_S1" CONTENT="Mr. Owings estimated that at the present rate of coal extraction in Afghanistan—about 15,000 tons a year—proved reserves of 20,000,000 tons would last 1333 years, or well after the age of nuclear energy may have made coal less important." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P85_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P85_L4_S1" CONTENT="On the same trip, the mining engineers looked over iron ore deposits at Haji-Alam, about 25 miles east of Kajaki Dam (Kandahar Province). The iron ore here, in hematite form, assays an average of 64 per cent iron content. Mr. Owings says, &quot;This is an average much higher than the average of ore in the famous Mesabi iron range of Minnesota, which has afforded most of the ore for the American steel industry.&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P85_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P85_L5_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan, according to these engineers, also has sizable quantities of chrome and sulphur. There is a deposit of more than a million tons of high grade sulphur 35 miles west of Mazar-i-Sharif, for which, in Mr. Owing's opinion, there should be an excellent market in India and Pakistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P85_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P85_L6_S1" CONTENT="The output of minerals at present, due to lack of necessary implements and transport facilities, is very slight. Some coal of jurassic type is obtained from Ishpushta, 180 miles north of Kabul, and is transported to the capital by means of trucks, and is used locally. Another coal-mine which is being worked, lies at Karkar, ten miles from Baghlan. Coal extracted from this mine is consumed by the Baghlan Sugar Mills, and a part is utilized by the Textile Factory at Puli-Khumri. The seam of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P86" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="86" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P86_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P86_L2_S1" CONTENT="this coal is from two to eight metres in thickness and extends to a length of some ten miles." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P86_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P86_L3_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan is extremely rich in water-power. It is estimated that this power, if properly utilized, could make the country independent of other sources of energy. Steps are being taken to harness and make full use of these great natural resources for the development of combined irrigation and hydro-electric projects." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P86_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P86_L4_S1" CONTENT="Salt Mines and Lakes: More than eight salt deposits have been discovered so far, and some of these are being worked successfully now. All salt mines and salt lakes are owned and operated by the Government." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P86_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P86_L5_S1" CONTENT="Kataghan Mine: This mine was started eight years ago. It is located 28 miles away from the Taluqan mines. Mules are used to transport salt over the four miles from the mine to the road. It now has about 20,000 of 80 pound blocks of rocksalt and has produced about 100 tons of fine salt." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P86_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P86_L6_S1" CONTENT="The rock salt deposit is very thick. The top soil is removed so that the salt can be mined with picks." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P86_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P86_L7_S1" CONTENT="Taluqan Mine: This mine is located between the cities of Taluqan and Khanabad. It produces 160,000 to 192,000 pounds of salt a day, or 21,000 tons a year." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P86_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P86_L8_S1" CONTENT="Salt Lakes: About 43 miles south of Andkhoi and about 14 miles east is a lake about 8 miles long and two miles wide, which is fed by salt springs. During the month of March, April and May, when the rainfall is heaviest, the lake is covered with about 20 cms. of water. In late summer the water evaporates. Collection of salt begins in August. About 10,000 tons of salt" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P87_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L2_S1" CONTENT="a year is collected. Most of the salt from this lake goes to the Maimanah District." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P87_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P87_L3_S1" CONTENT="On the Iranian border about 117 miles southwest of Herat, there too is a salt lake. Herat obtains most of its salt from this source." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P88_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L2_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan's Electric Power, Present and Planned" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L3_S1" CONTENT="At present only 16,000 kw of power, including diesel, is available in Afghanistan, but plans are made for the development of hydro-electricity, some of which are already nearing completion. Here is the description of all these plans, completed and under construction :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L4_S1" CONTENT="Chak-i-Wardak Power Station : This is located on the Wardak river about 57 miles south of Kabul. This 16-year-old plant has three Siemens turbo-generators, each of 1,400 kw, and each generating 1,100 kw. The maximum generation of 3,300 kw is all for Kabul. From the dam to the power house there is a canal from two-and-a-half to three miles, which leads into a two-metre steel flume with a 25 metre drop. Round steel pole transmission line support is used, with three-wire transmission at 44,000 volts. If the water supply is sufficient, the plant operates 24 hours a day; during low water periods it operates from 6.00 p.m. to 11.00 p.m. There are no plans for its expansion." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P88_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P88_L5_S1" CONTENT="Jabalus Seraj Power Station : This plant, located on the Salung River about 45 miles north of Kabul, has two General Electric generators of 500 and 600 kw, both installed 45 years ago when the plant was built. It also has two Siemens generators of 960 kva, one three and the other eight years old. Maximum generation is 1,900 kw, with average at 1,600 kw. Only two machines are used, since there is never sufficient water for more. Of the kw generated, 1,300 to 1,500 goes to Kabul, 200 kw goes to Jabal Seraj and Charikar, and 200 to 400 kw goes to nearby textile plant. Water from the dam, which is located one mile up-river from station, flows through a canal to enter a one-and-a-half metre flume just above the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P89" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="89" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P89_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P89_L1_S1" CONTENT="A Typical Afghan Village." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P90_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P90_L1_S1" CONTENT="Rope &amp; mat-weaving in the old fashion." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P91" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="91" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P91_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P91_L1_S1" CONTENT="64" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P91_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P91_L2_S1" CONTENT="power house, with a 38 metre drop. There are no plans for expansion of this plant. However, when the Sarobi plant (see below) is completed, power from the Jabal Seraj plant will be used for textile and cement plants, and the 220 volt transmission will be left intact to handle Kabul in an emergency." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P91_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P91_L3_S1" CONTENT="Sarobi Hydro-Electric Plant: This is situated on the Kabul river, approximately 45 miles east of Kabul and about 55 miles southeast of Gulbahar. Construction began in 1951, and it was completed by the middle of 1957. The dam is 80 feet high, with a 3,700 metre long tunnel leading to a four-and-a-half metre steel-lined flume, with a drop of 170 feet." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P91_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P91_L4_S1" CONTENT="This plant provides 11,000 kw for Kabul and another 11,000 kw for Gul Bahar Textile Mills. Original cost of the Sarobi installations was 500,000,000 Afghanis." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P91_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P91_L5_S1" CONTENT="Future plans for Sarobi envisage the construction of a dam six miles upstream from Dam No. 1, by means of which more water and better control will be obtained, generating 60,000 kw and increasing the capacities of the three power plants to 44,000 kw each, making a total of 190,000 kw. This, however, will take years to complete. With the initial phase completed, Kabul now gets 11,000 kw from Sarobi and 3,300 kw from Chak-i-Wardak, or a maximum of 14,300 kw." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P91_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P91_L6_S1" CONTENT="There is also a plan to build a dam on the Panjsher river, near Gul Bahar. This will give an addition of 13,000 kw." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P91_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P91_L7_S1" CONTENT="Kandahar Electric Plant: The present capacity for Kandahar is only 250 kw and operates 4 hours a day. The Woolen Mills also generate 275 kw and shares this power for electric lighting in the city. It is planned that a power plant at the Arghandab Dam, 25 miles north of Kandahar will supply some 6,500 kw of electricity." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P92" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="92" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P92_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P92_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P92_L1_S1" CONTENT="65" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P92_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P92_L2_S1" CONTENT="The Kajaki Dam: This dam is constructed on the Helmund about 100 miles north-west of Kandahar. It has a power capacity of 120,000 kw. It is planned to utilise this power in the industrial development of the Helmund Valley." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P92_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P92_L3_S1" CONTENT="Girishk: There are plans for two 1,500 kw generators and possibly a third on the diversion dam on the Boghra Canal near Girishk." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P92_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P92_L4_S1" CONTENT="Herat: A 100 kw hydro-electric plant is located on the edge of the city. The local electric company uses alternately two diesels of 625 kw capacity each. Future plans include a dam 80 miles east of Herat to irrigate 50,000 acres of land and to produce 20,000 kw of electricity." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P92_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P92_L5_S1" CONTENT="Maimanah: At present 36 kw is generated by diesel engines for lighting only. Future plan provide for a 700 kw hydro-electric plant, 15 miles north of Maimanah." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P92_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P92_L6_S1" CONTENT="Mazar-i-Sharif: The Electric Company has a 36 kw hydro-electric plant for lights only. The company has additional capacity of 320 kw, which will operate in the near future." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P92_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P92_L7_S1" CONTENT="Kunduz: Present power is provided by the Cotton Company mainly for its own use. Future plans include a hydro-electric plant on the Khanabad river near Khanabad with a capacity of 500 kw for the cotton company, and 200 kw for lighting the city of Kunduz. There is also a plan for 4,500 kw Kowajaghan hydro-electric plant for the use of the Cotton Company." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P92_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P92_L8_S1" CONTENT="Taluqan: There is a small hydro-electric plant for lighting only. Other power is derived mainly for the use of the Cotton Company." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P93" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="93" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P93_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P93_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P93_L1_S1" CONTENT="66" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P93_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P93_L2_S1" CONTENT="Puli-Khumri: A hydel plant on the Kunduz River produces an average of 2,000 kw for the Textile Company, besides 80 to 120 kw for Karakar coal mines, about 10 miles from the city. Further plans contemplate installation of two more generators of 2,000 kw each. Six additional power stations of equal size are projected from Baghlan to Puli-Khumri." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P94" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="94" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P94_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P94_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L1_S1" CONTENT="67" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L2_S1" CONTENT="Handicrafts &amp; Manufactures" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L3_S1" CONTENT="Industrially, Afghanistan is still under-developed, though the country is rich in minerals and possesses immense productive potentialities. There are at present four textile mills—two woollen (located at Kandahar and Kabul), and two cotton, one at Puli-Khumri and the other at Jabalus-Seraj. There is also a sugar mill at Baghlan which supplies nearly a one-third of the annual requirements of sugar of the country. Besides these, a new textile mill is being established at Gul Bahar and a sugar mill at Jalalabad." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L4_S1" CONTENT="The Cotton Industry: Perhaps the most important industrial development in Afghanistan is the Cotton Company, which has its headquarters at Kunduz. This Company started ginning cotton in 1935. It has now 13 plants with 37 gins. There are plans for constructing more gins in different parts of the country, including Herat and Kandahar, to a total of 48." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L5_S1" CONTENT="The Cotton Company supplies cotton seeds and lends money to the farmers to make it possible for them to grow cotton. In turn, it buys cotton raised by the farmers. In 1954 it purchased 32,353 metric tons, which grew on 85,500 acres of land. In 1955, 169,000 acres were planted and the estimated yield was 47,270 metric tons. The Company sent 320,000 pounds of seeds to the Helmund Valley and expects a yield of 2,000 metric tons from that quarter also." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L6_S1" CONTENT="The Company not only buys, gins, and bales cotton it also manufactures by-products, including cottonseed oil, ceramics, and in some parts of Afghanistan it bales wool." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P94_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P94_L7_S1" CONTENT="As part of its plans for the expanion of the cotton industry, the Company distributes chemical sertilisers. It operates a 175-acre experimental farm at Kunduz, where the Ministry of Agriculture also has a 500-acre experimental farm. A mulberry" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P95" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="95" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<PrintSpace HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextBlock ID="P95_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P95_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P95_L1_S1" CONTENT="68" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P95_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P95_L2_S1" CONTENT="farm has been started for experimentation with the Japanese mulberry tree. The Company plans to improve and expand the silk industry also." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P95_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P95_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Company has District Representatives located in the areas of its operation. Cotton is delivered by the farmers to these representatives; the Company trucks it to the plant. The importance of grading is emphasized, and the Company conducts courses in grading at its plant in Kunduz. At present it purchases cotton from the farmers in four grades. The statistical department of the Company reports that cotton ranks first in crop value per acre to the farmer, with sugar beet, wheat, and rice following in order. The Company employs 632 technicians regularly and 473 during busy season. It is noteworthy that land in the Kunduz area which in 1930 could be purchased at one Afghani per acre, now sells for 10,000 to 12,000 Afghanis per jereeb (nearly half acre) for farm land, while building sites sell for as much as 30,000 to 40,000 Afghanis per acre. Previously there was a saying about Kunduz, which had malarial climate: &quot;Go to Kunduz if you seek death&quot;, now they say, &quot;Go to Kunduz if you want gold&quot;." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P95_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P95_L4_S1" CONTENT="Oil Factory and Soap Factory: Oil extracted from cotton seed is a by-product of the cotton industry. This is now used to make soap. The records show that in 1953, production was one million pounds of soap. In cotton growing areas many people press oil and make their own soap. One independent company in 1954 produced 350,000 cakes. It is assumed that the soap production of the cotton industry is but a small percentage of the total soap made and used in Afghanistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P95_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P95_L5_S1" CONTENT="New oil and soap factories are being built, and new equipment is being purchased to replace the old ones now in use. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P96" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="96" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<PrintSpace HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextBlock ID="P96_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P96_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L1_S1" CONTENT="69" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L2_S1" CONTENT="new oil factory will have a capacity of extracting and processing" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L3_S1" CONTENT="30 tons of raw oil and 24 tons of refined oil per day. It is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L4_S1" CONTENT="estimated that 45,000 tons of raw cotton will yield 4,800 tons of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L5_S1" CONTENT="oil, of which about 3,600 tons will be for food oil. The new soap" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L6_S1" CONTENT="factory will produce both yellow and fine toilet soap." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L7_S1" CONTENT="Ceramics Plant : A ceramic plant was started in 1940. It" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L8_S1" CONTENT="was enlarged in 1944. It has now four kilns, pebble mills, crush-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L9_S1" CONTENT="ers, mixers, and potter-wheels. It produces, dishes, tiles (wall" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L10_S1" CONTENT="and floor) and plumbing equipment. At present the principal" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L11_S1" CONTENT="work is in tile production. The quality of the tile is said to be" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L12_S1" CONTENT="the best in Afghanistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L13_S1" CONTENT="Clay and talc required for ceramics are obtained from" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L14_S1" CONTENT="Ishkamish, south-east of Faizabad, and from an area south of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L15_S1" CONTENT="Kunduz. The Cotton Company has contracted with Japanese" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L16_S1" CONTENT="technicians to assist in developing this industry." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L17_S1" CONTENT="The Textile Industry : The textile factories already in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L18_S1" CONTENT="operation, and those in process of construction are as follow :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L19_S1" CONTENT="Jabolus-Seradj : The factory was constructed during the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L20_S1" CONTENT="period 1934-1938, and contains 18,00 spindles, 80 handlooms" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L21_S1" CONTENT="and 56 power-looms. This plant uses 300,000 bales of cotton per" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L22_S1" CONTENT="year and has a capacity of 1,000,000 metres from its power-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L23_S1" CONTENT="looms, and 350,000 metres of special weave textiles from its hand-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L24_S1" CONTENT="looms. All power-looms are used for production of plain white" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L25_S1" CONTENT="military cloth. Power is obtained from the local hydro-electric" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L26_S1" CONTENT="plant, and also from a small diesel engine. There is a serious" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L27_S1" CONTENT="lack of power during the winter months. The plant operates six" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L28_S1" CONTENT="days a week on two 10½ hour shifts each. It is planned that" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L29_S1" CONTENT="workers for other textile factories will be trained here." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L30_S1" CONTENT="Puli-Khumri Plant : This factory is 14 years old. It has" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P96_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P96_L31_S1" CONTENT="15,000 old spindles, and 15,000 spindles which are four years old" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P97" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="97" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<PrintSpace HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextBlock ID="P97_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P97_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P97_L1_S1" CONTENT="70" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P97_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P97_L2_S1" CONTENT="and 550 power looms. The plant has now a capacity of 16,000,000 metres of all white textiles. New equipment has been ordered, consisting of 15,000 spindles and 304 power looms. It is estimated that the new equipment will increase the total capacity of the factory to 26,000,000 metres a year." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P97_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P97_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Company plans to send waste cotton to Gul Bahar for spinning, and to send extra white cloth to Gul Bahar for dyeing and printing. The company employs 2,400 workmen in the factory; 231 in the office, 67 in maintenance and seven German and Austrian instructors. The company owns its workers' houses, in which they live rent-free. It supplies them with clothing, meals and hospitalization." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P97_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P97_L4_S1" CONTENT="Gul Bahar Textile Mill: The construction of this factory was begun in 1954. It is expected to be completed by the end of 1959. It is said to be one of the most modern plants in the world. All equipment is German-made and is of the latest design. It includes 47,000 spindles, 1,600 looms, besides 225 looms for white weaving. The factory includes a dye-house, printing plant, finishing plant and cotton storage space. The entire plant occupies 100,000 sq. metres of floor space. Its estimated capacity is 55,000,000 metres of cloth a year." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P97_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P97_L5_S1" CONTENT="Kabul: A new plant has been constructed at Jangalak, near Kabul, by the Textile Co., which is intended primarily for its own use, but is expected to develop into a commercial enterprise for the Kabul area. This plant contains a Machine Shop, a Power House, a Furniture Factory, Metal &amp; Wood-working School, Warehouse, Auto-repair Shops and a Hall." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P97_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P97_L6_S1" CONTENT="All the buildings are of re-inforced concrete construction. It is anticipated that all the Company's vehicles and machinery will be repaired here, and all its furniture and wooden" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P98" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="98" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P98_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L2_S1" CONTENT="equipment fabricated in the factory. Machinists and wood workers will be trained at the school, which has excellent equipment." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L3_S1" CONTENT="Herat: An independent industrial institute was established at Herat in May, 1955, now employing from 20 to 30 persons. The Institute has additional machinery on order, and with its arrival expects to increase the number of its employees by another 100 persons. The company buys cotton yarn from Puli-Khumri. It weaves socks and stockings at the rate of 100 pairs a day. It also makes T-shirts, cotton sweaters, vests, underwear and similar articles." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L4_S1" CONTENT="Prison Textile Plant at Herat: The textile plant in the prison has eight handlooms, and produces from 10,000 to 20,000 metres of cloth a year. Besides, it weaves about 20,000 pairs of socks annually. The plant spins its own yarn, and makes dyes for its own use." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L5_S1" CONTENT="The cotton and silk industries in the Herat area have about 100 silk looms, and 1,000 cotton looms. The silk looms are used commercially for the weaving of turban cloth, of which 6,400 pounds are produced each year. Besides, silk yarn to the amount of 6,400 pounds is exported annually." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L6_S1" CONTENT="Virtually all homes in northern districts raise, spin and weave their own cloth. Hand-gins are generally used. The &quot;Kurk&quot; cloth industry in Herat has about 800 looms, on which are woven blankets and woollen cloth of a very fine quality made from goats' and camels' down." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P98_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P98_L7_S1" CONTENT="Woollen Industry: There are two woollen mills, one at Kabul and the other at Kandahar. The equipment in the Kabul factory consists of 30 electric looms and 50 handlooms. The factory uses about 600 tons of wool annually, and has capacity of producing 150,000 metres of 52-inch wide fabric." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P99" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="99" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P99_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P99_L1_S1" CONTENT="Kabul Cafe." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P100" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="100" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P100_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P100_L1_S1" CONTENT="Maiwand Street, Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P101" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="101" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P101_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P101_L1_S1" CONTENT="72" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P101_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P101_L2_S1" CONTENT="Kandahar: This factory has been operating since 1933. It has 2,160 spindles and 36 power looms. Its maximum capacity is 70,000 metres of blanket of 1.33 metres width and 35,000 metres of tweed ranging in width from 1.4 to 1.60 metres." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P101_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P101_L3_S1" CONTENT="In addition to the two plants described above, there are numerous other sources of production. The Rug Factory in Herat produces about 500 metres of rugs every two years." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P101_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P101_L4_S1" CONTENT="Karakul Industry: The Karakul producing territory extends from Aqchah in the north to Herat. In 1945, the production was 2,400,000 pieces; at present it is about 2,000,000 pieces a year. It is estimated that independent producers and distributors handle about 1,300,000, while the Karakul Company handles about 700,000 skins. The Karakul Company has ten plants. The Mazari Sharif plant alone handles 400,000 skins, while the Andkhoi plant handles from 100,000 to 150,000 skins a year." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P101_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P101_L5_S1" CONTENT="Silk Industry: There are great numbers of mulberry trees in Afghanistan. The silk industry was started in the Baghlan area with the assistance of a Japanese consultant. It is estimated that the farmers in this one area alone raise about 42 tons of cocoons, and use about 33 tons in home spinning, and sell about 10 tons annually to the Silk Company. The area where silk is produced extends from Jabalus-Seradj to the northern border and across to Andkhoi, then south to Herat." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P101_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P101_L6_S1" CONTENT="Sugar Industry: There are two great sugar factories, one at Industrial Baghlan and the other at Jalalabad. Machinery for the first was purchased in 1938 from Skoda, a Czechoslovakian firm and installed in 1940 at a cost of 1,000,000 dollars. It has a maximum capacity of 60,000 tons of sugar beets. In 1954 it processed 41,000 tons of beet and it is estimated that" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P102" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="102" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P102_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L1_S1" CONTENT="73" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L2_S1" CONTENT="in 1959 it will be in a position to handle 60,000 tons. Sugar extracted is calculated at 13 per cent of the total tonnage. In 1954 the plant produced 5,300 metric tons of refined sugar, and 7,500 metric tons are planned for 1960. A second factory is also planned. When this starts working it is expected that Afghanistan will become self-sufficient in producing sugar for its own needs." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L3_S1" CONTENT="The factory now operates 60 days in November and December, after a six to seven-month growing season. Sugar beets provide a good growing crop for farmers. The farmer now raises about six tons per acre, but this can be doubled with the use of commercial fertilisers. Beet production in this area increased 42 per cent from 1952 to 1953. All waste from the plant is returned to the farmers for cattle feed free of cost. The usual farm in this area is about six acres in size, on which crops of sugar beets, cotton, wheat and fruits, including grapes, are usually grown. It is estimated that the average sale value of all the crops from such farms is about 15,000 Afghanis a year each farm." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L4_S1" CONTENT="The Sugar Factory at Industrial Baghlan is owned by individual stock-holders, the Afghan National Bank (Bank-i-Millie) owning 85 per cent of the stocks. The factory employs 60 to 65 office workers, 60 permanent labourers, and up to 1,000 temporary labourers during the season. The Sugar Company has its own farm with 500 cattle, 600 to 700 sheep, 100 horses, 20 camels and 20 mules." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L5_S1" CONTENT="Jalalabad Sugar Factory: This plant has a capacity of 350 to 500 tons of sugar annually." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P102_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P102_L6_S1" CONTENT="Petroleum: There are a good many indications that considerable quantities of crude oil exist north of the Hindu-Kush," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P103" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="103" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P103_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P103_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P103_L1_S1" CONTENT="74" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P103_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P103_L2_S1" CONTENT="from Taluqan to Maimanah. A Swedish Exploration Company has a contract for drilling near Saripul. Some also think that oil exists south of the Hindukush range too, especially in the south-west desert regions." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P103_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P103_L3_S1" CONTENT="Cement Factory: A cement factory was completed at Jabalus-Seraj only recently. It has a 100 ton capacity a day, or 350,000 tons annually. Limestone, clay and iron ore are adjacent to the factory site. Only coal is to be trucked from Karkar or Ishpushta mines. The factory supplies cement to the local markets." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P103_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P103_L4_S1" CONTENT="Leather and Shoe Factory at Kabul: This plant has a capacity to handle 600 hides a day. (The Leather Company imports colours and uses its own tanning mix). The capacity of the Shoe Factory is 500 pairs of military boots a day, plus 100 pairs of shoes for civilian use." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P103_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P103_L5_S1" CONTENT="The Slaughter House and Refrigeration Plant: In 1954 the slaughter house handled 73,000 animals. All meat produced is for local consumption in or near Kabul. Sheep casings are exported and the fat of animals (fat from tails) is used for house-hold cooking." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P103_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P103_L6_S1" CONTENT="The Marble Factory at Kabul: The Factory has Italian made equipment, and uses 15 different kinds of marble, all from Afghanistan. Lack of transport facilities prevents extensive use of marble found in distant districts. The factory produces 8,000 sq. meters of finished products of marble a year. It also polishes and manufactures lapis-lazuli products." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P103_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P103_L7_S1" CONTENT="Cottage Industries: Of the cottage industries, the first place is occupied by carpet-weaving. For hundreds of years Afghanistan has been famous for its fine carpets, which are highly valued in foreign markets for their beauty, durability," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P104" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="104" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P104_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P104_L1_S1" CONTENT="75" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P104_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P104_L2_S1" CONTENT="and brilliancy of colours. The chief carpet-manufacturing districts are all situated in the north, from Herat to Kataghan. Mazari-Sharif, Daulatabad, Aqchah, Qarqeen, Andkhoi, Maimanah, Shibarghan, Shore-Tuppeh, Gulran and Herat are the chief centres of this industry, but the carpets manufactured at Daulatabad are of the best quality and are famous throughout the world. In addition to carpets and rugs, prayer rugs (called Jai-Namaz), saddle bags, pillow-cases, etc., are also made in carpet patterns." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P104_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P104_L3_S1" CONTENT="These rich and far-famed carpets and rugs are the work of women's hands, women who have spent their lives, from earliest childhood, to motherhood and grandmotherhood, at the loom. A few stakes driven into the earthen floor, cross-beams, warp-rollers with the ground fabric of the carpet stretched on them, a knife, a comb, and a pair of scissors—these are the ancient and traditional apparatus upon which from time immemorial the girls of northern Afghanistan prepare for their homes the principal furnishings, the carpets of wool and silk, that decorate the walls and doorways, the rugs of the floor, the saddle-bags and tent-flaps." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P104_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P104_L4_S1" CONTENT="The art of carpet weaving has survived to our own day, and it is still carried on by women, who still weave the designs that have been handed down from generation to generation. The loom used for the big carpets is the same used formerly, but the most perfect instruments of the execution of the work are the unerring eyes and the dexterous fingers that move to a swift rhythm with greater precision than those of a harpist." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P104_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P104_L5_S1" CONTENT="The delicate fingers now rest on the threads of the ground-work, pick up a couple raised by a heddle, tie them in a complicated knot, the ends of which are pulled through to the right" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P105" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="105" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P105_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L1_S1" CONTENT="76" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L2_S1" CONTENT="side of the carpet. A flash of the knife and the ends are cut short. Knots after knots thus slip from under the nimble fingers till the ground work begins to glow with different colours—raspberry and wine reds, pinks and browns, relieved with white and black. The heddle raises some of the threads of the groundwork, and leaves the others, while both hands draw the strong elastic thread of the weft—the margin of the row." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L3_S1" CONTENT="Then the hands pick up the heavy comb of hard wood and, with a few smart blows along the last row of the weft, drive the knots close up to the one before. Twenty rows, up to eight thousand knots, are made in a day, but in a square metre of any carpet there are eight hundred thousand knots to be tied and thickened." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L4_S1" CONTENT="The close rows of varicoloured knots of uneven worsted steadily advance over the monotone of the background, and the pattern glimmers vaguely through the broken colours. But now the two small hands wield the great scissors, and the razor-keen blades crop the ragged ends of the knots to exactly three millimetres above the foundation. The harmonious design flashes into sudden brilliance of silken woollen pile." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L5_S1" CONTENT="When the busy fingers need a rest, the carpet-weavers turn to a cup of tea, which is quaffed from a small gay faience." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L6_S1" CONTENT="The wool of these carpets is dyed with the unfading colours obtained from the madder plant, cochineal, Sihchoba, etc., which last for centuries. It is interesting to note that old carpets fetch higher prices than the new ones, for the brilliancy of their colours, which is enhanced by constant use and rubbing." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P105_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P105_L7_S1" CONTENT="Next to carpets, the making of sheepskin coats and vests is a flourishing industry. Usually the edges and sleeves of the coats are embroidered with yellow silk. Coats of other furs," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P106" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="106" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P106_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P106_L1_S1" CONTENT="77" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P106_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P106_L2_S1" CONTENT="such as Karakul skins, wolf hides and the pelts of fox, and lynx, etc., are also very common in use, and a large number of these are exported." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P106_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P106_L3_S1" CONTENT="These cottage industries of cotton and wool fabrics are widespread. In view of the cold climate and the existence of vast pasturage the inhabitants from a very early time took to the rearing of sheep which supply them with milk, butter, various other dairy products, as well as wool and skins. A considerable quantity of this wool is consumed locally by the handlooms and textile mills, while the remainder is exported." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P107" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="107" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P107_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P107_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P107_L1_S1" CONTENT="78" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P107_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P107_L2_S1" CONTENT="Improvement of Sericulture In Afghanistan*" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P107_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P107_L3_S1" CONTENT="Sericulture has been quite popular with Afghan farmers for many centuries despite the fact that only poor silkworm strains and primitive methods were used. In recent years some sericulture technicians from abroad were sent to the country by F. A. O. of the United Nations under the technical Assistance Programme. Beginning in 1953, modern techniques and good mulberry and worm varieties were introduced to this country where the climate and rural economical conditions proved favourable to this small industry." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P107_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P107_L4_S1" CONTENT="The first place chosen for carrying on such work was the Province of Kataghan, because of these reasons :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P107_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P107_L5_S1" CONTENT="(1) Communications are comparatively better than the other silk centres," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P107_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P107_L6_S1" CONTENT="(2) Local political and economical leaders are mostly warm hearted, farsighted, and particularly interested in developing the silk industry," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P107_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P107_L7_S1" CONTENT="(3) Modern agricultural production mills and factories are centralised in that area and other scientific improvements in agriculture have already been initiated," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P107_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P107_L8_S1" CONTENT="(4) Necessary supply of houses, motor vehicles, electricity, materials, etc., can be easily provided." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P107_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P107_L9_S1" CONTENT="A summary of four years' work with its preliminary results is as follows :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P107_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P107_L10_S1" CONTENT="(1) Mulberry Plantations :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P107_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P107_L11_S1" CONTENT="(a) Made by the Silk Co-operative Co.—A model mulberry orchard was organized in March 1953 where 5,000 trees of best varieties were imported" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P107_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P107_L12_S1" CONTENT="*Extract from a report submitted by Professor Kintson Keh, the Silk Specialist, to the Ministry of Agriculture." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P108" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="108" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P108_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P108_L2_S1" CONTENT="from Japan and planted according to most up-to-date methods. The trees of this orchard have served as mother-trees from which thousands and thousands of scions were picked by the farmers who found the value of grafting them to their own seedlings. The company has augmented year after year the production of seedlings from a few thousands at start to hundreds of thousands." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P108_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P108_L3_S1" CONTENT="(b) Made by the farmers.—Knowing the superiority of the improved trees in precocity and productivity, the Katghan farmers after their two-year observation, began to take action in sowing acres and acres of land with mulberry seeds in order to obtain large quantities of seedlings. More than two million mulberry seedlings can be seen on their land and more than fifty thousand grafts are reportedly grown now. As a matter of fact, the production of such grafts cannot be limited." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P108_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P108_L4_S1" CONTENT="(2) Selected silkworm eggs: A most important step to be taken for assuring farmers of cocoon harvests is to supply them with good and strong silkworm eggs. The company assisted by F. A. O. technicians has formed a breeding station through obtaining modern equipment, and training personnel for producing more and more disease-free and high-yield eggs to be distributed yearly and seasonly to the farmers. An approximate statistical table of egg production is as follows:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P108_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P108_L5_S1" CONTENT="Year 1953........... 6,000 grs." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P108_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P108_L6_S1" CONTENT="1954........... 9,000 ,," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P108_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P108_L7_S1" CONTENT="1955........... 36,000 ,," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P108_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P108_L8_S1" CONTENT="1956........... 60,000 grs." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P108_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P108_L9_S1" CONTENT="1957........... 95,000 ,," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P109_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P109_L1_S1" CONTENT="His Majesty the King inspects products of the Fine Arts School on Independence Day Celebrations." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P112_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P112_L2_S1" CONTENT="declared that he could hardly believe that, in such a short time, Afghanistan had made such improvement in mulberry leaves and in cocoons and he was of the opinion that a bright future lies ahead for this industry in Afghanistan. A meeting was held between him and Dr. Yussef, Minister of Mines and Industries, in connection with setting up a mechanical, modern filature in Baghlan. A preliminary agreement has been reached and co-operation between the two countries in silk processing may be expected in the future." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P113_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L2_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan's Foreign Trade" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L3_S1" CONTENT="Although Afghanistan was once an important corridor for commercial traffic between the Occident and the Orient, little trade passes through the country today. As a result, Afghanistan is unable to supplement its export income through bank commissions, transportation charges, or middlemen profits. In addition, imports are subject to long delays, expensive transportation costs, and handling charges. Foreign trade, never-the-less plays an important part in the economic life of Afghanistan, and has been a major factor in the country's economic development." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L4_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan at present has no outlet to the sea; her foreign trade, therefore, passes through the neighbouring countries." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L5_S1" CONTENT="The tension between Afghanistan and Pakistan especially during 1953 to 1957 greatly affected the volume of Afghan trade through Pakistan. Due to this, a large amount of Afghan trade passed through the Soviet Union." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P113_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P113_L6_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan is almost completely a supplier of raw materials and a market for consumer and developmental goods. Its most important export commodities are hides and skins, principally Karakuli skins; the figure reaching 2,000,000 skins a year. Next to skins and fur, the chief exports of the country are: fruits (fresh, dried and preserved), and nuts (almonds, pistachios, pignolia, etc.). Of late, cotton has occupied a prominent part in Afghan exports. It has been reported that annual exports during 1954 of Karakuli skins averaged approximately one and a half million pieces; ginned cotton about 9,000 tons; raw wool about 5,500 tons, and fruits and nuts about 80,000 tons. It has been estimated that currently from one-half to three-quarters of all raw wool and cotton exports go to the Soviet Union; almost all of the fruits, nuts and vegetables, to India" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P114_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L2_S1" CONTENT="and Pakistan, and the largest part of Karakuli exports to the United States. Before World War II, the United Kingdom had been the chief market for Afghan Karakuli." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L3_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan's most important needs consist of textile machinery and motor vehicles, building materials, sugar, tea, petroleum products, and boots and shoes, with cotton piece goods representing the largest single item—about 40% of her imports." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L4_S1" CONTENT="Before World War II, India, the United Kingdom, USSR, and the United States were, in that order, Afghanistan's leading markets; while India, the United Kingdom, the USSR, Japan, Germany, and the United States were its principal suppliers. The direction of Afghanistan's trade changed with the war, and the United States became Afghanistan's most important market, followed by India, the USSR, and the United Kingdom. Its leading suppliers remained the same, except that the share of the United States became more important as a result of the cessation of Afghan imports from Japan and Germany. It has been estimated that in 1954-55 the USSR assumed first place in Afghanistan's trade, both as a market and as supplier. Chief imports from this direction are: petroleum products, cement, cotton piecegoods, sugar and trucks." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L5_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan's Foreign Trade, in the years 1951-1954. In million of dollars. (Figures for Afghan trade with USSR, and the Soviet-bloc countries are not available):" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L6_S1" CONTENT="Year Exports Imports Favourable Balance of Trade" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P114_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P114_L7_S1" CONTENT="1951 42 21 21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P117_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L2_S1" CONTENT="MAJOR PROVINCES" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L3_S1" CONTENT="KABUL : This province occupies the central plateau, and is for the most part mountainous, lying between 5,000 to 6,000 feet above sea-level. Its chief districts are : Koh Daman or Samt-i-Shamali, Lohgar, Verdak, Ghorband,* Hazarajat, Bamian, Kabul Proper, Panjsher, Tagab and Nijrab." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L4_S1" CONTENT="Of these, Koh Daman (Capisia) is the most beautiful of all. It lies north of Kabul, from which it is separated by a low creeping ridge not far from the town. At the upper extremity of this valley rise the snowy peaks of the Hindukush, while those of the Paghaman range overlook it from the west. To the east it is bounded by a lower range crossing the bottom of the valley. So enclosed, Koh Daman has a length of 40 miles and a medium breadth of 10 miles. The western side of the valley is much higher than the eastern, along which the drainage of the opposite mountain flows. The sides of the Paghman mountains are split by numerous ravines, down which come tumbling rills of the clearest and purest water. The slopes of these rugged channels are thickly planted with mulberry, and every suitable spot is clad with fruit trees or vines." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L5_S1" CONTENT="Koh Daman (the Skirts of Hills) is indeed one of the gardens of Afghanistan. There, one may wander in spring amidst the curves and folds of an undulating land, neither hill nor plain, with the scent of the flowering-willow and sinjit in the air, and the darkness of a spring growth of flower and grass bordering narrow runlets and irrigation channels, a blue sky above, and a varied carpet beneath, while the song of the merry labourer rises from the field and orchards. Piled up on steep and unbroken banks" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P117_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P117_L6_S1" CONTENT="*Recently a new Province named &quot;Parwan&quot; has been created which includes the districts of Charikar, Jabalu-Seradj and Ghorband." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P118_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L2_S1" CONTENT="from the very foot of the mountains are scattered white-walled" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L3_S1" CONTENT="villages, and it is there that one may find later in the same year" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L4_S1" CONTENT="some of the fruits for which the country has acquired a world-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L5_S1" CONTENT="wide fame." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L6_S1" CONTENT="In November a gentle haze rests in soft indecision upon the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L7_S1" CONTENT="dust-coloured landscape—heavier and bluer over the low-lying" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L8_S1" CONTENT="fields, from which all vegetation has been lifted. It is a different" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L9_S1" CONTENT="world now from the world of the spring—all utterly sad and dust-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L10_S1" CONTENT="laden, but it is then that the strings of fruit-laden donkeys and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L11_S1" CONTENT="trucks make their way towards the city, where the shops are seen" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L12_S1" CONTENT="piled up from floor to the roof with these delicious fruits." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L13_S1" CONTENT="Besides fruits, Koh Daman yields grains, cotton, tobacco" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L14_S1" CONTENT="and various kinds of vegetables. It is thickly studded with cast-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L15_S1" CONTENT="les and decorated with gardens and vineyards. This delightful" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L16_S1" CONTENT="district, full of clustering hamlets, has an invigorating climate." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L17_S1" CONTENT="Few districts possess a town that can rival Istaliff perched at the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L18_S1" CONTENT="foot of the Paghman range. A small river runs through this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L19_S1" CONTENT="beautiful hamlet, and on either side of it are gardens, green, gay," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L20_S1" CONTENT="and surpassingly lovely, where" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L21_S1" CONTENT="&quot;A million and million flowers" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L22_S1" CONTENT="The fields and gardens adorn," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L23_S1" CONTENT="And the purple iris scents the air," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L24_S1" CONTENT="As each fresh bloom is born&quot;." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L25_S1" CONTENT="Its water, even in the months of June and July, is so cold" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L26_S1" CONTENT="that there is no need of icing it. The Takhat (Throne), where" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L27_S1" CONTENT="people flock in hundreds on every holiday, is one of the finest" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L28_S1" CONTENT="beauty spots of Koh Daman. Its magnificent spreading poplars" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L29_S1" CONTENT="(Panja Chinar) as they are called here, perhaps survivors of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P118_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P118_L30_S1" CONTENT="Mughal days, throw broad shade on all sides, where a few hours'" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P119_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P119_L1_S1" CONTENT="Atan, a national dance." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P120_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P120_L1_S1" CONTENT="A young Afghan fond of becoming a soldier." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P121_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L2_S1" CONTENT="rest makes the jaded visitor from the parched plains of the neighbouring countries forget his fatigue." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L3_S1" CONTENT="Opposite to the Takht stands the town of Istaliff ; houses piled upon one another, resembling a beehive from afar, and stretching to the shoulder of the mountain that overlooks it. A stream pursues its way in the bottom of the valley below Takht, which chafed and torn by its rocky bed, produces a sweet, melodious sound that lulls the weary traveller to sleep even in the day time." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L4_S1" CONTENT="Some of the best grapes in the world come from Koh Daman. It also furnishes much of the annual crop of excellent raisins that Afghanistan produces—raisins which are dried in the perforated rooms that one sees in most of the villages along the road. Some of the villages have a unique method of preserving grapes fresh for use in winter. Choice bunches are encased in hollow mud cells, called Kangina, where in the high dry air, they keep without much loss of moisture and but little spoiling." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L5_S1" CONTENT="GUL BAHAR : (Spring Blossom). In the north-eastern corner of Koh Daman is another lovely spot, called Gul Bahar, which lies on the banks of the Panjsher river, where" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L6_S1" CONTENT="&quot;The wine-like air calls visitors forth ;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L7_S1" CONTENT="Some wander far, some near ;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L8_S1" CONTENT="To shoot, to fish, make pictures or" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L9_S1" CONTENT="To picnic by some mere&quot;." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P121_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P121_L10_S1" CONTENT="Looking upward from Gul Bahar towards the lofty Hindukush, a snaky line of intermingled white and green water is seen leaping and twisting among the huge stones that pave its narrow bed. So beautifully transparent is the water that the stones at the bottom can be easily counted. Another stream of cold water, breaking through the Hindukush, comes down with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P122" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="122" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P122_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L1_S1" CONTENT="89" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L2_S1" CONTENT="headlong fury, tumbling and foaming to join the Panjsher at Gul" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L3_S1" CONTENT="Bahar. This is called the Shuttul, which affects a junction with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L4_S1" CONTENT="the Panjsher a little below the iron bridge. This site has been" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L5_S1" CONTENT="selected for the construction of a textile mill. Beyond Gul Bahar" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L6_S1" CONTENT="lies the beautiful valley of Kohistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L7_S1" CONTENT="The mountains at the head of Koh Daman throw out in-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L8_S1" CONTENT="numerable streams, foremost among which are: the Ghorband," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L9_S1" CONTENT="the Parwan, the Shuttul, and the Panjsher. The Parwan flows" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L10_S1" CONTENT="into the Ghorband, about four miles below the hills. The Ghor-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L11_S1" CONTENT="band, thus augmented, joins the Panjsher at Ali Burj, on the north-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L12_S1" CONTENT="east of the historic plain of Bagram. A few miles east of this junc-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L13_S1" CONTENT="tion the Barikab falls in from the south, and the drainage of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L14_S1" CONTENT="valley, thus collected into one channel, flows through an opening" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L15_S1" CONTENT="in the eastern hills and joins the Kabul at Sarobi, where a new" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L16_S1" CONTENT="electric plant is being installed to utilize the waters of these" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L17_S1" CONTENT="streams." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L18_S1" CONTENT="Koh Doman plays an important rôle in the ancient history" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L19_S1" CONTENT="of the country. It was a great seat of culture in the pre-Islamic" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L20_S1" CONTENT="days, and had some flourishing towns (such as Alexandria ad" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L21_S1" CONTENT="Caucasum, Houpian, Cartana, Cadrusi, and Capisia). The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L22_S1" CONTENT="whole plain, especially that of the Bagram (old Capisene) is litter-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L23_S1" CONTENT="ed with the ruins of these ancient seats of culture." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L24_S1" CONTENT="Another of the better known of the many populous valleys" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L25_S1" CONTENT="in this direction is called Panjsher (Five Lions), which lies beyond" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L26_S1" CONTENT="the pale of Koh Daman and Kohistan. A zigzag motor road" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L27_S1" CONTENT="now leads from Gul Bahar to this happy valley. The soil of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L28_S1" CONTENT="Panjsher is not very rich and is divided into small patches, but" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L29_S1" CONTENT="its climate is very salubrious, and its water is said to help diges-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L30_S1" CONTENT="tion. Orchards and mulberry groves constitute most of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P122_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P122_L31_S1" CONTENT="wealth of the people inhabiting this valley. A caravan road" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P123_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L1_S1" CONTENT="90" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L2_S1" CONTENT="from Kabul to Kataghan passes through this valley enroute to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L3_S1" CONTENT="the famous Khawak Pass, at a height of 11,640 feet above sea-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L4_S1" CONTENT="level." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L5_S1" CONTENT="Among other places of interest around Kabul, as regards" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L6_S1" CONTENT="climate and natural beauty, mention may be made of Paghman," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L7_S1" CONTENT="which is picturesquely set up in the lap of the range of the same" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L8_S1" CONTENT="name, some 16 miles west of the capital. It is a small," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L9_S1" CONTENT="picturesque town, and the whole locality is exceptionally clean," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L10_S1" CONTENT="healthy, calm and serene." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L11_S1" CONTENT="The climate of the Province of Kabul, on the whole, is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L12_S1" CONTENT="wholesome and bracing. The air, owing to altitude, is rare and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L13_S1" CONTENT="at first, a new-comer experiences some little difficulty in breath-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L14_S1" CONTENT="ing when walking uphill. There is usually little rainfall during" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L15_S1" CONTENT="the summer. Thunderstorms, with heavy downfalls of rain are" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L16_S1" CONTENT="frequent during early spring. In these storms, the flashes of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L17_S1" CONTENT="lightning are almost continuous and the peals of thunder are" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L18_S1" CONTENT="deafening and without cessation, but the electricity is often ex-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L19_S1" CONTENT="pended on the heights of the mountains, and there are few cases" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L20_S1" CONTENT="on record of a house being struck." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L21_S1" CONTENT="In winter, heavy falls of snow are common, and when the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L22_S1" CONTENT="wind causes it to drift, the small houses and hamlets are some-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L23_S1" CONTENT="times half covered with snow. Electric as well as telephone" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L24_S1" CONTENT="service is interrupted and motoring becomes impossible except" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L25_S1" CONTENT="for cars equipped with chains. The temperature sometimes," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L26_S1" CONTENT="especially during cold waves, falls to 30° below zero C. At" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L27_S1" CONTENT="Hazarajat the winter is even more severe, and traditions tell of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L28_S1" CONTENT="disastrous snowstorms. Avalanches are also very common" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L29_S1" CONTENT="causing great damage to life and property." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L30_S1" CONTENT="But even during winter the days are mostly bright and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P123_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P123_L31_S1" CONTENT="cheerful, and the sky clears soon after the fall of snow. The sun" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P124" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="124" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P124_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P124_L1_S1" CONTENT="91" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P124_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P124_L2_S1" CONTENT="shines brilliantly causing the snow to thaw. In the evening it freezes again, and the roads are like polished glass, very slippery, and men, horses and camels are apt to fall and be injured. This is the time for village children to skip over the sheets of ice, using nailed shoes instead of skates." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P124_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P124_L3_S1" CONTENT="The sun shining on the snow causes a good deal of snow-blindness, if care is not taken, but the most trying time is when the sky is overcast, and a great wind rises, which nothing can keep out of the houses. Then at sun-down the temperature falls below zero and continues to fall as the night advances, and even with a huge fire burning in the middle of the room, one is warm only on the side nearest the fire while the other side continues to be chilled with the continuous draught which comes in through every crevice as the wind surges against the house in heavy waves. Those outside, who bear the brunt of this wind, suffer considerably, and often lose feet, hands or nose with frost-bite. At this time wolves, too, driven by hunger, come down from their natural fastnesses to seek food, and are sometimes so desperate that they attack and kill men, when they find them helpless with cold or fatigue, and carry off children, sheep and goats, when and where they can get them." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P124_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P124_L4_S1" CONTENT="The clear rare air makes distances very deceptive to the eyes, and mountains at a considerable distance appear very close. Days of bright, clear sunshine are very tiring owing to the crisp biting air, when the thermometer runs down to double figures below zero, and the scintillations of light reflected from the myriad particles of frozen moisture sparkle like drops from a lamp-lit fountain, which greatly affect the naked eye." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P124_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P124_L5_S1" CONTENT="Earthquakes are common in the Kabul district, but thanks to the mode of construction of the houses, which are built in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P125_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L1_S1" CONTENT="192" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L2_S1" CONTENT="such a way as to be earthquake proof, the damage caused is often negligible." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L3_S1" CONTENT="KANDAHAR: Kandahar is one of the richest provinces of Afghanistan, and is extremely fertile and well-watered. It can boast of rich meadows, clothed with green turf, of gardens and orchards full of fruit trees and fields of corn, watered by numerous running streams. Its climate is cheering in winter, but it is considered most pleasant in spring. During summer it is both hot and dry. Its chief exports are fruits, fresh as well as dried, and large quantities of wool. The wool of Kandahar is of a very good quality, and in the last few years it has found an excellent market abroad. A factory for the manufacture of woollen cloth was set up here before the outbreak of the last World War, and since then it has made considerable progress. Its produce, both good and cheap, is now supplying the needs of the people, replacing imports from abroad of woollen goods." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L4_S1" CONTENT="However, Kandahar's real fame lies in its delicious fruits. Foremost among these are grapes. Then come pomegranates and 'shakar-para' (a kind of dried apricot, so sweet, that it is named 'shakar-para', meaning a piece of sugar), which is dried and exported in large quantities. Kandahar has a fine quality of raisin, of light yellow colour, up to two centimetres long, known by the name of 'Abjosh' (water-boiled)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L5_S1" CONTENT="The pomegranates grown in this district are of exceptionally high quality and in size reach from 17 to 18 cms. in diameter each. Large groves of pomegranate trees are located along the Arghandab river. The pulp of the fruit is usually dark-red less frequently white." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P125_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P125_L6_S1" CONTENT="The construction of the Kajaki and Arghandab Dams and the Boghra Canal in collaboration with the U.S. Operations" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P126_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L1_S1" CONTENT="93" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L2_S1" CONTENT="Mission are likely to play an important rôle in the agricultural" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L3_S1" CONTENT="development of this province. These developments will pro-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L4_S1" CONTENT="gressively result in an increase in the productive capacity of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L5_S1" CONTENT="Afghan agriculture of over 700,000 acres of improved and new" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L6_S1" CONTENT="land. At the same time, the project will make a major con-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L7_S1" CONTENT="tribution to the solution of the problem of the settlement of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L8_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan's tribal nomads." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L9_S1" CONTENT="HERAT: The province of Herat occupies the north-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L10_S1" CONTENT="western corner of Afghanistan. A traveller is struck with the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L11_S1" CONTENT="richness and fertility of its soil. It is well-watered by innumer-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L12_S1" CONTENT="able streams, the Hari-Rud being the most important of them." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L13_S1" CONTENT="Well-fortified and populous villages are scattered throughout" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L14_S1" CONTENT="this valley. Around these are beautiful gardens, orchards and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L15_S1" CONTENT="vineyards." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L16_S1" CONTENT="The north-eastern parts of this province are mostly moun-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L17_S1" CONTENT="tainous, while the western and southern portions are generally" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L18_S1" CONTENT="sandy and level. The Parapomisus, running roughly parallel to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L19_S1" CONTENT="the Hari-Rud, cuts off the valley of the Hari from that of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L20_S1" CONTENT="Badghisat. The north-western corner of the province is occupied" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L21_S1" CONTENT="by innumerable saline deserts, known by the common name of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L22_S1" CONTENT="Namaksar (salt-deserts). These deserts are regarded by some as" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L23_S1" CONTENT="the beds of dried-up seas." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L24_S1" CONTENT="The main valley of Hert, watered by the Hari-Rud, is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L25_S1" CONTENT="extremely fertile and well-watered, and is one of the richest" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L26_S1" CONTENT="and best irrigated districts of the country, wherein are situated" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L27_S1" CONTENT="the important towns of Herat, Obeh, Ghorian (Poshinj of old)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L28_S1" CONTENT="and Kushan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L29_S1" CONTENT="The lovely district of Badghisat, so famous in history, lies" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L30_S1" CONTENT="on the northern skirts of the Paropamisus Range. It is said" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P126_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P126_L31_S1" CONTENT="that Nassr bin Ahmad, the Samanid King of Bokhara (913—942" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P127_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L1_S1" CONTENT="94" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L2_S1" CONTENT="A.D.) was so charmed with its beauty that he would not quit" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L3_S1" CONTENT="the place even after a stay of two years. The courtiers," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L4_S1" CONTENT="home-sick as they were, approached Rodaki, the poet-laureate," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L5_S1" CONTENT="if he would do something to make the King return home." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L6_S1" CONTENT="Whereupon the poet composed a few simple but touching verses," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L7_S1" CONTENT="and when he recited them to the King, the effect was marvellous." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L8_S1" CONTENT="It is said that he immediately left on horse-back for Bokhara" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L9_S1" CONTENT="without even waiting to put on his boots." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L10_S1" CONTENT="Sabzwar or Sheendand, the old historic Isfazar another" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L11_S1" CONTENT="fertile district, lies to the south on the Herat-Kabul road." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L12_S1" CONTENT="The soil of Herat is varied in its quality and character." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L13_S1" CONTENT="Some districts are so fertile that grain there yields one hundred" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L14_S1" CONTENT="and rice two hundred-fold." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L15_S1" CONTENT="The produce of Herat consists of fruits in great variety" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L16_S1" CONTENT="and most kinds of grain. It also produces some silk, saffron," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L17_S1" CONTENT="large quantities of asafoetida, manna, tobacco, pistachio, nuts" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L18_S1" CONTENT="and gums." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L19_S1" CONTENT="Herat possesses a pleasant and beautiful climate. Winters" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L20_S1" CONTENT="are not extremely cold, and summers would be hot but for the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L21_S1" CONTENT="periodical wind from the west which generally lasts for 120" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L22_S1" CONTENT="days." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L23_S1" CONTENT="The mineral wealth of the province is said to be great." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L24_S1" CONTENT="There are many signs of oil-bearing areas. Important oil fields" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L25_S1" CONTENT="are located at a place called Tirpul, west of the city on Herat-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L26_S1" CONTENT="Meshed road. Salt is found in various parts in the shape of a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L27_S1" CONTENT="thick effervescence. The province is also rich in iron and coal." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L28_S1" CONTENT="Herat is celebrated for the beauty and durability of its" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L29_S1" CONTENT="carpets. It is also noted for its woollen cloth (called Kurk) and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P127_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P127_L30_S1" CONTENT="silken fabrics called Kanavez." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P129_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P129_L1_S1" CONTENT="A view of Doab-i-Mekh-i-Zarin (of the Golden Peg), Shikari Pass" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P130_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P130_L1_S1" CONTENT="Lashkari Bazaar, the new city near Lashkargah, the winter capital of Sultan Masud." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P131_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L1_S1" CONTENT="96" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L2_S1" CONTENT="later by poppies as scarlet as tulips; and yet more thistles. This lasts but for a very short time. When the spring rains cease, all this gaiety ceases too. The flowers wither and the stalks dry up and stiffen. Then comes the wind, and it scrapes all the dry stalks from the surface of the downs. It blows them away, and then rolls them up into huge bundles which collect in the folds and gullies of the hills—a tangled mass of dry nothingness. When the snow descends and the floods finally come again, out goes all the mass of debris, sailing after the manner of detached haystacks. None of it ever reaches the Oxus, for none of the local streams ever makes a junction with that river. So the rubbish gets piled into swamps, and this gives cover to countless pheasants, and finally becomes submerged and reed-covered." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L3_S1" CONTENT="The province of Mazar (ancient Bactria) has a glorious past. It was here that the Aryan settlers laid the foundation of what is known to be their first capital—Bakhdi, the city of lofty banners. Arts and crafts developed very early in this region and reached a high level. It was here that Zoroaster preached his simple religion, and the Zend-Avesta came into being. Later on it became the centre of the Greek colony in the East. In the palmy Buddhist days, Balkh became a great seat of religion, and was famous for its temple of Navavihara, more familiarly known as Atishkada-i-Naobahar (the fire-temple of Naobahar)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P131_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P131_L4_S1" CONTENT="As a province Mazar-i-Sharif is ranked among the leading ones in the state. Its position is in no way less important than that of Herat or Kandahar. It contains the fertile districts of Tashquerghan, Aibak, Sangcharak, Saripul, Balkh, Daulatabad, Aqchah, and Shibarghan. It has innumerable pastures where flocks of sheep and horses are reared. It is also the home of the famous Afghan sheep, Karakuli. The chief items of exports are: the Karakuli lambskins, carpets, pistachio and almonds." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P132_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L2_S1" CONTENT="KATAGHAN : It occupies the north-eastern corner of the country, and is bounded on the south by the Hindukush and on the north by Badakhshan and Amu. It is well-watered on the whole and possesses some fine populous districts, foremost among these being: Baghlan, Puli-Khumri, Doshi; Dahan-i-Ghori, Khanabad, Andarab, Kunduz, Hazrat-i-Imam and Taluqan. It is the chief cotton producing centre of the country; part of which is used by the Puli-Khumri and Jabalus-Seradj Mills, while large quantities are left to be exported." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L3_S1" CONTENT="The province of Kataghan (Tukharistan of old) is also noted for its fine breed of horses and sheep. Within the last few years a large number of canals have been dug out in the province, which now play a great part in the agricultural development of the country. Similarly large areas of marshy and swampy lands have been drained and brought under cultivation. Previously Kunduz (Kohan-Dizh, that is Old Fort) was notorious for its malarial climate to the extent that people used to say: &quot;Marg mekhwahi Kunduz bro&quot; (meaning &quot;If it is death that you seek, then go to Kunduz&quot;). However, the locality has now been properly drained and cleared of reeds and marshes and has come to be one of the most fertile districts of the province. The proverb now runs: &quot;Go to Kunduz if you are after gold&quot; (Zar mekhwahi Kunduz bro)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L4_S1" CONTENT="On the whole the climate of this province cannot be pronounced salubrious. Winters are comparatively better, but summers are hot and tiring." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L5_S1" CONTENT="Recently the cultivation of beetroot has made considerable progress, especially in the country around Baghlan, where a big sugar-mill is installed to make use of the produce." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P132_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P132_L6_S1" CONTENT="NANGRAHAR (SAMT-I-MASHRIQI or THE EASTERN PROVINCE): There are few spots such as Jalalabad—a green," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P133_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L1_S1" CONTENT="98" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L2_S1" CONTENT="pleasant valley where the Kabul river spreads out a hundred" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L3_S1" CONTENT="yards or more into a broad rapid stream and transforms sandy" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L4_S1" CONTENT="tracts into oases, There are poplar,cypress, mulberry, ash, and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L5_S1" CONTENT="willow trees in Jalalabad, and their shade seem doubly deep be-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L6_S1" CONTENT="cause of the brilliance of the sun on the bare rocks and hills to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L7_S1" CONTENT="the north and south." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L8_S1" CONTENT="Jalalabad is hot in summer, but its winters are quite" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L9_S1" CONTENT="pleasant. At the foot of the Speen Ghar there are some fine" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L10_S1" CONTENT="hill-stations, where people flock during the hot season. Kaja," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L11_S1" CONTENT="Khogyani, and Mamakhel may be especially mentioned in this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L12_S1" CONTENT="connection." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L13_S1" CONTENT="One of the richest districts of this province is Laghman" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L14_S1" CONTENT="(Lampaka of old). This fertile valley lies to the west of Jalal-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L15_S1" CONTENT="abad city along the Kabul-Peshawar road. The Kabul river," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L16_S1" CONTENT="that has all along struggled through narrow gorges, here becomes" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L17_S1" CONTENT="a broad clear stream, more than 50 yards wide." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L18_S1" CONTENT="The valley of Laghman is well-watered and must have" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L19_S1" CONTENT="always been populous. From the north the snow-capped peaks" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L20_S1" CONTENT="of the Nuristan mountains (southern off-shoots of the Hindukush)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L21_S1" CONTENT="look down upon it, and among the forest clad valleys at the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L22_S1" CONTENT="foot of these peaks two important river systems take their rise—" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L23_S1" CONTENT="the Alishang and Alingar, which, uniting, join the Kabul river" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L24_S1" CONTENT="in this flat plain, where each acre of land is extremely pro-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L25_S1" CONTENT="ductive." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L26_S1" CONTENT="The second valley of note is that of Kunar, which lies to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L27_S1" CONTENT="the north of Jalalabad, and beyond which is situated the most" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L28_S1" CONTENT="fascinating region of Afghanistan, known as Nuristan (the old" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L29_S1" CONTENT="Kafiristan)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L30_S1" CONTENT="The Kunar valley is of exceptional interest for many" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P133_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P133_L31_S1" CONTENT="reasons. The ancient road from Kabul (or Capisia) to India" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P134_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P134_L1_S1" CONTENT="99" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P134_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P134_L2_S1" CONTENT="through the Laghman valley ran across it in Bajaur. Consequently former conquerors, such as Alexander the Great and Babar, who advanced from Kabul, and were always concerned in reducing the hill tribes about the Kunar before they entered the plains of India, knew it well." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P134_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P134_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Kunar valley is among the most lovely of the many lovely valleys of Afghanistan. Flanked by the snow-covered mountains of Khushmund on the west, and the long level water-shed which divides it from Bajaur and Panjkora drainage on the east, it appears as one enters it from Jalalabad side, to be hemmed in and to be very narrow, But it widens out north-ward, a few miles above the entrance, where the ridges of the lofty Khushmund tail off into low altitudes of sweeping hills." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P134_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P134_L4_S1" CONTENT="The Lower Kunar (or Kooz Kunar) in the early autumn is passing beautiful. Down the tawny plain, backed by purple hills, the river Kunar winds its way, reflecting the azure sky with pure turquoise, blinking and winking with tiny sun-shifts, and running emerald green at the edges, and sharp perpendicular columns of black break the landscape in ordered groups. There are the cypresses which still adorn, in stately rows, the archaic gardens of hamlets which once were flourishing towns. The clustering villages are thick in some parts, so thick that they jostle each other continuously. The villages are white-walled and outwardly clean. The scent of orange-blossoms is luscious and overpowering. It was through these lovely villages that Alexander the Great marched on his way to India (327 B.C.). Perhaps he crossed the Kunar watershed by the Speensuka Pass, which leads direct from Pasht to Bajaur. It was here that the bold invader met the stubborn resistance of the Aspasians or Assakenians (perhaps modern Safis) and was severely wounded." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P135_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L1_S1" CONTENT="100" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L2_S1" CONTENT="Higher up the river the valley closes long before Chitral is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L3_S1" CONTENT="reached. It narrows exceedingly. Here the northern winds" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L4_S1" CONTENT="rage down the funnel with bitter fury and make life burdensome." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L5_S1" CONTENT="The villages take to the hill slopes or cluster in patches on the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L6_S1" CONTENT="terraces at the feet of the hills." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L7_S1" CONTENT="To the south-west of the great gorges that come down from" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L8_S1" CONTENT="the Pamirs lies the most fascinating region of Nuristan (old" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L9_S1" CONTENT="name Kafiristan, that is the Land of the Unbelievers). Until" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L10_S1" CONTENT="1892 a popular legend and belief peopled this region with the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L11_S1" CONTENT="descendants of Alexander's army-men whom he had left" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L12_S1" CONTENT="behind. In that year, George Robertson entered the country" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L13_S1" CONTENT="twice, on the latter occasion making a prolonged stay, visiting" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L14_S1" CONTENT="several of the valleys and staying at the villages. He made close" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L15_S1" CONTENT="study of their languages, manners and customs. His report for" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L16_S1" CONTENT="the first time dispelled the idea that the inhabitants of this part" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L17_S1" CONTENT="of the country had any Macedonian origin. It is also related" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L18_S1" CONTENT="that when the Macedonian army was passing that way, some-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L19_S1" CONTENT="where among these hills, probably at the lower spurs of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L20_S1" CONTENT="three-peaked Koh-i-Noor, there dwelt a people who told the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L21_S1" CONTENT="invaders that they were the descendants of the western people" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L22_S1" CONTENT="who had come into those parts with their god Dionysus. Nuris-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L23_S1" CONTENT="tan has created much interest in various foreign countries," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L24_S1" CONTENT="several missions (from Germany and Denmark) having visited" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L25_S1" CONTENT="it quite recently." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L26_S1" CONTENT="The valleys of Nuristan strike the traveller with their neat-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L27_S1" CONTENT="ness, their beauty and well-cultivated fields. Near the houses" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L28_S1" CONTENT="are planted trees, laid out paths, and carefully conducted water-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L29_S1" CONTENT="ways, by which the antiquity of sedentary culture is felt. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L30_S1" CONTENT="crops are sown in small patches. Every foot of land is cultiva-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P135_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P135_L31_S1" CONTENT="ted. The fields are surrounded by fences." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextBlock ID="P136_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P136_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P136_L1_S1" CONTENT="101" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P136_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P136_L2_S1" CONTENT="From Parun Pass onwards lies the forest zone. Here most of the houses are built of wood, with stones only in the foundation. The population, Nuristanis as they are called, are of pure Aryan type, tall, slim, and extremely handsome. They embraced Islam towards the close of the nineteeth century during the reign of Amir Abdur Rahman Khan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P136_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P136_L3_S1" CONTENT="PACTIA (SAMT-I-JUNUBI or the Southern Province). It lies south of Kabul, and occupies comparatively a smaller area. This region is mostly hilly and is covered with fine cedar forests. From an agricultural point this province is not rich and is very sparsely populated, but its chief importance lies in its strategical position, for here roads radiate to Kabul, Ghazni and Bannu. The province is the home of some of the most warlike and brave Afghan tribes, who have played an important rôle in the defence of the country." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P136_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P136_L4_S1" CONTENT="Some of the forest districts are indeed very lovely and possess a healthful climate. The hilly districts are extremely cold in winter, but summers are generally genial. Khost is the hottest part of this region." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P136_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P136_L5_S1" CONTENT="Gardez, the chief town of the province, stands at an elevation of 7,200 feet, and is colder than Kabul. During summer it is much cooler and has genial climate." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P136_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P136_L6_S1" CONTENT="Chief items of export are: timber, charcoal, honey and pignolia." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P137_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P137_L2_S1" CONTENT="PART TWO" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P137_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P137_L3_S1" CONTENT="The People" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P137_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P137_L4_S1" CONTENT="Afghans are for the most part of original Indo-European stock, though people of other races, especially Mongolians, are not wanting. The Pashtuns, who account for 65 or 70 per cent of the total population, are of Aryan origin. Next comes the Tajiks, who, like the Pashtuns, are the descendants of the original Aryan stock, settled in the country during the days of general migration. They form from 15 to 20% of the entire population. The rest are Hazaras, Turkomans, Uzbeks, Kizilbashes, Kirghiz, Arabs and others. Despite the medley of races and tongues, the Afghans today form one nation, and are united to live and die in the defence of their motherland." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P137_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P137_L5_S1" CONTENT="Unfortuuately, much misconception prevails about the manners and customs of the Afghans in the outside world. This is chiefly due to the fact that most of the books available are written by those who were hostile towards Afghanistan. A well-known American writer (Justice William O. Douglas) who recently had an opportunity to pay a visit to the country, and had been under the influence of these writers, says in this connection: &quot;I had gone to Afghanistan with great misgivings. The literature I had read, the tales I had heard, made me very uneasy. I was told that it was a nation of brigands and thieves. I was told that it was not even safe to go unarmed into the bazaars; that unless one had an armed escort, he was tempting fate. This was rank libel. The Afghans are the most friendly and hospitable people I have ever met. One could go to any Afghan home and be warmly received. He would get the best food the family had to offer. The house would be his home though he were a total stranger. If there were only one room," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P139_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P139_L1_S1" CONTENT="Ancient Stone cauldron, Kabul Museum." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P139_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P139_L2_S1" CONTENT="۷۰" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P140" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="140" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P140_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P140_L1_S1" CONTENT="The mausoleum of Abdullah Ansari at Herat Gazargah." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P140_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P140_L2_S1" CONTENT="A specimen of Afghan art of the 15th Century." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P141" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="141" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P141_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P141_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L1_S1" CONTENT="104" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L2_S1" CONTENT="after sustaining heavy casualties. No nation or race has ever" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L3_S1" CONTENT="shown more dauntless courage or more indomitable energy than" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L4_S1" CONTENT="the Afghans in their wars with Arabs. The Arabs attacked" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L5_S1" CONTENT="Kabul and the Central Afghan plateau no less than six times," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L6_S1" CONTENT="but all their efforts were frustrated and each time they had to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L7_S1" CONTENT="fall back precipitately." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L8_S1" CONTENT="In modern times the regiments of the British army which" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L9_S1" CONTENT="stormed triumphantly through Africa and Asia, suffered crushing" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L10_S1" CONTENT="defeats at the hands of the Afghans. Only the Afghans defeated" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L11_S1" CONTENT="the British Empire, not once, but three times and at the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L12_S1" CONTENT="Britishers' game of war. The disaster of the British troops—" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L13_S1" CONTENT="troops long accustomed to oriental fighting, during the First" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L14_S1" CONTENT="Afghan War (1838—42), cannot be explained in any way other" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L15_S1" CONTENT="than that the British were outfought by the Afghans who were" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L16_S1" CONTENT="armed with but primitive weapons. The Second Afghan War" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L17_S1" CONTENT="(1878—1881) was another debacle. The Third Afghan War" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L18_S1" CONTENT="(1919) proved conclusively that the vast development of Britain's" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L19_S1" CONTENT="fighting methods during those four years (1914—1918) did not" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L20_S1" CONTENT="enable her to subdue the Afghans." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L21_S1" CONTENT="The Afghan ideal of progress seems to consist in a proper" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L22_S1" CONTENT="balance of material advancement and spiritual renovation. It" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L23_S1" CONTENT="permits the assimilation of the substance of the great cultures" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L24_S1" CONTENT="of the world, without impairing its national individuality. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L25_S1" CONTENT="Afghans want to preserve a spiritual civilisation which is as" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L26_S1" CONTENT="important as material progress, realising that the Western" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L27_S1" CONTENT="civilisation, with all its great achievements in the field of science" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L28_S1" CONTENT="and art and other departments of knowledge, is lacking in this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L29_S1" CONTENT="respect." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L30_S1" CONTENT="The Afghans are physically a very fine people. They are" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P141_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P141_L31_S1" CONTENT="of robust build, strong, stalwart and muscular. They have high" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P142" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="142" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P142_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L1_S1" CONTENT="105" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L2_S1" CONTENT="noses, long faces and are of fair complexion. Their counte-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L3_S1" CONTENT="nances have an air of manliness and deliberation. They are" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L4_S1" CONTENT="hardy and active, industrious and sober. No more potent" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L5_S1" CONTENT="testimony to their power exists than the record of the Anglo-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L6_S1" CONTENT="Afghan wars." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L7_S1" CONTENT="Their manners are frank and open. Though manly and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L8_S1" CONTENT="independent they are entirely free from conceit and ferocity." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L9_S1" CONTENT="They are remarkable for their prudence, good sense and humour." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L10_S1" CONTENT="They have always been ardent sportsmen. From time" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L11_S1" CONTENT="immemorial they have realised that physical culture and sports" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L12_S1" CONTENT="are the important elements which enable one to overcome" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L13_S1" CONTENT="difficulties and privations, and still remain cheerful, courageous" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L14_S1" CONTENT="and firm. Physical endurance, ability to co-ordinate all move-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L15_S1" CONTENT="ments on any terrain, and overcome parching heat and bitter" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L16_S1" CONTENT="frost—these qualities are acquired by the Afghans as a result of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L17_S1" CONTENT="constant attention to national sports, such as horse-riding," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L18_S1" CONTENT="mountaineering, and wrestling." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L19_S1" CONTENT="Even in present-day Afghan life, sports and physical" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L20_S1" CONTENT="culture occupy an important part. Besides their own national" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L21_S1" CONTENT="games, all modern European sports, such as football, volleyball," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L22_S1" CONTENT="hockey, basketball, handball and tennis have been introduced" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L23_S1" CONTENT="and widely promoted throughout the country." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L24_S1" CONTENT="Among the Afghan games the one called Buzkashi (dragging" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L25_S1" CONTENT="the goat) is indeed a feat of horsemanship. It is chiefly in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L26_S1" CONTENT="vogue in Northern Afghanistan (Mazar, Maimana, and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L27_S1" CONTENT="Kataghan provinces). Like polo, it is played on horseback by" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L28_S1" CONTENT="two opposing teams, each consisting of 60 to 100 horsemen. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L29_S1" CONTENT="first thing to be done is to kill a goat, a calf or a sheep, and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L30_S1" CONTENT="then to place the carcass in the middle of a circle. When this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L31_S1" CONTENT="is done, a signal is given, and all the riders make a dash at the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P142_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P142_L32_S1" CONTENT="beheaded animal. The man who picks it up flings it across the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P143_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P143_L1_S1" CONTENT="106" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P143_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P143_L2_S1" CONTENT="saddle in front of him, and goes off at full gallop; the others chasing him until one of them catches up with him. While still at full gallop the two riders struggle for the possession of the body. The man who gets it is in turn chased by others, and when the carcass falls to the ground, as it often does, it is picked up as the riders gallop by, the horsemen riding with one leg and arm thrown over the horse to enable them to reach the ground. So the game continues until one of the teams is able to bring the body of the animal to the appointed spot and drop it in the circle, thus scoring a goal. The speed and agility of these horses as well as the remarkable skill of the riders is a wonderful and awe-inspiring sight." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P143_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P143_L3_S1" CONTENT="The great delight of the Afghans, both male and female, is to dance the Attan. From ten to twenty men or women stand up in a circle. A person takes his place within the circle to sing or play on some instrument. The dancers then go through a number of attitudes and figures, sometimes singing, sometimes shouting, at other times clapping their hands and snapping their fingers in unison. Every now and then they join hands and move first slowly then swiftly, sometimes making a full circle round one leg, according to the music, while all join in the chorus." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P143_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P143_L4_S1" CONTENT="Another game which is commonly played in the country goes by the name of Ghursai. A man takes his left foot in his right hand, and hops about one leg, endeavouring to knock down his opponent, who is advancing in the same way from the opposite direction. Hunting birds and animals is also a very popular amusement. The old methods of catching wild animals are still in vogue in some parts of the country. Men often go out with greyhounds (Afghan hounds), hawks, and falcons to catch birds and course hares, foxes and deer." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P144" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="144" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P144_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P144_L1_S1" CONTENT="107" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P144_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P144_L2_S1" CONTENT="The more prosperous hunters, equipped with shotguns, have live decoys which they place in a kind of pond (Nowr as it is locally called), built especially for the event. When the wild ducks fly over, the Judas-ducks call, and their wild brothers come down to be shot." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P144_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P144_L3_S1" CONTENT="The farmers and villagers capture hundreds of game birds without arms of any kind. A favourite method is to build across a small stream a pond which empties with a gentle current. When the pond empties, the hunter builds a low hut of mud and twigs across it. The hut has a trap entrance and no exit. A flight of weary and unsuspecting ducks is attracted to the pond by decoys and are made to feel so much at home that they spend the night there. As they sleep, the current wafts them gently into the trap and they finish on the dining tables." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P144_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P144_L4_S1" CONTENT="One of the most remarkable characteristics of the Afghans is their hospitality. The importance of this virtue is so much a national point of honour that their reproach to an inhospitable man is that he has no Pashtunwali, that is nothing of the customs of the Afghans. All persons indiscriminately are entitled to benefit by this practice, and a man who travels over the whole country, will never be in want of a meal, except perhaps in towns. For the feast given in honour of the guest, the host would not hesitate to kill the fattest sheep or the best fowls which he possesses. At dinner he presses the guest to have more and more, and entreats him not to spare, for there is plenty to eat. If the guest is not inclined to do full justice to all the dishes offered, the host feels rather insulted in the presence of his friends, who are always invited on such occasions." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P144_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P144_L5_S1" CONTENT="Another remarkable custom peculiar to the Afghans is called Nang or Ninawati, that is, seeking the help or protection of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P145_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L1_S1" CONTENT="108" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L2_S1" CONTENT="others. A man who is in difficulty or has a favour to ask goes" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L3_S1" CONTENT="to the house or tent of an Afghan on whom he depends, and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L4_S1" CONTENT="refuses to sit on his carpet, or to partake of his hospitality until" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L5_S1" CONTENT="the boon is granted. The honour of the party thus solicited" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L6_S1" CONTENT="will incur a stain if he does not grant the favour asked of him." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L7_S1" CONTENT="So far is this practice carried, that a man over-matched by his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L8_S1" CONTENT="enemy, will sometimes go Ninawati to the house of another man," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L9_S1" CONTENT="and entreat him to take up his quarrel, a request with which the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L10_S1" CONTENT="other is obliged to comply. A still stronger appeal is made when a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L11_S1" CONTENT="woman in distress sends her veil to an Afghan, calling upon" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L12_S1" CONTENT="him as her brother, and imploring his assistance for herself" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L13_S1" CONTENT="or her family. From this custom arises the obligation of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L14_S1" CONTENT="protecting and defending a fugitive, even against the govern-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L15_S1" CONTENT="ment, irrespective of his crime. Those who seek shelter under" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L16_S1" CONTENT="the roof of an Afghan are to be defended at all cost. The code" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L17_S1" CONTENT="followed by an Afghan is :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L18_S1" CONTENT="(1) An Afghan must grant to all fugitives the right of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L19_S1" CONTENT="asylum." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L20_S1" CONTENT="(2) An Afghan must offer hospitality even to his dreaded" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L21_S1" CONTENT="enemy." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L22_S1" CONTENT="(3) An Afghan must wipe out insult with insult." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L23_S1" CONTENT="Another strange custom goes by the name of “Ghag-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L24_S1" CONTENT="Kawal”, which literally means “calling”. A lover, who is unable" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L25_S1" CONTENT="to secure the object of his love by any other means, usually" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L26_S1" CONTENT="resorts to this national custom. Repairing to the residence of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L27_S1" CONTENT="his beloved, he fires into the air just in front of her door, there-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L28_S1" CONTENT="by declaring his attachment to the girl. He then approaches her" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L29_S1" CONTENT="father or guardian through the elders of the tribe, entreating to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L30_S1" CONTENT="forgive him for his audacity, and imploring the hand of his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L31_S1" CONTENT="daughter in marriage. Refusal of such a request often leads to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P145_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P145_L32_S1" CONTENT="tribal feuds." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P146" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="146" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P146_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L1_S1" CONTENT="109" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L2_S1" CONTENT="Another peculiar custom is known by the name of &quot;Tega-Ikhodil&quot;, that is &quot;Laying the Stone&quot;. The rival tribes and families, in times of national emergency forget their mutual jealousies and strife, unite together against their common foe, and promise to respect the treaty and carry on the struggle till the national aim is achieved." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L3_S1" CONTENT="A strange custom in vogue in Kabul and the hilly districts goes by the name of Barfi (Barf means snow). On the occasion of the first fall of snow, friends address congratulatory letters to one another, containing a short Persian couplet which runs thus:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L4_S1" CONTENT="My dear, snow has come," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L5_S1" CONTENT="Snow is mine, but Barfi is yours." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L6_S1" CONTENT="Everybody on such occasions is on his guard and instructs his servants and family members not to receive any letter before first knowing the contents of it. Everyone tries to catch hold of the deliverer of such letters. If he is caught, he gets a good thrashing, and then is turned over to his master or the head of his family with face blackened. This means that the sender of the letter has lost the game—the Barfi, as it is called. He is then bound to arrange for a grand feast and to invite the winner and his friends to it. On the other hand, if the letter, by mistake, is received by the addressee and the deliverer makes good his escape, the addressee is to pay a similar penalty." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L7_S1" CONTENT="The Afghans pay much attention to good manners. Hand shaking and embracing are considered an important part of good manners. Even a stranger will be greeted with a hearty welcome and a hand-shake at any meeting." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P146_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P146_L8_S1" CONTENT="The Afghans are light-hearted and sociable poeple. They do not laugh often, but they talk a good deal, and love a decent" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P147" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="147" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P147_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P147_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L1_S1" CONTENT="110" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L2_S1" CONTENT="joke. Picnic parties are often arranged on holidays. They are" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L3_S1" CONTENT="very fond of amusements. They play the flute, the rubab, a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L4_S1" CONTENT="sort of lute or guitar, and the tanboor." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L5_S1" CONTENT="But the centre of Afghan life is the tea-house, hundreds of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L6_S1" CONTENT="which dot every roadside. These are often clean open shelters" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L7_S1" CONTENT="which serve as clubs for the village people and passers-by." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L8_S1" CONTENT="Here they gather round a big boiling samovar, quaffing tea, chat-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L9_S1" CONTENT="ting and discussing their social and economic problems in a friend-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L10_S1" CONTENT="ly atmosphere. Afghans are very fond of tea, especially green" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L11_S1" CONTENT="tea, drinking sometimes 15 to 20 cups in an hour. These tea-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L12_S1" CONTENT="houses are seldom without a rubabi (one who plays on the rubab)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L13_S1" CONTENT="with a large number of eager listeners making a circle around him" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L14_S1" CONTENT="keeping time with the music and nodding their heads in apprecia-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L15_S1" CONTENT="tion." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L16_S1" CONTENT="The Afghans love stories very much. The old men and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L17_S1" CONTENT="women are great story-tellers, and the young folk listen with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L18_S1" CONTENT="great interest to these stories, most of which are concerned with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L19_S1" CONTENT="the deeds of national heroes or those of genii and fairies. Dur-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L20_S1" CONTENT="ing winter they generally gather round the Sandali (a sort of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L21_S1" CONTENT="stove) or the hearth, listening attentively to the grandma, who" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L22_S1" CONTENT="is an expert story-teller." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L23_S1" CONTENT="The basis of Afghan society is patriarchal, as it was in the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L24_S1" CONTENT="days of yore. Father or grandfather (generelly called Mushar" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L25_S1" CONTENT="or Spingere—the venerable old man) is the head of the family." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L26_S1" CONTENT="He must be consulted on all important family matters. No one" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L27_S1" CONTENT="should marry without his sanction. Permission to marry a daugh-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L28_S1" CONTENT="ter of his family is asked of him by the suitor through the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L29_S1" CONTENT="mediation of an intimate friend or elders of the locality. It is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L30_S1" CONTENT="a long and tedious process and sometimes takes weeks and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P147_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P147_L31_S1" CONTENT="months before an agreement is reached. The selection of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P148" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="148" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P148_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P148_L1_S1" CONTENT="111" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P148_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P148_L2_S1" CONTENT="mate is generally not the choice of the youth, but is looked upon as the chief concern of the parents. Parents as well as other members of the family have a good deal to say who should marry and whom. The wedding is celebrated in the house of the bride's parents, where the bridegroom, accompanied by his relatives and parents, repair in procession. Atter the nuptial is over, the bridegroom takes his wife's hand and returns to his house. On entering it, like the Aryans of old, he leads her to the family hearth (Naghare, as it is called). She tastes of the sweet dish (Halwa, a pudding) prepared for the occasion, and then becomes a bona fide member of her husband's family." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P148_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P148_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Afghan family circle is a genial one. The wife is the mistress of the house. Women are generally considered equals. Husband and wife discuss family problems in an atmosphere of extreme friendliness and arrive at decisions. The husband assumes dominance in certain spheres, usually in managing finances and business arrangements, while the wife looks after children and other household affairs. The fact that the family atmosphere is healthy is evidenced by the fact of the lowest divorce rate in the world. A woman, after the death of her husband, is entitled to a share of his property." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P148_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P148_L4_S1" CONTENT="As the family can only be continued in the male line, great importance is attached to the birth of a male child. An abundance of sons is constantly prayed for. Lack of male issue is looked upon as a bad omen." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P148_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P148_L5_S1" CONTENT="The Afghan government plays a great rôle in the social and economic advancement of the people and has taken active steps in eradicating some of the old and ruinous customs and rites. Previously an Afghan youth had to buy his mate by paying a huge sum of money (called Walwar or Sheerbaha) to her parents. This is now strictly banned by the government and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P149_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P149_L1_S1" CONTENT="Agricultural farm at Aliabad, Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P150_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P150_L1_S1" CONTENT="Afghan Karakul skins are famous throughout the world." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P151" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="151" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P151_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L1_S1" CONTENT="112" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L2_S1" CONTENT="defaulters have to pay heavy fines. The municipalities in the cities and towns, and the government officials in rural areas have to keep a keen watch over these matters. Similarly, the government stepped in to curtail the former heavy expenses of marriage ceremonies and mourning, (called Murdahdari). Previously, great feasts were arranged on such occasions, which generally lasted for three continuous days and nights, and the expenses incurred were generally beyond the means of the parties concerned. These have now been reduced to a minimum. In case of marriages, the guests are invited to an evening tea, costing not more than a few hundred Afghanis, while the mourning ceremony is totally abolished. Friends and relatives now repair to the mosque (between 8 a.m. to 12 noon) to sympathize with the bereaved and pray for the departed soul of the deceased." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L3_S1" CONTENT="Modern means of transportation and communication, such as cars, tractors, airlines, radio, telegraph and telephone, and diffusion of knowledge have affected the lives of the people even in the remotest part of the country, and have been instrumental in bringing about some important changes in their social life." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L4_S1" CONTENT="The Afghans are extremely religious. Islam of the Sunni doctrine is the State religion, and almost all the Pashtuns, Tajiks, Turkomans, and Uzbeks belong to this sect. The Hazaras and Kizilbashes are mostly Shias. Besides, there are a few thousand Sikhs, Hindus and Jews living in cities and carrying on lucrative businesses." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P151_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P151_L5_S1" CONTENT="The Afghans are of a tolerant nature and have a liberal attitude towards the followers of others religions, who enjoy perfect freedom in the observance of their religious ceremonies in every part of the country. On the occasions of religious festivals, they gladly go to the temples of their countrymen and take part in their festivities," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P152_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P152_L2_S1" CONTENT="The masses are frequently fatalistic and superstitious, believing in evil spirits and supernatural beings, whom they call by such names as Moder-i-All, Shishak, Ghul-i-Byaban. They believe that they generally haunt old neglected places, trees, graveyards, river banks, streams and &quot;Byabans&quot; (wilderness), and have the power to injure human beings. Strange stories are often heard of the mischiefs done by these ghosts and apparitions. Round the necks of the newly-born babes various sorts of talismans and amulets are hung with a view to avert evils. While praising any child for any attribute, especially good health, &quot;Nam-i-Khuda&quot; (God's name) must be said at once to avert the evil eye which open praise will beget. The evil eye is also supposed to be possessed by some persons, and God's name must be spoken to keep off its calamitous effect." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P152_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P152_L3_S1" CONTENT="Some Afghans also claim to predict future events by studying the scapula of a sheep or by opening the Dewan of Hafiz, the well-known Persian poet, at random." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P152_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P152_L4_S1" CONTENT="The Afghan standard of morality is pretty high. Drinking wine and other intoxicants, prostitution, and gambling are strictly forbidden throughout the country, and defaulters are severely punished." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P152_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P152_L5_S1" CONTENT="PASTORAL LIFE: The manner of life of the Afghans is by no means uniform throughout the country. A small portion of the population is still leading a sort of nomadic life. The Kochis (as they are called) have no fixed habitat and chiefly live in tents—Ghizhdi. These tents are made of extended lattice work, covered with black felt manufactured from wool, and can be easily taken down, folded up and carried on the backs of the camels and cows. Life is chiefly dependent on the rearing of herds of camels, horses, cattle, sheep and goats. The flocks and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P153_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P153_L1_S1" CONTENT="114" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P153_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P153_L2_S1" CONTENT="herds are driven back and forth between the lowland and high-land pastures, over routes which they and their ancestors have followed for centuries. In so doing they generally cross international boundary lines, but it is often without objection on the part of the governments concerned. They claim certain grazing rights in pastures which they visit with their flocks, and these rights are seldom disputed. The various tribes wander over definite areas, recognized as their special preserves; but all seek higher districts in the middle of summer to avoid the heat and pests of the plains, and return to lower levels for the winter." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P153_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P153_L3_S1" CONTENT="In these migrations they carry with them all of their possessions and so they live very simply. A single tent shelters a whole family. During the day time it usually furnishes all the shade to be had, while at night it can be closed to give protection from cold and winds." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P153_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P153_L4_S1" CONTENT="It is indeed a fine spectacle to meet a caravan of Kochis moving. Huge shaggy camels lumber down the rocky steeps, followed by donkeys, horses, sheep, goats, and fierce-eyed watch-dogs. Among the animals walk the proud Kochis, tall, lean, fiery-looking, often carrying rifles on their shoulders. The women, contemptuous of veil, walk stalwartly along with the caravan, some even carrying guns. Young children, lambs, and hens are tied firmly on the top of the luggage." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P153_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P153_L5_S1" CONTENT="At night they set up their woven tents, unroll their rugs and set the kettles and cooking pots over their smoky fires. Their only wealth is their livestock. These furnish the staple articles of diet; meat, butter, milk, cheese, curd, and kuroot (dried curded milk). Their wool is spun and woven into cloth for clothing, or is used in making rugs and tents." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P154_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L2_S1" CONTENT="This pastoral life, though a difficult one, has many advantages. It is carefree and secure, uniting the advantages of various climates, and affording relief from the monotonous city life in frequent change of scenes, and never-failing sources of field sports. The nomad, accustomed to hardships, is strong, well-built and courageous." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P154_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P154_L3_S1" CONTENT="The number of these tent-dwellers has greatly diminished during the past few years, and is still rapidly dwindling. The construction of dams and the creation of new acreage have been undoubtedly, a strong inducement to these wandering tribes to adopt a more settled mode of life." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P155_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P155_L2_S1" CONTENT="PART THREE" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P155_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P155_L3_S1" CONTENT="Language and Literature*" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P155_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P155_L4_S1" CONTENT="Pashto is the chief language of the Afghans and extends throughout the country. It is also spoken in Pashtunistan. Two main dialects are recognized—Yusufzai or Eastern and Kandahari." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P155_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P155_L5_S1" CONTENT="Next to Pashto, Persian is the most important language of the country. It is spoken mostly in the cities and towns. Afghan Persian, or perhaps one should call it by its historical and literary name &quot;Dari&quot;, still preserves the old distinction of madjhul and maruf between u and o and i and e, which does not exist in Iranian Persian of today." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P155_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P155_L6_S1" CONTENT="The Afghans in all ages have played an important rôle in the cultural development of the civilized nations. The Rigveda of the early Aryans and the Avesta of Zoroaster are two of the most important classics of this country that have given the world religions and philosophies, which in range, depth, variety and power still command universal admiration." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P155_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P155_L7_S1" CONTENT="We give here a short list of some of the Afghan writers and philosophers of the early Islamic period, who in creative power, quality of workmanship, intellectual force as well as in the delineation of soft emotions, in dramatic touch, in elegance, purity, vividness and grace, in sublimity of thought and style are to be compared with the best writers of the world. But for the works of these men, Persian literature could not have attained the high standard of excellence which it enjoys today. The first attempt to compose verses in Persian was made under" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P155_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P155_L8_S1" CONTENT="*Compiled by Dr. Ahmad Jawid, Professor of Persian Literature, Faculty of Letters, Kabul University." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P156" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="156" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P156_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P156_L1_S1" CONTENT="117" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P156_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P156_L2_S1" CONTENT="the Tahirids (820—872 A.D.). Of the many poets that flourished in this period, Hanzala-i-Badghisi of Herat (died in 841) is first in merit and in point of time. He was the author of a number of lyrics and quatrains. Unfortunately, all his verses are lost and we possess only two couplets of his which are cited by Nizami Arozi." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P156_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P156_L3_S1" CONTENT="Of the most accomplished writers of the Samanid period (874—1000 A.D.) mention may be made of Shahid-i-Balkhi, Abu Shukur-i-Balkhi and Abdul Fath Busti. Abu Shukur-i-Balkhi is the oldest literary representative of this period. He invented the famous verse form known as Masnawi or the double-rhymed poem, and was also the first poet to compose in the Rubai or quatrain form which in later centuries became the most popular vehicle of mystical thought. He may fairly be considered as the forerunner of Daqiqi in Masnawi. From the few specimens of Abu Shukur that have come down to us, it appears that he was the perfect master of this form of verse. Abul Fath Busti is another very famous writer of this age. After the downfall of the Samanids he came to Ghazni and joined the literary circle of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P156_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P156_L4_S1" CONTENT="Rabia-i-Balkhi : A very interesting and conspicuous literary figure of this period is a woman poet, Rabia by name. She was born at Balkh towards the close of the ninth century A.D. and was a contemporary of Rodaki, the poet-laureate of the Samanid court. Her surpassing beauty coupled with her mental accomplishment spread her fame far and wide and she naturally became the cynosure of neighbouring eyes. But she was passionately in love with a handsome Turkish youth, Baktash by name, who met the advances of his sweetheart with equal ardour. Their love soon became the talk of the neighbourhood. When she learned that it was not possible for her to marry the lover, her" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P157_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L1_S1" CONTENT="118" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L2_S1" CONTENT="wounded heart and delicate spirit turned to meditation and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L3_S1" CONTENT="found solace in refuge. The pious believers could not even" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L4_S1" CONTENT="tolerate this &quot;sin&quot; ; so they secretly despatched her to &quot;heaven.&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L5_S1" CONTENT="Her tragic death, however, excited universal sympathy and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L6_S1" CONTENT="invested her with a halo of romantic idealism." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L7_S1" CONTENT="Rabia was a richly gifted poetess, and her exquisite verses" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L8_S1" CONTENT="take us to a high pitch of mystic thought and absorption. Her" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L9_S1" CONTENT="poetry is the dominant note of Persian theosophy." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L10_S1" CONTENT="Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni (998-1030 A.D.) was a great" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L11_S1" CONTENT="conqueror as well as an eminent patron of learning. He himself" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L12_S1" CONTENT="was a cultured man and invited the poets, leading writers and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L13_S1" CONTENT="scholars of the age to his magnificent court where he gave them" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L14_S1" CONTENT="all possible help. Owing to this liberal encouragement, Sultan's" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L15_S1" CONTENT="court at Ghazni soon became the rendezvous of the most" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L16_S1" CONTENT="brilliant scholars and savants-such as Firdausi, Unsuri, Farukhi," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L17_S1" CONTENT="Asadi, Asjadi, Ghazali, Behaqui and Manuchehri. Unsuri, the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L18_S1" CONTENT="poet-laureate of the court of Ghazni, was a native of Balkh." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L19_S1" CONTENT="He was in the prime of life when he was sent to Ghazni by" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L20_S1" CONTENT="Nasr bin Subuktagin, Sultan's brother. Mahmud received him" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L21_S1" CONTENT="warmly and made him the poet-laureate of his court. He lived" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L22_S1" CONTENT="in great pomp and show and had hundreds of pages to wait" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L23_S1" CONTENT="upon him. Besides being an eminent poet he was a great" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L24_S1" CONTENT="philosopher and an erudite scholar. The four hundred poets" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L25_S1" CONTENT="that formed the famous &quot;Round-Table&quot; of the Sultan took" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L26_S1" CONTENT="advice and inspiration from him. Unsuri is noted for his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L27_S1" CONTENT="beautiful metaphors and pure, vigorous diction. His death" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L28_S1" CONTENT="occurred in 1049 A.D." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L29_S1" CONTENT="Farukhi of Seistan was a celebrated poet, a very skilful" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L30_S1" CONTENT="harpist and a keen observer of nature. His poetical works" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L31_S1" CONTENT="display some of the best qualities of the Persian poetry of this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P157_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P157_L32_S1" CONTENT="period. He is noted for his famous elegy composed immediately" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P158" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="158" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P158_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P158_L2_S1" CONTENT="after the death of the Sultan. Asjadi was a native of Herat but received his training at Ghazni under the supervision of Unsuri." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P158_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P158_L3_S1" CONTENT="Avicenna, or Ibn Sina as he is known in the East, the world famous philosopher and physician, was born at Afshana, a small village near Bukhara in 980 A.D. Abdulla, Avicenna's father, was a native of Balkh. Avicenna was educated at Bukhara, where the Samanid Nuh II had his court. By the age of ten he had learnt the Quran by heart. He then applied himself to the study of arithmetic, geometry, Muslim jurisprudence, logic and metaphysics. Not long afterwards he was called upon to treat Nuh ibn Mansur for an illness which the others had failed to cure. Avicenna succeeded remarkably and was rewarded by the grateful ruler with a high post at the court and was also permitted to use the royal library. There he found a large collection of rare books and was thereby enabled to extend his knowledge still further." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P158_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P158_L4_S1" CONTENT="After the collapse of the Samanids, Avicenna went to Gurgan, in north-east Persia, where he began the Qanun fil Tibb, the &quot;Cannon of Medicine&quot;, the first of his two major works. His second famous book is called Kitab-i-Shifa, the &quot;Book of Remedy&quot;, a treatise on Aristotelian philosophy and science." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P158_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P158_L5_S1" CONTENT="Avicenna had been endowed with an excellent constitution, but in his later days he overtaxed his strength and fell into ill-health. He died at Hamadan in 1037 A.D." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P158_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P158_L6_S1" CONTENT="Avicenna is looked upon as a great authority in philosophy and medicine, and his book, The Shifa, written in Arabic, is a monument of patient research, critical study and close observation. Some of his works were used as text books in European universities until the close of the 19th century." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P159_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P159_L1_S1" CONTENT="Faculty of Letters, Kabul University. Staff &amp; Students (1956)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P160" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="160" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P160_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P160_L1_S1" CONTENT="The Staff of the Maternity Hospital, Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P161" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="161" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P161_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P161_L2_S1" CONTENT="Abdullah Ansari of Herat was a voluminous writer and a great philosopher. He possesses a clear, straightforward style. His dominant theme is the transitory character of this life. His Munajat &quot;prayers&quot; is a fine specimen of Persian prose. He was born in Herat in 1006 and died there in 1088. His mausoleum is held in greatest veneration even to this day. Nasir-i-Khusro, a great writer and poet, was born at Qubadiyan, near Balkh in 1004 A.D. He was well-versed in mathematics, Greek philosophy, natural science and Oriental philosophy." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P161_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P161_L3_S1" CONTENT="Rashid-ud Din Watwat was born at Balkh. He was the poet-laureate of Sultan Atsiz Khwarazamshah and possessed great powers as a writer and a poet. He died in 1182 A.D." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P161_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P161_L4_S1" CONTENT="Sanai : Abul Majd Majdud Sanai, the famous mystic poet and one of the greatest theological writers of the age, was a native of Ghazni. He flourished in the reigns of the Ghaznavid Sultans—Ibrahim (1059-1099), his son Masud (1099-1114) and his grandson Bahram Shah (1118-1152). He died between 1140 and 1150 A.D. at Ghanzi, where his mausoleum still exists." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P161_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P161_L5_S1" CONTENT="He started his career as court panegyrist. An accident changed the entire course of his life and made him devote his time to religious exercises, pious meditation and the composition of Sofic poetry. His poetry is among the most eloquent, learned and powerful works of the age. Some of his poems are looked upon as the best specimens of Persian poetry." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P161_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P161_L6_S1" CONTENT="Rumi : Jalaud Din Mohammed is known in the East as Maulana or Maulawi, in the West as Rumi. He was born at Balkh in 1202 A.D. When he was six years old his father, Baha Walad, a teacher and theologian of note, decided to make a pilgrimage to Mecca. He thus began a period of travels which lasted throughout his son's most impressionable years. They visited the main cultural centres of the Near East and finally" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P162" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="162" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P162_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L2_S1" CONTENT="settled at Qoniya (Iconium), in Asia Minor. Maulana died" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L3_S1" CONTENT="there in 1274. His grand tomb at Qoniya may still be seen." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L4_S1" CONTENT="Rumi is one of the greatest Sofi poets of all ages." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L5_S1" CONTENT="Amir Khusro: The father of Amir Khusro, Amir Moham-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L6_S1" CONTENT="mad Saifud Din, came from Balkh to India and settled at" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L7_S1" CONTENT="Patiala, where Khusro was born in 1253. Khusro was a brilliant" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L8_S1" CONTENT="boy and commenced literary work at a very early age. He was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L9_S1" CONTENT="a great writer and produced a large number of works both in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L10_S1" CONTENT="prose and poetry. There was no form of Persian poetry which he" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L11_S1" CONTENT="left untouched and in each of these he attained singular success." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L12_S1" CONTENT="The Timurids (1405-1519 A. D.), like the Ghaznavids, were great" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L13_S1" CONTENT="patrons of learning and the arts. Their court at Herat was a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L14_S1" CONTENT="resort of scholars, artists and philosophers. Behzad, the well-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L15_S1" CONTENT="known Oriental painter, lived at their court. One of the great-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L16_S1" CONTENT="est writers of this age is Amir Alisher Nawai. He was born in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L17_S1" CONTENT="1440 and received his education in the same college with his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L18_S1" CONTENT="future sovereign, Sultan Hussain Mirza. He was first appointed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L19_S1" CONTENT="as the Keeper of the Royal Seal, but was soon promoted to the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L20_S1" CONTENT="highest post—that of the Prime Minister of the Sultan. He was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L21_S1" CONTENT="no less distinguished for his great learning and high statesman-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L22_S1" CONTENT="ship than for his munificent patronage of letters. He is the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L23_S1" CONTENT="founder of the famous Khilasiyya convent of Herat, a retreat" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L24_S1" CONTENT="for literary men of merit. His home also was open to scholars" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L25_S1" CONTENT="of all nationalities, whom he received with every mark of respect." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L26_S1" CONTENT="Mirkhond: Mirkhond was born in 1433. His father, a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L27_S1" CONTENT="pious and learned man, lived at Balkh. After the death of his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L28_S1" CONTENT="father, Mirkhond went to Herat, where he succeeded in gaining" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L29_S1" CONTENT="the favour of that celebrated patron of letters, Alisher Nawai." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L30_S1" CONTENT="He received every mark of kindness and encouragement from this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L31_S1" CONTENT="distinguished personage and began at his request his great work" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P162_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P162_L32_S1" CONTENT="on universal history, Rauzat-us-Safa in 1474 A.D. It is one of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P163" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="163" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P163_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P163_L2_S1" CONTENT="the most marvelous literary achievements and the greatest single production of the age. In the opinion of competent judges, there is no oriental work in Persian that has greater literary merit or more valuable information than Mirkhond's history. It is comprised of seven large volumes and a geographical appendix. The author had just compiled the sixth volume when he died at Balkh after a lingering illness (1498 A. D.). He had worked on these six volumes for a period of thirty-three years. The last and seventh volume was compiled by his grandson, Khondmir." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P163_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P163_L3_S1" CONTENT="Jami: Abdur Rahman Jami, the last classical Persian poet, was born in 1414, at Jam, a village in Herat. He was endowed with such extensive and varied learning that he was thought peerless in his own time. Even princes, who were themselves men of erudition and possessed great talents, lavished upon him the most unbounded praise and the highest honours. He was an intimate friend of Sultan Abu Said (1452-1467) and his successor, Sultan Hussain Bayaqra (1467-1504). Alisher had geat admiration for the vast knowledge and exemplary character of Jami." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P163_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P163_L4_S1" CONTENT="Jami has a lucid, fascinating style and a magnificent diction. He was not only a great poet but a moral writer and teacher as well. He died at Herat in 1492." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P163_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P163_L5_S1" CONTENT="Sultan Hussain Mirza himself was a man of great talents and fine literary taste. He invited to his court the most cultured spirits of the time and appointed them to responsible government posts." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P163_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P163_L6_S1" CONTENT="During the Timurid period the cities of Afghanistan became brilliant with architectural masterpieces. Herat, the capital, was magnificently embellished with palaces, mosques, shrines and madrasas (college). New materials and new techniques came into use, some of them reflecting Chinese influence. Marble," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P164_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L2_S1" CONTENT="alabaster, granite, jade and coloured tiles sheathed the structural" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L3_S1" CONTENT="fabric of these monuments. The task of cutting, fitting and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L4_S1" CONTENT="fixing mosaic faience panels took several years. Members of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L5_S1" CONTENT="royal family, especially. Shah Rukh, his gifted wife Gohar Shad" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L6_S1" CONTENT="Agha and Sultain Hussain Bayaqra personally supervised these" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L7_S1" CONTENT="constructions." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L8_S1" CONTENT="In 1417 Gohar Shad Agha ordered the construction of two" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L9_S1" CONTENT="structures of great size and elegance. One was a Mussalah (a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L10_S1" CONTENT="place for public worship) located outside the city. The other" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L11_S1" CONTENT="was a madrasa." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L12_S1" CONTENT="Hussain Bayaqra, in his turn, adorned his capital with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L13_S1" CONTENT="hospitals, and other public buildings. Immediately adjacent to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L14_S1" CONTENT="the Mussalah of Gohar Shad Agha he built a madrasa almost one" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L15_S1" CONTENT="hundred and fifty feet high, forming a startling pattern against" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L16_S1" CONTENT="the sky." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L17_S1" CONTENT="His minister and keeper of the royal seal, Ali Sher Nawai," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L18_S1" CONTENT="also contributed a good deal to the embellishment of Herat." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L19_S1" CONTENT="Through the efforts of these people Herat became one of the most" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L20_S1" CONTENT="beautiful cities of the East. This is why some of historians call" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L21_S1" CONTENT="this period &quot;The Renaissance of Asia&quot;." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L22_S1" CONTENT="Pashto Literature. Literature in both the Persian and Pash-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L23_S1" CONTENT="to languages had their origins during the early Muslim centuries" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L24_S1" CONTENT="Pashtu was in current use during the Ghaznavid and Timurid" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L25_S1" CONTENT="periods. Unfortunately, most of the literature is lost and only" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L26_S1" CONTENT="fragments of the earliest poems have survived in Arabic transla-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L27_S1" CONTENT="tions. The Putteh Khazana (Secret Treasure) published in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L28_S1" CONTENT="Khandahar in 1729 A.D., included Pashto poems of the eighth and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L29_S1" CONTENT="ninth centuries Amir Kror, called Jehan Pehlavan, a ruler of Ghor" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L30_S1" CONTENT="in the second half of the eighth century, is said to have composed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P164_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P164_L31_S1" CONTENT="poems in Pashto and later in the ninth century Sheikh Raza Lodi," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P165_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P165_L2_S1" CONTENT="wrote Pashto poetry. From that time until the 16th century there was little Pashto Literature of note" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P165_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P165_L3_S1" CONTENT="The body of existing literature of Pashto begins with the 16th century, and is mainly poetical in character, but there are also a few important works in prose, especially histories, such as Akhund Darveza's Makhzan-i-Pashto and Makhzan-i-Islam, and Afzal Khan Khattak Tarikh-i-Murassa. The principal poets are Khushhal Khan Khattak, Mirza Khan Ansari, a poet of the Sofi school, and the popular poets Abdur Rahman and Abdul Hamid, who have both left Diwans of a mystical character. Abdul Qadir Khattak, Ahmad Shah Durrani and Peer Mohammed Kakar are also looked upon as some of the best Pashto poets of the age." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P165_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P165_L4_S1" CONTENT="Khushhal Khan Khattak is the most famous of the Afghan poets. He was the chief of Khattaks, a powerful and warlike tribe living around Peshawar. He was born in the early part of the 17th century, and died at a ripe old age towards its close. He lived through a portion of the reign of the Emperor Jehangir, the whole of that of Shah Jehan, and the greater part of that of Aurangzeb. Shah Jehan treated him kindly and generously. Aurangzeb reversed the temporizing policy of his father in relations with the Afgan tribes and thus made a bitter enemy of Khushhal Khan. Khushhal never alludes to Aurangzeb in his poems except in terms of extreme hatred and contempt. Khushhal's poems are full of expressions of patriotic feelings, decriptions of contest with the Mughals and of reference to his bold stand against the Emperor. He appears to have been indeed a man of most extraordinary vigour of mind and exceptional versatility of talent. His poems are the true expression of the national character and the circumstances of his adventurous life." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P166_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P166_L2_S1" CONTENT="The present Afghan Government encourages the diffusion" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P166_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P166_L3_S1" CONTENT="of the Pashto language among all classes by every possible means." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P166_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P166_L4_S1" CONTENT="Every Government official is required to learn this language and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P166_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P166_L5_S1" CONTENT="to appear in an examination. Special classes are conducted in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P166_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P166_L6_S1" CONTENT="each office to teach Pashto. Because of this encouragement," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P166_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P166_L7_S1" CONTENT="Pashto literature has made considerable progress recently and a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P166_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P166_L8_S1" CONTENT="large number of books and periodicals have appeared." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P167_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L2_S1" CONTENT="PART FOUR" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Government" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L4_S1" CONTENT="The Constitution : Afghanistan is a Constitutional Monarchy, and the laws are based on the religious laws of Islam, according to the school of Imam Abu Hanifa. Legislative power is vested in the Parliament, which is made up of the King, a Senate and a National Assembly." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L5_S1" CONTENT="The written constitution of the country had its origin in 1923; the unwritten constitution, based on national customs and traditions, dates back to the pre-Islamic period. The written constitution promulgated in 1923 was amended twice; once in the year 1928, and a second time in 1931 during the reign of the late King, Mohammad Nadir Shah-i-Shahid. According to this constitution, Afghanistan is a constitutional monarchy, Parliament consists of :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L6_S1" CONTENT="(1) The King." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L7_S1" CONTENT="(2) The Majlis-i-Shura-i-Milli (the House of Representatives). The members of this House are elected directly by the people from all provinces and districts according to the Election laws for a period of three years. The House of Representatives consists of 171 members. Suffrage is not restricted to any property or tax qualifications, but is extended to all Afghan nationals of over twenty years of age, possessing sound moral character." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P167_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P167_L8_S1" CONTENT="(3) The Majlis-i-Ayan (the Senate) is composed of sixty experienced elders, nominated by the King in recognition of their past services to the country. They are men who have had long experience in public affairs as governors, ambassadors, or Cabinet ministers, and constitute, therefore, something corresponding to a &quot;Council of Elder Statesmen&quot;." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P168_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P168_L2_S1" CONTENT="Parliament alone has the power to pass new laws, and to amend or repeal the existing ones. If a question is approved by the Senate, but is not accepted by the House of Representatives, the matter is referred to a Committee composed of 40 members, twenty from each House. The Committee, after discussing and investigating fully the controversial issue, passes it on to the House of Representatives together with its recommendations. If the House is still in disagreement, the question is referred to the King, whose decision is final. The representatives of each House enjoy perfect freedom in the expression of their opinions while discussing a problem. The Parliament also has the power to control the Executive. Individual Ministers are responsible to the Parliament for their actions, and the Cabinet as a whole for its joint administration." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P168_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P168_L3_S1" CONTENT="Loya-Jirga (the Grand Assembly): In times of national emergency a Loya-Jirga is held. All the prominent figures of the country are invited to take part in this Grand Assembly. The last such Assembly was held in 1955 wherein the members approved of the Government's foreign policy as regards Pashtunistan and the purchase of arms and ammunition from foreign countries." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P168_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P168_L4_S1" CONTENT="The King: In view of the innumerable services of the late King Mohammad Nadir Shah on various occasions for the cause of the country, the nation, through its representatives, has made the following provisions regarding the right of succession to the Afghan throne and the duties of the King under the Constitution :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P168_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P168_L5_S1" CONTENT="(1) That the House of Nadir Shah will be the reigning house of Afghanistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P168_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P168_L6_S1" CONTENT="(2) That the Khutba will be read and coins struck in the name of the King." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P171_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L2_S1" CONTENT="(3) The conferring of honours and titles, the appointment" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L3_S1" CONTENT="of the Prime Minister, approval of appointments or dismissal of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L4_S1" CONTENT="Cabinet Ministers, the appointment of the Commander-in-Chief," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L5_S1" CONTENT="the declaration or termination of war will fall within the royal" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L6_S1" CONTENT="prerogatives." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L7_S1" CONTENT="(4) The King before his coronation, pledges himself to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L8_S1" CONTENT="the nation in the presence of the members of the Parliament:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L9_S1" CONTENT="(a) to protect the true religion of Islam;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L10_S1" CONTENT="(b) to defend the independence of the country;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L11_S1" CONTENT="(c) to safeguard the right of the people;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L12_S1" CONTENT="(d) to endeavour for the material and educational develop-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L13_S1" CONTENT="ment of the country and the welfare of the people;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L14_S1" CONTENT="(e) and to rule the country in accordance with the sacred" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L15_S1" CONTENT="laws of Islam and the Fundamental Laws of the country." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L16_S1" CONTENT="According to this Constitution the King must belong to the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L17_S1" CONTENT="Hanafi sect of Islam." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L18_S1" CONTENT="Duties &amp; Powers of the House of Representatives:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L19_S1" CONTENT="(1) Election of the President of the House." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L20_S1" CONTENT="(2) Inquiry into every Government Department and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L21_S1" CONTENT="ratification legislative bills or proposals." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L22_S1" CONTENT="(3) Checking all financial matters, new taxes and new evalu-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L23_S1" CONTENT="ation of taxable property." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L24_S1" CONTENT="(4) Investigation and approval of Budget." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L25_S1" CONTENT="(5) Approving and chartering of commerical companies." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L26_S1" CONTENT="(6) Approval of treaties and negotiations, sanctioning of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L27_S1" CONTENT="commercial, industrial and agricultural monopolies, foreign as" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L28_S1" CONTENT="well as local." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P171_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P171_L29_S1" CONTENT="(7) Approval of the debts, foreign as well as local." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P172_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L1_S1" CONTENT="129" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L2_S1" CONTENT="Except in the case of secret sessions, which are held under" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L3_S1" CONTENT="specified rulings, the debates of the House of Representatives" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L4_S1" CONTENT="take place openly, and spectators and press representatives" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L5_S1" CONTENT="are not barred from entering the House and hearing the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L6_S1" CONTENT="discussions." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L7_S1" CONTENT="The Cabinet: The executive power is in the hands of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L8_S1" CONTENT="Cabinet Ministers, who are nominated by the Prime Minister" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L9_S1" CONTENT="with the approval of the King. The Ministers carry on their" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L10_S1" CONTENT="duties under the rules and regulations passed from time to time" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L11_S1" CONTENT="by the Parliament. The Ministers, individually and jointly," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L12_S1" CONTENT="are responsible to the Parliament, and may be tried by a Supreme" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L13_S1" CONTENT="Court for negligence of duty entrusted to them. In other" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L14_S1" CONTENT="matters outside their official capacity they are treated like" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L15_S1" CONTENT="ordinary citizens." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L16_S1" CONTENT="Internal disagreements in the Cabinet may lead to the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L17_S1" CONTENT="resignation of individual members and their replacement, or" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L18_S1" CONTENT="may even cause the resignation of the entire Cabinet." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L19_S1" CONTENT="The present Cabinet consists of a Prime Minister (called" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L20_S1" CONTENT="Sadri-Azam) and the following Ministers and Presidents:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L21_S1" CONTENT="(1) Minister of National Defence." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L22_S1" CONTENT="(2) Minister of Foreign Affairs." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L23_S1" CONTENT="(3) Minister for the Interior." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L24_S1" CONTENT="(4) Minister for Justice." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L25_S1" CONTENT="(5) Minister for Finance." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L26_S1" CONTENT="(6) Minister for Education." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L27_S1" CONTENT="(7) Minister for Trade &amp; Commerce." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L28_S1" CONTENT="(8) Minister for Health." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L29_S1" CONTENT="(9) Minister for Public Works." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L30_S1" CONTENT="(10) Minister for Mines &amp; Industries." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P172_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P172_L31_S1" CONTENT="(11) Minister for Posts &amp; Telegraphs." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P173_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P173_L2_S1" CONTENT="(12) Minister of Agriculture." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P173_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P173_L3_S1" CONTENT="(13) President of the National Assembly." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P173_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P173_L4_S1" CONTENT="(14) President of the Senate." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P173_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P173_L5_S1" CONTENT="(15) President of the Press Department." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P173_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P173_L6_S1" CONTENT="(16) President of the Department of Tribal Affairs." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P173_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P173_L7_S1" CONTENT="Ministers who have no seat in the Cabinet:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P173_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P173_L8_S1" CONTENT="(1) Minister of the Royal Court (Wazir-i-Durbar.)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P173_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P173_L9_S1" CONTENT="(2) Chief Secretary (Sar-Munshi) to H.M. the King." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P173_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P173_L10_S1" CONTENT="Rights of any Afghan Citizen :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P173_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P173_L11_S1" CONTENT="According to the Constitution every Afghan national, irrespective of colour, race, creed or religion, has equal rights and is eligible to all the Government posts. No person is to be imprisoned, detained or punished without due trial by a law court. Slavery and all sorts of forced labour are strictly prohibited and defaulters are dealt with severely." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P173_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P173_L12_S1" CONTENT="The Afghan Coat of Arms: The Coat of Arms of the King and the official seal of the Government consist of a design representing a dome, two minarets, and the pulpit of a mosque (the Arch &amp; Pulpit) with the 'mehrab' (niche) in the centre, banners on either side, and the entire design almost completely encircled by sheaves of wheat. In 1747 A.D., when Ahmed Shah Durrrani was elected King of Afghanistan in a tribal Jirga (Assembly) held at Kandahar, a certain dervish, Sabar by name, made a wreath of sheaves of wheat and placed it on his head instead of a crown. Since then the sheaves of wheat in the form of a wreath appear on the royal seal and all official documents." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P173_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P173_L13_S1" CONTENT="The Afghan Flag: The Afghan flag carries the above insignia in the centre of a rectangular field consisting of three stripes—black, red and green,—placed perpendicularly." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P174_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L1_S1" CONTENT="131" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P174_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P174_L2_S1" CONTENT="Afghan Foreign Policy: Afghanistan is a peace-loving country. As in the First World War, it was able to keep its complete neutrality in World War II. It wants to have the most friendly relations with all countries of the wolrd, especially its neighbours. It has no aggressive designs, nor would it submit to interference in its internal affairs from any quarter. It is a firm and faithful member of the United Nations Organization, and sincerely believes that this world organization can save mankind from the horrors of modern warfare and annihilation. It is also of the opinion that international disputes, however serious they may be, can best be solved through the medium of this world association of nations by peaceful means in an atmosphere of mutual trust, goodwill and cordiality, and not by any recourse to arms, which eventually would ruin both victor and vanquished." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P175_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P175_L2_S1" CONTENT="Education in Afghanistan*" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P175_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P175_L3_S1" CONTENT="As the cradle of ancient civilizations, Afghanistan has a glorious past. History bears witness to the fact that the eras of learning and civilization through which she has passed were never limited by any physical or geographical boundaries. On the contrary, she has reared scholars and literary personalities of world renown. But modern educational institutions in Afghanistan are not more than 50 years old. During this period the setting up of educational and training establishments for public instruction have been made part of public services. Schools have been established in all parts of the country at State expense. These Schools are being daily extended and improved upon according to modern educational methods and environmental needs." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P175_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P175_L4_S1" CONTENT="At present a Ministry, called the &quot;Ministry of Education&quot; exists for the purpose of controlling and mantaining a steady progress in education matters. The Ministry is headed by the Minister of education, who is a Cabinet Minister and personally responsible to the Parliament. Two Deputies designated &quot;Instructional Deputy Minister&quot; and &quot;Administrative Deputy Minister&quot; are at the helm of all educational and administrative works of the Ministry. Under the provisions of the Constitution, primary education in Afghanistan, for the first six years, is free and compulsory. Middle, secondary and higher education for both boys and girls is also free; textbooks, exercise books, pens, slates, and other supplies are all provided free of cost by the Ministry. In schools with hostels, food, clothing," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P175_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P175_L5_S1" CONTENT="*Based on a Report entitled &quot;Education in Afghanistan&quot; published by the Ministry of Education." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P176_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L2_S1" CONTENT="bedding, and all other necessary expenses of the students are" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L3_S1" CONTENT="borne by the State." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L4_S1" CONTENT="The Afghan Government, within the limits of its resources," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L5_S1" CONTENT="is steadily encouraging the educational advancement of the people" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L6_S1" CONTENT="and devotes about 20% of its total revenue to education. Of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L7_S1" CONTENT="course, lack of trained teachers is at present detrimental to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L8_S1" CONTENT="rapid progress in this line. It has been estimated that no less" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L9_S1" CONTENT="than 30,000 trained teachers are required for universal elementary" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L10_S1" CONTENT="education. The present Teachers' Training Schools and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L11_S1" CONTENT="Colleges produce from 150 to 200 teachers a year. Today," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L12_S1" CONTENT="more than fifty per cent of the persons in the teaching" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L13_S1" CONTENT="profession are untrained. Even assuming a high degree of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L14_S1" CONTENT="natural aptitude and devotion to work, lack of technical training" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L15_S1" CONTENT="is a bar to complete efficiency." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L16_S1" CONTENT="Elementary schools in Afghanistan have six grades." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L17_S1" CONTENT="Secondary education also covers a period of six years. After" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L18_S1" CONTENT="twelve successful years in the public schools, a student is allowed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L19_S1" CONTENT="to join one of the colleges (called Faculties). There are at" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L20_S1" CONTENT="present nine degree colleges affiliated with a Kabul University," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L21_S1" CONTENT="viz., the Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Law, Faculty of Letters," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L22_S1" CONTENT="Faculty of Science, Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L23_S1" CONTENT="Faculty of Civil Service, Faculty of Theology, and Faculty for" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L24_S1" CONTENT="Girls. In addition to these, there is an &quot;Institute of Education&quot;," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L25_S1" CONTENT="which is also attached to the University. This Institute is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L26_S1" CONTENT="supervised by Afghan teachers assisted by specialists from" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L27_S1" CONTENT="Columbia University. In addition, there is also a Medical School," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L28_S1" CONTENT="a Military School, a Military College, a Commercial School, two" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L29_S1" CONTENT="Technical Institutes, a School for Mechanical Crafts, a School" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L30_S1" CONTENT="for Carpentry, Tailoring and Fine Arts, schools for adults, both" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L31_S1" CONTENT="men and women, School for Islamic Studies, a School for Nurses," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P176_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P176_L32_S1" CONTENT="and a School of Agriculture." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P177" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="177" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P177_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P177_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L1_S1" CONTENT="134" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L2_S1" CONTENT="The first Lycee (Intermediate College) was established in Afghanistan during the reign of the late Amir Habibullah Khan in 1903. The School was staffed by Indian teachers, and its curriculum was based on the Indian system of education. After Afghanistan achieved its independence, the Government realized that Habibia College alone could not meet the educational needs of the country. During the reign of Amanullah Khan, the foundation was laid for new schools such as Istiklal, Nijat, and Ghazi, and English, German and French were also added to the curriculum. A large number of students, both boys and girls, were sent abroad (to Turkey, Germany and France) for higher education. A movement for better educational facilities was therefore set afoot. Unfortunately, these lycees had not made much progress when the catastrophic upheaval of 1929 swept the country. The schools were closed and the educational programme collapsed. After the emancipation of the country at the hands of King Mohammad Nadir Shah, renewed attention was paid to the educational uplift of the country. Under the patronage of the Government, the lycees re-opened and commenced to forge ahead at full speed. The Istiklal and Nijat Lycees presented graduates for the first time in 1931 and 1934, respectively." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L3_S1" CONTENT="Inasmuch as economic, agricultural, industrial, adminis-trative and social development in the country needed qualified personnel, teachers, and administrators, the Ministry of Education cencentrated its educational resources on the following three areas in conformity with the views of the Gevernment." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L4_S1" CONTENT="(1) To train teachers abroad and within the country;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P177_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P177_L5_S1" CONTENT="(2) To train administrative personnel for the varlous Government Departments;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
</TextBlock></PrintSpace></Page>
<Page ID="P178" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="178" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<PrintSpace HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextBlock ID="P178_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P178_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L1_S1" CONTENT="135" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L2_S1" CONTENT="(3) To establish primary and secondary schools in the provinces, and to spread literacy among the masses." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L3_S1" CONTENT="In spite of the crippling effects of the revolution and many economic difficulties, the Government gradually and successfully forged ahead with its programme until the out-break of World War II which again brought all activities, especially in the field of education, to a standstill. Most of the foreign teachers (Germans, and Italians) were forced to leave Afghanistan. Books and teaching matericals were difficult to obtain, and what could be procured was not enough. The result was that further expansion was not possible and fewer students were admitted into the school." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L4_S1" CONTENT="After the War, the Ministry of Education carefully reviewed its plans and began implementing its programmes in earnest. Here is a summary of what the Ministry is attempting to accomplish:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L5_S1" CONTENT="(1) To strengthen the teachers' training schools, administratively and educationally;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L6_S1" CONTENT="(2) To make primary and secondary school programmes more functional in character;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L7_S1" CONTENT="(3) To strengthen technical, commercial and agricultural schools;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L8_S1" CONTENT="(4) To strengthen the Faculties of Letters and Science for the training of secondary schools teachers;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L9_S1" CONTENT="(5) To engage the services of national and foreign experts;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L10_S1" CONTENT="(6) To complete existing school buildings and to lay foundations for new ones;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P178_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P178_L11_S1" CONTENT="(7) To increase the number of primary schools and to strengthen them in every way;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
</TextBlock></PrintSpace></Page>
<Page ID="P179" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="179" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<PrintSpace HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextBlock ID="P179_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P179_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L1_S1" CONTENT="136" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L2_S1" CONTENT="(8) To increase publications of the Ministry of Education" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L3_S1" CONTENT="and to establish a printing press of its own;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L4_S1" CONTENT="(9) To open village schools where regular primary schools" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L5_S1" CONTENT="cannot be established;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L6_S1" CONTENT="(10) To open courses for adult education and to improve" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L7_S1" CONTENT="existing ones;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L8_S1" CONTENT="(11) To seek educational assistance from friendly countries," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L9_S1" CONTENT="and from UNESCO, and to put to proper use the aid" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L10_S1" CONTENT="received;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L11_S1" CONTENT="(12) To reconsider administrative organizations and their" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L12_S1" CONTENT="duties;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L13_S1" CONTENT="(13) To revise textbooks, and to complete teaching guides to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L14_S1" CONTENT="text books;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L15_S1" CONTENT="(14) To obtain teaching materials from within and without" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L16_S1" CONTENT="the country;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L17_S1" CONTENT="(15) To revise the curriculum of various schools;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L18_S1" CONTENT="(16) To enlighten the masses of the country by publishing" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L19_S1" CONTENT="materials of common interest;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L20_S1" CONTENT="(17) To improve hostels and boarding houses;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L21_S1" CONTENT="(18) To strengthen provincial secondary schools;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L22_S1" CONTENT="(19) To revise manuals and textbooks;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L23_S1" CONTENT="(20) To send larger numbers of students abroad for higher" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L24_S1" CONTENT="educational training at Government expense;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L25_S1" CONTENT="(21) To take advantage of scholarships and fellowships" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L26_S1" CONTENT="offered by friendly countries and by international" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L27_S1" CONTENT="Organizations." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L28_S1" CONTENT="Among the recent developments made by the Ministry of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P179_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P179_L29_S1" CONTENT="Education, is the establishment of a new Department of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P180" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="180" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P180_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P180_L1_S1" CONTENT="137" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P180_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P180_L2_S1" CONTENT="Community and Fundamental Education. This Department has been set up to co-operate with the Rural Development Project, to implement education in the provinces, to open courses for adult education, and to supervise students of teacher training school who are being trained in the Rural Development Project. It is hoped that this Department will help the Ministry of Education considerably in achieving its goal of raising standards of living." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P180_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P180_L3_S1" CONTENT="Today the Ministry of Education is equipped with an efficient staff, men of great abilities and talents, and considerable educational experience. It has contact with international organizations and what many educational institutions of friendly countries, and is making increasing use of the assistance and recommendations extended to it." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P181_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L1_S1" CONTENT="138" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L2_S1" CONTENT="Community Development Activities in Afghanistan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L3_S1" CONTENT="From the point of view of technology, the people of Afghanistan have been left several miles behind in the caravan of today's highly developed society. With a view to improving the socio-economic condition of the rural people who constitute 95% of the total population of the country, the Government of Afghanistan in January, 1952, invited the United Nations Technical Assistance Mission to submit proposals for the establishment of community development centres in the country." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L4_S1" CONTENT="A Committee composed of experts from Specialized Agencies of the United Nations working at that time in Afghanistan submitted its recommendations in August, 1952, and advised the Government that intensive work in the field of health, education, agriculture, social welfare, handicrafts, etc., be undertaken in the twin villages of Shewaki and Deh Yakoub situated on the banks of the Logar River, about seven miles from the capital city, Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L5_S1" CONTENT="The Government having accepted these recommendations, the programme was initiated in September, 1954. A meeting of the village elders was arranged in the village of Shewaki, with a view to assessing their needs. The village elders expressed their desire to co-operate whole heartedly with the government officials. These officials, with active assistance from the experts of the United Nations and its Specialized Agencies, succeeded in establishing the following basic institutions and introducing the improved practices and techniques to help the village People :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P181_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P181_L6_S1" CONTENT="(1) A health centre with a clinic and three maternity and child welfare centres ; environmental sanitation survey ; immunization against diseases ; and the construction of latrines, wells, drains and compost pits, etc." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P182_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L2_S1" CONTENT="(2) An agricultural centre, including a veterinary clinic" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L3_S1" CONTENT="and a plant protection centre, with a view to under" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L4_S1" CONTENT="taking the following operations:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L5_S1" CONTENT="(a) Immunizaton of animals against contagious" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L6_S1" CONTENT="diseases." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L7_S1" CONTENT="(b) Treatment of animals for diseases and minor ail" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L8_S1" CONTENT="ments." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L9_S1" CONTENT="(c) Upgrading of cattle and poultry, including castra" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L10_S1" CONTENT="tion of scrub-bulls, etc." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L11_S1" CONTENT="(d) Organizing sericulture demonstration centres." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L12_S1" CONTENT="(e) Seed cleaning programme." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L13_S1" CONTENT="(f) Demonstration of improved farm tools and imple" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L14_S1" CONTENT="ments, particulary scythes and seed drills." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L15_S1" CONTENT="(g) Control of plant diseases and pests." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L16_S1" CONTENT="(h) Demonstration of improved cultural practices in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L17_S1" CONTENT="farming and horticulture." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L18_S1" CONTENT="(3) Social education activities and organization of Commu" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L19_S1" CONTENT="nity centres, including also the following activities:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L20_S1" CONTENT="(a) Organizing adult literacy classes in the villages." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L21_S1" CONTENT="(b) Organizing Rural schools (kindergarten sections)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L22_S1" CONTENT="(c) Inaugurating activities for local action, such as" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L23_S1" CONTENT="roads, bridges, culverts, etc., and their mainte" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L24_S1" CONTENT="nance and repair." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L25_S1" CONTENT="(d) Organizing community centres in the villages" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L26_S1" CONTENT="with provision of a reading room, library, indoor" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L27_S1" CONTENT="games, and outdoor games, musical entertain" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L28_S1" CONTENT="ment through radios and gramophones." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P182_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P182_L29_S1" CONTENT="(e) Opening primary schools for girls." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P183_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P183_L1_S1" CONTENT="140" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P183_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P183_L2_S1" CONTENT="(f) Introduction of gardening and crafts in primary schools for boys." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P183_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P183_L3_S1" CONTENT="(4) Social welfare activities, including baby-care, home economics and home-management, organizing women’s welfare centres and rural recreations." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P183_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P183_L4_S1" CONTENT="(5) A craft centre for training the village youth and village carpenters in making furniture, etc." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P183_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P183_L5_S1" CONTENT="(6) A training centre for the following categories of workers for future community project blocks :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P183_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P183_L6_S1" CONTENT="(a) Village level workers. The first group of 25 workers, after completing their training, is now working in Mohammad Agha Community Project block with the Near East Foundation. Another group of 30 workers is now under training." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P183_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P183_L7_S1" CONTENT="(b) Community leaders (auxiliary workers for social education and adult literacy activities). First group shall be available in 1957." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P183_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P183_L8_S1" CONTENT="Most of these activities are new to the rural areas and several of them were introduced in the country for the first time. They are gradually being accepted by the people, who are now enthusiastically co-operating with the government officials in developing them. The area under the demonstration was, therefore, extended to thirty villages in September, 1955, covering the administrative division of Bagrami in Kabul Province. However, the demonstrative project block now includes another administrative division of Charasia, increasing the total number of villages to about 60." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P183_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P183_L9_S1" CONTENT="In March, 1956, the Government prepared a five-year programme for economic development in which community development activities were given high priority, second only to agricultural development. This policy has been approved by the National Assembly." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P184_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P184_L1_S1" CONTENT="141" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P184_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P184_L2_S1" CONTENT="The government, under this policy, proposes to extend the community development projects and activities to 2,220 villages in the course of five years at a total cost of 166 million Afghanis." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P184_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P184_L3_S1" CONTENT="The object of the Community Development programme is not only to provide ample food, clothing, shelter, health, education and recreational facilities. All these are, of course, there, but more important than this material improvement is the realization that what is required is a change in the mental outlook of the people; instilling in them an ambition for a higher standard of living and the will and determination to work for such standards. It is conceived as an organized co-operative enterprise by the people on the one hand and the different Ministries of the Government on the other. It seeks to build up the community and the individual and to make the latter a builder, not only of his own village, but of his country as well." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P185_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L1_S1" CONTENT="142" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L2_S1" CONTENT="PART FIVE" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L3_S1" CONTENT="An Historical Sketch" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L4_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan has figured prominently at various times in the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L5_S1" CONTENT="history of Central Asia. Few other countries compare with it" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L6_S1" CONTENT="as regards past history, rich archæological remains and the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L7_S1" CONTENT="part played by it in the development of human thought and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L8_S1" CONTENT="culture. The history of its civilization goes back at least five" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L9_S1" CONTENT="thousand years. It was a seat of culture at a time when Egypt" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L10_S1" CONTENT="and Babylonia were serving the cause of human thought and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L11_S1" CONTENT="art. Balkh (Bactria of old) can boast of having been one of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L12_S1" CONTENT="great centres of ancient civilizations. It was from here that the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L13_S1" CONTENT="Aryan culture found its way into India and the adjacent" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L14_S1" CONTENT="countries. And again it was here that Zoroaster preached his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L15_S1" CONTENT="religion, which later on became the state religion of Persia for" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L16_S1" CONTENT="many centuries." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L17_S1" CONTENT="Situated in the heart of Asia, Afghanistan naturally became" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L18_S1" CONTENT="even in those ancient times the meeting ground of at least three" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L19_S1" CONTENT="great civilizations of the world—Aryan or Bactrian, Græco-Bac-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L20_S1" CONTENT="trian, and Græco-Budhist. Similarly, it was a great centre of trade" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L21_S1" CONTENT="and served as an entrepot of thought and merchandise between" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L22_S1" CONTENT="India, China and the countries of the West." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L23_S1" CONTENT="Later on in the 7th and 8th centuries A.D., Islam infused" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L24_S1" CONTENT="new life into the country, bringing about a fundamental revolu-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L25_S1" CONTENT="tion. The ancient culture was either replaced or came comple-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L26_S1" CONTENT="tely under the influence of the new, which has remained the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L27_S1" CONTENT="decisive force in Afghan life to this very day." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L28_S1" CONTENT="In the early part of the eleventh century A.D., during the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P185_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P185_L29_S1" CONTENT="Ghaznavide period, Afghanistan once more became a flourishing" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P186_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L2_S1" CONTENT="centre of learning and trade. It suffered heavily at the hands of the Mughals in the 13th and 14th centuries when some of its great cities, such as Balkh, Bamian, Herat and Ghazni were literally wiped out." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L3_S1" CONTENT="Again, in the 15th century, through the efforts of the Timurides, Herat became a great centre of culture and art. This period has rightly been called &quot;The Renaissance of the East&quot;. The benevolent Timuride dynasty was overthrown in the beginning of the 16th century by the Safavids of Persia and the Shibanis of Trans Oxiania. Western Afghanistan was occupied by the Persians, while the eastern part came under the influence of the Mughals. This state of affairs lasted until the beginning of the 18th century." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L4_S1" CONTENT="The Rise of the Hotakis : Mir Vais Khan, one of the most influential chiefs, who held the office of Kalantar (Mayor), led a revolt against Gurgin, the Persian governor of Kandahar. The Persians, caught unawares could not offer effective resistance and were killed to a man (1709). Mir Vais Khan took the reins of government in his own hands without assuming the royal title. He was content to be called 'Mishr' or Chief of his people. Subsequent Persian expenditions, once 20,000 strong, failed to recapture Kandahar, and Mir Vais was left in full possession of the whole province until his death in 1715." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P186_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P186_L5_S1" CONTENT="Simultaneously, the Abdalis of Herat, encouraged by the success of the Hotakis at Kandahar, took up arms against the Persians, and were ultimately successful in liberating their Province. Mahmoud, Mir Vais' son and successor, was not content with the possession of Kandahar and aspired to be a great king. He resolved to plunge right into the heart of Persia and strike at the root of the effeminate Safavide Empire. In 1722, at the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P187_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P187_L1_S1" CONTENT="A Nomad Camp, a usual sight in Afghanistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P188" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="188" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P188_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P188_L1_S1" CONTENT="The Afghan House of Parliament." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P189" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="189" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P189_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P189_L1_S1" CONTENT="144" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P189_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P189_L2_S1" CONTENT="head of 20,000 men he made straight for Isfahan, the Persian capital. The degenerate Safavide government could offer no effective resistance. After a siege of six months, Shah Hussain, the last of the Safavids, came out of the city and surrendered himself to Mahmoud." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P189_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P189_L3_S1" CONTENT="Mahmoud, in spite of his tender age, was a man of talent and energy and set himself to reorganize Persia. But he was not destined to see the fruits of his labours. He died shortly after (1725) and was succeeded by his cousin, Ashraf." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P189_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P189_L4_S1" CONTENT="Like Mahmoud, Ashraf, too, was young and energetic, but he came to power at a very critical time. The Afghans in Persia were now threatened on all sides. The Russians were advancing from the north, while the Turks had made themselves masters of the western part of the country. Shah Ashraf was able to stop the Russian advance at Darband and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Turks who were marching on the capital. While he was thus engaged, news was brought to him that a brigand chief, Nadir Kuli Khan (who later came to be known as Nadir Shah of Persia) had attacked Tus and was on his way to take Herat. Ashraf, busy on other fronts, was greatly alarmed to learn this disquieting news. Losing no time, he collected all the troops available and hastened to the north to meet the Persians. At Damaghan, he found the Persians strongly entrenched. The Afghans, although tired and worn out by their long and tedious journey through one of the most inhospitable parts of the country, could not desist from at once attacking the enemy in their strong position. The Persians received the shock, reeled and staggered but kept their ground. The Afghans made a second assault. This, too, failed to achieve its object. Exhausted already from their long journey, they fell back in the direction of Isfahan," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P190" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="190" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P190_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P190_L1_S1" CONTENT="145" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P190_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P190_L2_S1" CONTENT="hotly pursued by the enemy, who gave them no time to reorganize their army (October 2, 1729). Finding their position untenable even at the capital, the Afghans departed with all the members of their families. Ashraf, with a few faithful followers, endeavoured to reach his native land via Seistan, but was treacherously murdered by a Baluch chief, who thereby hoped to get a reward from his enemy-Nadir Kuli. This ended the Afghan rule in Persia (1730 A.D.)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P190_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P190_L3_S1" CONTENT="Nadir Shah of Persia Invades Afghanistan:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P190_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P190_L4_S1" CONTENT="Nadir, after consolidating his position in Persia, turned his attention to the east with a view to taking Herat. The Abdalis at this juncture were besieging Meshed. Zulfikar Khan, son of Mohammad Zaman Khan and brother of Ahmad Khan (later Ahmad Shah Durrani) appealed to Mir Hussain of Kandahar (brother of Mahmoud) for help. Saidal Khan Nasir, a Ghilzai chief of repute, was despatched to their succour. In an engagement near the Afghan border, the Afghans were able to inflict crushing defeat on the Persians. Nadir with only eighty men was cut off from the rest of his army and took shelter in a small tower. This would have been the end of the drama, but no one recognized him and the golden opportunity was allowed to slip away." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P190_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P190_L5_S1" CONTENT="Nadir made good his escape, and on receiving reinforcements, once more took the offensive and marched on Herat. The besieged fought desperately, but dissensions in their ranks forced them to sue for peace. Nadir, impressed by the valour of the vanquished, treated them with marked clemency and tried to win them over to his side." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P190_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P190_L6_S1" CONTENT="In 1737 Nadir once more was on the move with the object of taking Kandahar. After long preparations he came out of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P191_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P191_L1_S1" CONTENT="146" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P191_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P191_L2_S1" CONTENT="Isfahan at the head of a large army, estimated at 80,000 men. At Kandahar he met stiff resistance and it was not until after a tight blockade of fully one year that he was able to take the city (March 1738)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P191_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P191_L3_S1" CONTENT="The occupation of Kandahar brought Nadir Shah into clash with the Mughal Empire of India. After taking Kabul, then a part of the Mughal Empire, Nadir marched on India. The Mughal army came out to oppose his advance at Karnal, north of Delhi. The Indians were no match for the hardy and tough soldiers led by Nadir in person. It was all over in less than two hours. The Mughals were completely routed and had no alternative but to sue for peace (February 19, 1739)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P191_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P191_L4_S1" CONTENT="Nadir, after a stay of a few days at the imperial capital, took possession of its treasures and jewels, including the celebrated peacock throne and then left for his native land." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P191_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P191_L5_S1" CONTENT="On reaching Meshed he intended to make it the capital of his vast empire. He, however, did not live long to reap the fruits of his triumphs. In the spring of 1747 a conspiracy was formed and he was assassinated in his camp at Khabushan. Within a few years after his death, the mighty empire which he had created fell to pieces." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P192_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L1_S1" CONTENT="147" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L2_S1" CONTENT="THE DURRANIS (Variously called Abdalis &amp; Sadozais):" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L3_S1" CONTENT="After the death of Nadir Shah, Ahmad Khan Abdali with his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L4_S1" CONTENT="contingent of 4,000 Afghans returned to Kandahar. There in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L5_S1" CONTENT="October, 1747, a tribal Jirga was held to consider the future of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L6_S1" CONTENT="the country, and to elect a king of their own. Everyone of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L7_S1" CONTENT="tribal chiefs put forth his claim. So heated did the discussion" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L8_S1" CONTENT="and dissensions become that a recourse to arms seemed imminent." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L9_S1" CONTENT="At this critical moment, Sabar, a respectable dervish, intervened" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L10_S1" CONTENT="on behalf of Ahmad Khan. Making a wreath of sheaves of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L11_S1" CONTENT="wheat, he put it on Ahmad Khan's head and said, &quot;May this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L12_S1" CONTENT="serve you as a crown&quot;. The choice was approved by all and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L13_S1" CONTENT="Ahmad Khan became the elected King of the Afghans." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L14_S1" CONTENT="Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747-1773): Ahmad Shah was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L15_S1" CONTENT="a chief of the Sadozai clan, a branch of the Abdalis. On his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L16_S1" CONTENT="accession he took the title of Dur-i-Durran (Pearl of the Age). So" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L17_S1" CONTENT="this family has come to be known as Abdalis, Sadozais or" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L18_S1" CONTENT="Durranis." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L19_S1" CONTENT="Ahmad Shah, though very young at this time (for he was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L20_S1" CONTENT="hardly twenty-five) proved himself to be a capable ruler. His" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L21_S1" CONTENT="first object was to sccure the affection of his people and to wold" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L22_S1" CONTENT="them into a strong nation. His popular manners, combined" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L23_S1" CONTENT="with his courage, activity, vigilance and other martial virtues," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L24_S1" CONTENT="soon endeared him to all of his people, and he became the idol of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L25_S1" CONTENT="his nation who gave him the title of 'Baba' -Father of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L26_S1" CONTENT="Nation." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L27_S1" CONTENT="Within a short space of a quarter of a century, he was not" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L28_S1" CONTENT="only able to liberate Afghanistan from foreign yoke, but also" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L29_S1" CONTENT="carried his victorious arms from Meshed to Kashmir, &amp; Delhi," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P192_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P192_L30_S1" CONTENT="and from the Oxus to the Arabian Sea." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P193_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L2_S1" CONTENT="Timur Shah (1773-1793): Ahmad Shah was succeeded" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L3_S1" CONTENT="by his son, Timur, who lacked the energy and farsightedness of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L4_S1" CONTENT="his illustrious father. It is not possible for a successor of a great" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L5_S1" CONTENT="king to rest upon his father's laurels and enjoy perfect tranquillity" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L6_S1" CONTENT="without exerting himself." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L7_S1" CONTENT="So was the case with Timur. As soon as the grip of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L8_S1" CONTENT="master hand was no more, numerous sources of danger cropped" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L9_S1" CONTENT="up. Timur was incapable of dealing courageously with all these" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L10_S1" CONTENT="difficulties. The result was that the chiefs gave him but nominal" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L11_S1" CONTENT="homage and the greater part of his reign was spent in quelling" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L12_S1" CONTENT="their uprisings. His shifting and vacillating policy and easy-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L13_S1" CONTENT="going temperament brought great loss to the kingdom founded by" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L14_S1" CONTENT="Ahmad Shah the Great, and its real disintegration begins with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L15_S1" CONTENT="Timur Shah's reign. It was Timur Shah who changed the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L16_S1" CONTENT="capital of Afghanistan from Kandahar to Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L17_S1" CONTENT="Zaman Shah (1793-1800): After the death of Timur his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L18_S1" CONTENT="fifth son, Zaman, was able to occupy the throne with the help of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L19_S1" CONTENT="Sardar Payenda Khan, the influential chief of the Barakzais." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L20_S1" CONTENT="Zaman Shah, from the very beginning of his reign was beset with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L21_S1" CONTENT="innumerable difficulties, both external and internal. His elder" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L22_S1" CONTENT="brothers, Hamayun, governor of Kandahar, and Mahmoud," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L23_S1" CONTENT="Governor of Herat, thinking themselves lawful heirs to the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L24_S1" CONTENT="throne, took up arms to contest for power." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L25_S1" CONTENT="Zaman Shah, after consolidating his position in Afghan-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L26_S1" CONTENT="istan, turned to India, with the object of turning out the British." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L27_S1" CONTENT="But there was too little security at home to ensure success abroad." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L28_S1" CONTENT="The British were greatly alarmed to learn of his plans." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L29_S1" CONTENT="They took prompt measures for the security of their Indian" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L30_S1" CONTENT="territories, now threatened by Napoleon on one side and Zaman" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P193_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P193_L31_S1" CONTENT="on the other. Captain Malcolm was accordingly deputed as" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P194" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="194" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P194_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P194_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P194_L1_S1" CONTENT="149" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P194_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P194_L2_S1" CONTENT="Envoy to Persia to induce Fateh Ali Shah Qajar to bring pressure upon Zaman Shah, and divert his attention from his threatened invasion of India to the western border of Afghanistan. The Shah went a step further. He helped Mahmoud, the ex-governor of Herat, who was granted asylum in Persia, with men and money and encouraged him to advance on Kandahar. Mahmoud, assisted by Fateh Khan, son of Payenda Khan, took Kandahar after a siege of 42 days. Emboldened by these initial successes, they pushed on towards Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P194_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P194_L3_S1" CONTENT="Zaman Shah, who was then in India and had proceeded as far as Lahore, hurried back to retrieve his losses. But Ahmad Khan Nurzai, commander of the Royal forces, who had some personal grievances against the King, decided to join the ranks of the insurgents. Owing to this treachery the cause of Zaman Shah became almost hopeless. All was given up for lost, and the King, leaving the battle-field in dismay, fled to Kabul precipitately. He could not stay even there long and left for Peshawar with a few faithful followers. Near Jigdalik he decided to pass the night at the fort of Ashiq Khan, one of his old adherents. Ashiq turned out to be a traitor. Detaining his honourable guest, he sent a swift messenger to Kabul to inform Mahmoud and Fateh Khan of Shah's confinement. Asad Khan, a younger brother of Fateh Khan, was immediately dispatched to secure Zaman Shah and his party. The King's eyes were pierced with a lancet then and there. He was then taken to Kabul and imprisoned at Bala Hissar, where he remained till the end of Mahmoud's reign (1803)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P194_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P194_L4_S1" CONTENT="Shah Mahmoud (1800-1803) : Mahmoud was an incapable, selfish and indolent ruler. He took no interest in the welfare of his people ; rather he squandered the treasures accumulated by his father and grandfather, and left the entire" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P195" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="195" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P195_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P195_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P195_L1_S1" CONTENT="150" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P195_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P195_L2_S1" CONTENT="affairs of the State in the hands of his powerful and resourceful Vizir, Fateh Khan. The minister, too, had a rival in the person of Akram Khan Alizai. The rivalries and jealousies of these two influential chiefs gave great offense to the people. There were uprisings on all sides and the King's army could not cope with the situation. Some of the chiefs, who had personal grievances against the King or his ministers, invited Shah Shuja, a full brother of Zaman Shah, to Kabul. The intrigue was successful. Shuja rode into the capital triumphantly. Mahmoud, finding that all was over, sued for peace. His life and eyes were spared, but he was taken to the Bala Hissar and cast into prison." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P195_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P195_L3_S1" CONTENT="Shah Shuja (1803—1809): The new King was incapable of restoring peace and prosperity in a country torn by internal dissensions. The chiefs had become too powerful and unruly, and the outlying provinces were trying to assert their independence. The Sikhs were encroaching upon Afghan territories from the east and the Persians were threatening from the west. The Shah could not conciliate the powerful Barakzai chief, Fateh Khan. This caused the general condition of the country, already on the verge of bankruptcy and ruin, to deteriorate still further." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P195_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P195_L4_S1" CONTENT="Napoleon of France was at this time at the zenith of his power. In 1807 he and Alexander I of Russia signed the Treaty of Tilsit. The two monarchs meditated a combined invasion of India. This once more aroused the British to efforts to recover their lost prestige at the Persian Court. They also planned to protect their Indian Empire by binding the western frontier states in a chain of friendly alliances. A mission, headed by Elphinstone, was sent to meet Shah Shuja" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P196" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="196" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<PrintSpace HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextBlock ID="P196_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P196_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L1_S1" CONTENT="151" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L2_S1" CONTENT="at Peshawar for the purpose of discussing ways and means of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L3_S1" CONTENT="mutual defence against the threatened invasion of Afghanistan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L4_S1" CONTENT="and India. The Mission was warmly received and resulted in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L5_S1" CONTENT="the conclusion of a treaty of friendship (June 7, 1809)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L6_S1" CONTENT="Hardly had the Mission left Peshawar when news was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L7_S1" CONTENT="received that Kabul had been occupied by Mahmoud and Fateh" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L8_S1" CONTENT="Khan. The month of June had not come to a close before it" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L9_S1" CONTENT="was evident that the Shah's cause was hopeless. After a short" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L10_S1" CONTENT="encounter near Gandomak, Shah Shuja's forces were routed," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L11_S1" CONTENT="while he, turning off, withdrew beyond the border to await a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L12_S1" CONTENT="favourable opportunity." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L13_S1" CONTENT="The Rise of the Barakzais: Shah Shuja, after making" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L14_S1" CONTENT="futile efforts to recover his throne, was at last imprisoned at" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L15_S1" CONTENT="Peshawar and carried off to Kashmir. In 1812, however, he" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L16_S1" CONTENT="was able to make good his escape. He came to Lahore hoping" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L17_S1" CONTENT="to get the help of Ranjit Singh, ruler of the Panjab, in regaining" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L18_S1" CONTENT="his lost throne. Contrary to his expectations, the Sikh ruler" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L19_S1" CONTENT="treated him badly and robbed him of the famous diamond," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L20_S1" CONTENT="Koh-i-Noor. The fugitive monarch, after various vicissitudes," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L21_S1" CONTENT="ultimately took refuge under the British at Ludhiana." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L22_S1" CONTENT="The Barakzais were now dominant throughout the country." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L23_S1" CONTENT="This incited the jealousy of Kamran, Mahmoud's eldest son." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L24_S1" CONTENT="He began looking for an opportunity to bring ruin upon Fateh" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L25_S1" CONTENT="Khan and his influential brothers. In 1816, a powerful Persian" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L26_S1" CONTENT="army advanced on Herat. Haji Feroz-ud-Din, the Governor," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L27_S1" CONTENT="appealed to his brother, Mahmoud for help. Fateh Khan set" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L28_S1" CONTENT="out in that direction. The Haji was made a prisoner and sent" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L29_S1" CONTENT="to Kabul under a strong escort. Dost Mohammad, a younger" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L30_S1" CONTENT="brother of Fateh Khan, was appointed to seize the treasures." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P196_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P196_L31_S1" CONTENT="His intrusion into the princesses' quarters in search of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P197" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="197" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P197_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P197_L2_S1" CONTENT="treasures infuriated the sister of Kamran, wife of Prince Kasim, son of Haji Feroz-ud-Din, and she called upon her brother to avenge the insult." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P197_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P197_L3_S1" CONTENT="Kamran, who had an outstanding grudge against the Vazir, did not fail to avail himself of the opportunity. Repairing to Herat under guise of leading reinforcement, he caught hold of Fateh Khan and immediately deprived him of his eyesight, while Dost Mohammad made good his escape to Kashmir." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P197_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P197_L4_S1" CONTENT="Retribution immediately followed this outrage. The Vazir's brothers, some twenty in number, took up arms in every direction. The Shah asked the Vazir to write to his brothers to submit. He replied boldly that he was blind and had no control over them. Irritated and enraged by his answer, the Shah ordered the unfortunate minister, to whom he twice owed his crown, to be cut to pieces. Fateh Khan met his death heroically. He made no cry and offered no prayer for mercy, and died as he had lived-bold, dauntless and resolute. The end of the Vazir was also the death-knell of the Sadozai dynasty." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P197_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P197_L5_S1" CONTENT="The cruel death of Fateh Khan aroused the vengeance of the powerful Barakzai brothers. The first to enter the field was Dost Mohammad. He took Peshawar and Kabul and drove the Shah and his son, Kamran, from all their possessions except Herat, where they managed to maintain a precarious footing for a few years. The remainder of Afghanistan was parcelled out among the Barakzai brothers." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P197_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P197_L6_S1" CONTENT="In the confusion that followed, Afghanistan sufferred heavily. Balkh was seized upon by the Khan of Bokhara, the trans-Indus Afghan districts were occupied by the Sikhs, and the outlying provinces of Sindh and Baluchistan assumed independence. In the partition of Afghanistan, Ghanzi, Kabul" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P198" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="198" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P198_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P198_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L1_S1" CONTENT="153" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L2_S1" CONTENT="and Jalalabad fell to the lot of Dost Mohammad Khan (1826)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L3_S1" CONTENT="He thus became the most powerful of the Barakzai Sardars." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L4_S1" CONTENT="Five of his half-brothers jointly ruled Kandahar." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L5_S1" CONTENT="Dost Mohammad Khan or the Grand Amir (1826—" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L6_S1" CONTENT="1839) : Dost Mohammad Khan is the founder of the Barakzai or" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L7_S1" CONTENT="Mohammadzai dynasty, which is still in power. As soon as his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L8_S1" CONTENT="position was secure at Kabul, he made up his mind to recover" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L9_S1" CONTENT="Peshawar. Dost Mohammad could not forget that Peshawar" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L10_S1" CONTENT="was an integral part of Afghanistan and that the Sikhs had" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L11_S1" CONTENT="occupied it during the confusion that followed the death of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L12_S1" CONTENT="Vazir Fateh Khan. He resolved to wrest it from the Sikhs" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L13_S1" CONTENT="by force. Assuming the title of Amir-ul-Mominin, (the Leader of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L14_S1" CONTENT="the Faithful) he declared a religious war and called upon his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L15_S1" CONTENT="people to join in his expedition. At their head he advanced" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L16_S1" CONTENT="upon Peshawar, but the shrewd Sikh leader, finding himself too" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L17_S1" CONTENT="weak to meet him in open field, sowed treason and dissension" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L18_S1" CONTENT="in the Amir's camp. The result was that the invading army" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L19_S1" CONTENT="melted away and Peshawar was lost to the Amir." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L20_S1" CONTENT="In November 1837, Mohammad Shah of Persia laid siege" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L21_S1" CONTENT="to Herat. The Russians, anxious to have the Persians com-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L22_S1" CONTENT="pensate themselves with Afghan territory for Russian conquests" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L23_S1" CONTENT="of Persian territories in the Caucasus, supported the Persians." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L24_S1" CONTENT="The British, fearful that Persia was falling completely under" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L25_S1" CONTENT="Russian influence, determined to enter into alliances with the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L26_S1" CONTENT="rulers of Herat, Kabul and Kandahar. With this view a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L27_S1" CONTENT="mission was sent to Kabul under Capt. Burnes. Dost Mohammad" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L28_S1" CONTENT="Khan was not disinclined to welcome a power from which he" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L29_S1" CONTENT="expected support in his attempts to recover Peshawar. But he" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P198_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P198_L30_S1" CONTENT="was unable to obtain from the envoy the assurances which he" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P199" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="199" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P199_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P199_L2_S1" CONTENT="hoped for. At the same time the appearance of a Russian agent, Capt. Vikovich, at Kabul alarmed the British and Burnes left Kabul empty-handed." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P199_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P199_L3_S1" CONTENT="The failure of Burnes' mission gave the Governor-General of India, Lord Auckland, a pretext to invade Afghanistan, with the object of restoring Shah Shuja to the throne of Kabul. Thus the First Anglo-Afghan War began at the end of 1838 with the British invasion of the country. A British army under General Keane assembled at Ferozepur. Shah Shuja was supplied with the necessary funds to raise an army of his own. As the Sikhs did not allow the British to go through their country, it was decided that the army should march along the Sutlej down to the Indus and then via Sukkur and Shikarpur and through the Bolan Pass, advance on Kandahar. In April 1839, after suffering terrible privations and heavy losses amongst their transport animals from predatory attacks of Baluchs, Kakakrs and Achakzais, Keane's army reached Kandahar, and Shah Shuja was crowned in the mosque of Ahmad Shah." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P199_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P199_L4_S1" CONTENT="On the 27th of June the forced moved northwards, and on the 21st of July, after a severe encounter, the citadel of Ghazni was carried by storm. In August, 1839, the British took Kabul and installed Shah Shuja on the throne. Dost Mohammad, finding his army thinned by treachery, fled across the Hindu Kush, and although hotly pursued, escaped to Balkh. A little later he was offered asylum by Nasrullah Khan of Bokhara, but later treacherously put in prison by him. How-ever, the Afghans did not take kindly to the occupation of their capital by a foreign force, nor would they tolerate being governed by a sovereign who was a mere puppet of the British. Shah Shuja was supported entirely by British bayonets." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P200_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P200_L2_S1" CONTENT="Insurrections broke out in various quarters. As soon as the flames were stamped out in one place, they broke out afresh in another." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P200_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P200_L3_S1" CONTENT="Dost Mohammad hearing the news of the insurrections and the bold stand of his people against the British, escaped from prison and returned to Afghanistan and joined the ranks of the patriots. Fierce battles, took place at Parwandarrah (now Jabalus-Seraj) and other parts of Kohistan in which the British sustained heavy losses (November 2, 1840). But soon after the battle, the Amir to the surprise of all, surrendered himself to the British at Kabul. He was then deported to India with all the members of his family." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P200_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P200_L4_S1" CONTENT="Even after the deportation of Amir the situation did not improve. Constant outbreaks all over the country showed that the situation was growing rapidly worse. Appeals were sent to General Sale at Gandomak and General Nott at Kandahar to come to the rescue. Sale, finding that he had not sufficient transport, preferred to fall back on Jalalabad, and Nott could not advance beyond Ghazni. The British foces in Kabul, finding themselves abandoned and in a precarious position, concluded a humiliating treaty with Akbar Khan, son of Dost Mohammad Khan, on December 11, 1841, promising to quit Afghanistan without further delay and to set free Dost Mohammad. McNaughton, the British Political Officer, was not however, in a mood to carry out the terms of this agreement; instead he set about sowing dissension among the Afghan chiefs. The result was the assassination of McNaughton at the hands of Akbar Khan. A new treaty of withdrawal was made with the Afghan chiefs." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P200_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P200_L5_S1" CONTENT="On January 6, 1842, the British force and camp-followers," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P201_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P201_L2_S1" CONTENT="in all 16,500 men, marched out of Kabul, intending to go to Hindustan, in reality marching into the jaws of death. Bands of patriots swarmed around the line of their retreat. The British Generals lost their heads and the troops their morale. Women, children and many officers were surrendered as hostages to Akbar Khan. The rest struggled on in misery through snowstorms and constant hail of bullets. The retreat became a rout; the rout a massacre. Seven days later (on January 13) one solitary survivor, Dr. Brydon, half dead with wounds and exhaustion, staggered into Jalalabad to tell the story of the disaster to the astounded British garrison." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P201_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P201_L3_S1" CONTENT="Lord Auckland, the man mainly responsible for this sad episode, laid down the reins of office and was succeeded by Lord Ellenborough. As soon as the new Governor-General arrived in India, he announced that the British Government would no longer imperil its armies, and with its armies, the Indian Empire. He determined on the immediate evacuation of Afghanistan without any attempt at reprisals or even the rescue of prisoners still in the hands of the Afghans. Nott was ordered to abondon Kandahar, while Pollock and Sale were instructed to withdraw to Peshawar. The Governor-General met the retreating troops with great pomp and show in a big camp at Ferozepore, decorated with triumphal arches. Dost Mohammad Khan was released. He hastily returned to his country, now without a ruler, for the ill-fated Shah Shuja was murdered by his own subjects a few days after the British garrison abandoned the capital." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P201_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P201_L4_S1" CONTENT="Thus ended the final phase of the First Afghan War. It cost the British 20,000 lives and the waste of more than £20,000,000. Nearly all British historians agree that the war had been an unjust one. Typical is this observation, &quot;We plunged into a most" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P202_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L2_S1" CONTENT="unrighteous war beyond the boundaries of India, shedding the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L3_S1" CONTENT="blood, and interfering with the independence of a people with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L4_S1" CONTENT="whom we had not a pretext of quarrel.......The terrible Afghan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L5_S1" CONTENT="expedition made an indelible impression on the minds of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L6_S1" CONTENT="Afghans. It is certainly true that so far as the military honour" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L7_S1" CONTENT="and reputation of England is concerned, these were speedily" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L8_S1" CONTENT="reasserted and vindicated, but it was impossible for the Indian" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L9_S1" CONTENT="Government to win the confidence of the Afghans&quot;." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L10_S1" CONTENT="Dost Mohammad reigned till 1863, and during these twenty" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L11_S1" CONTENT="years he was able to establish peace throughout the country. He" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L12_S1" CONTENT="died at Herat, thirteen days after the capture of the city, and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L13_S1" CONTENT="was succeeded by his third son, Sher Ali Khan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L14_S1" CONTENT="Amir Sher Ali Khan: His elder brothers, Afzal Khan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L15_S1" CONTENT="and Azam Khan, rose against him and for five years the Amir" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L16_S1" CONTENT="led a life of extraordinary vicissitude—now an outcast flying for" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L17_S1" CONTENT="his life, now a ruler in a solitary outlying province, now the de" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L18_S1" CONTENT="facto ruler of the greater part of the country. At last, in 1868," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L19_S1" CONTENT="he was able to establish his authority throughout Afghanistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L20_S1" CONTENT="The British, meanwhile, in pursuance of their Forward" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L21_S1" CONTENT="Policy, were moving slowly ahead into the tribal area bordering" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L22_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan. Advocates of this policy wished to see Afghanistan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L23_S1" CONTENT="absorbed within the British Indian Empire. In 1874, the For-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L24_S1" CONTENT="ward Policy gained the upper hand, and a series of negotiations" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L25_S1" CONTENT="with Sher Ali Khan ensued during the following years. Finally," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L26_S1" CONTENT="when the British saw that they could not achieve their object by" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L27_S1" CONTENT="peaceful means, they resorted to force and declared war on the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L28_S1" CONTENT="Amir. Late in 1878, the British once more invaded Afghanistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L29_S1" CONTENT="This was the beginning of the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P202_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P202_L30_S1" CONTENT="1881)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P203_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P203_L2_S1" CONTENT="The Second Afghan War: A large force was mobilized for the invasion of Afghanistan. On November 21, 1878, the three great passes leading into Afghanistan were entered by the British armies. Sir Samuel Browne threatened the Khyber, and Major-General Roberts marched up the Kurram Valley. The southernmost invading force under General Stewart marched from Quetta through the Bolan Pass upon Kandahar. The forces met stiff resistance on all fronts, but by the end of December, Browne had reached Jalalabad, Roberts fought his way through the Shuttargardan Pass, and in January Stewart entered Kandahar. Sher Ali, leaving his son Yakoub Khan, as regent in Kabul, went to Mazar-i-Sharif, hoping to get help from the Russians. But the Russians advised him to make his peace with the British. The Amir, worn out by physical diseases and mental worries, died at Mazar on February 21, 1879." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P203_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P203_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Treaty of Gandomak: By the Treaty of Gandomak (May 26) Yakoub Khan agreed to receive a permanent British Embassy with a suitable escort at Kabul; to conduct his foreign relations with other States in accordance with the advice and wishes of the British government; and to allow such rectification of the frontier as was demanded by the advocates of the Forward Policy. In return, the Amir was promised help against external aggression." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P203_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P203_L4_S1" CONTENT="The news of the conclusion of peace was received with much satisfaction in England, and the Government congratulated itself and the country on the attainment of a &quot;Scientific Frontier&quot;. Prime Minister Beaconsfield wrote to the Viceroy: &quot;Greatly owing to your energy and foresight we have secured a scientific frontier for our Indian Empire&quot;. Sir John Lawrence's warnings were ignored. The advocates of the Forward Policy triumphed;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P204_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P204_L2_S1" CONTENT="the Indian frontier was to rest not upon the Indus but upon the command of the passes." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P204_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P204_L3_S1" CONTENT="The triumph was short-lived. The Indian Government once more, by painful experience, had to learn the lesson that the moment any ruler of Afghanistan is supported by any foreign power, he forfeits all the respect and allegiance of his fellow countrymen. How blind the Viceroy was to the real state of affairs may be seen from his statement that &quot;the Afghans will like and respect us all the more for the thrashing we have given Sher Ali&quot;. A month after these words were written, the clouds were ominously gathering and the fate of Burnes and McNaughten awaited Sir Louis Cavagnari, who had entered Kabul as British Resident on July 24, 1879. On September 2, Cavagnari sent a telegram to the Viceroy containing the words: &quot;All well&quot;. The next day the envoy and the whole of his escort were murderd in the Bala-Hissar. The jubilation with which Beaconsfield and Lytton regarded their handiwork was rudely disturbed. &quot;The web of policy&quot;, wrote the Viceroy, &quot;so carefully and patiently woven, had been rudely shattered&quot;. British forces were once again in motion and before the close of October, General Roberts was able to occupy Kabul. Yakoub Khan abdicated and was sent to India, where he resided until his death in 1923." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P204_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P204_L4_S1" CONTENT="Roberts' position in Kabul was far from secure. The Afghan People had once again risen in arms against the foreign invaders, led by different tribal leaders. In winter, there was fierce fighting in and around Kabul, and it was with great difficulty that Roberts kept his communications with India open. Indeed, for ten days, December 14 to 24, he was forced to abandon Kabul and the Bala-Hissar, and retire within the defences of Sherpur where he was besieged by 100,000 nationalist forces. To hold Afghanistan permanently was now out of the question. Lord" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P205_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P205_L1_S1" CONTENT="Ali Abad Medical College, Science Faculty and the tomb of Sayed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P205_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P205_L2_S1" CONTENT="Jamal-ud-Din Afghani." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P206_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P206_L1_S1" CONTENT="The central office of the Afghan Karakul Company, Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P207" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="207" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P207_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L2_S1" CONTENT="Lytton, therefore, deemed it advisable to break up the country" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L3_S1" CONTENT="into small principalities governed by British puppets. Kandahar" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L4_S1" CONTENT="was promised to Vali Sher Ali, a Barakzai of Kandahar. No" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L5_S1" CONTENT="special arrangements were necessary for Herat, where Ayoub" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L6_S1" CONTENT="Khan, full brother of Yakoub Khan, still maintained himself" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L7_S1" CONTENT="in power. It was decided to retain Kabul under direct British" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L8_S1" CONTENT="administration." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L9_S1" CONTENT="Opportunely, there now appeared upon the scene the strong" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L10_S1" CONTENT="man so badly needed. It was a grandson of Dost Mohammad," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L11_S1" CONTENT="Abdur Rahman. Since 1868, he had lived in banishment beyond" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L12_S1" CONTENT="the Oxus, under Russian protection. He no sooner reappeared" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L13_S1" CONTENT="than the patriots rallied around him. At this time Lord Lytton" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L14_S1" CONTENT="resigned his office and the Conservative Government suffered a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L15_S1" CONTENT="severe defeat in the general elections. Gladstone succeeded Lord" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L16_S1" CONTENT="Beaconsfield as Prime Minister and Lord Ripon was sent out as" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L17_S1" CONTENT="Viceroy to bring about a peaceful settlement of the Afghan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L18_S1" CONTENT="question. Abdur Rahman Khan was finally recognized as Amir" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L19_S1" CONTENT="of Kabul and Great Britain bound herself not to require the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L20_S1" CONTENT="admission of an English Resident anywhere in Afghanistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L21_S1" CONTENT="Abdur Rahman succeeded to a much reduced kingdom. Herat" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L22_S1" CONTENT="was under the control of Ayoub Khan, while Kandahar was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L23_S1" CONTENT="ruled by Vali Sher Ali, a British puppet." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L24_S1" CONTENT="The Battle of Maiwand: Ayoub Khan, declaring a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L25_S1" CONTENT="religious war, came out of Herat with the intention of driving" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L26_S1" CONTENT="the British out of Afghanistan. At Maiwand, on the 27th of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L27_S1" CONTENT="July, 1880, he met and defeated a British force led by General" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L28_S1" CONTENT="Burrows, which had been sent to check his advance. This was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L29_S1" CONTENT="as the Britith themselves have admitted, &quot;One of the most" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L30_S1" CONTENT="notable victories ever gained by oriental troops in conflict with a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L31_S1" CONTENT="European army&quot;. The British had 914 men killed and were" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P207_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P207_L32_S1" CONTENT="driven back in full retreat." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P208_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P208_L2_S1" CONTENT="Ayoub Khan, after the victory, marched on to invest Kandahar. On receiving the news, the British evacuated Kabul, and Roberts with 10,000 picked men started for Kandahar. On 31st August, Ayoub Khan was attacked and defeated at Baba Wali." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P208_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P208_L3_S1" CONTENT="The course of events had made it quite clear that the partition of Afghanistan, as already planned, was not possible and that Vali Sher Ali could not maintain himself at Kandahar. The Government of India, therefore, was obliged to recognise the Kandahar province as an integral Part of Abdur Rahman's Kingdom. The city was finally evacuated and formally made over to a governor deputed from Kabul in April, 1881." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P208_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P208_L4_S1" CONTENT="For a time Abdur Rahman Khan seemed in imminent danger of losing not only Kandahar but Kabul as well. Ayoub Khan marched again from Herat, occupied Kandahar and held it for several months. Abdur Rahman set out from Kabul to offer him battle. Few thought that he could prevail, but he won a complete victory near Kandahar. Ayoub Khan fled into exile to Persia. Herat as well as Kandahar fell to the victor." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P208_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P208_L5_S1" CONTENT="The Amir with great energy and determination then set about establishing peace and a strong central government in Afghanistan. In this he succeeded marvellously. On November 12, 1893, the Amir was forced under threat of war to relinquish his rights over the border tribes and to accept a new line of demarcation, the so-called &quot;Durand Line&quot;." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P208_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P208_L6_S1" CONTENT="Amir Abdur Rahman Khan died in October 1901, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Habibullah Khan, who ruled from 1901 to 1919." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P208_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P208_L7_S1" CONTENT="Amir Habibullah Khan : Amir Habibullah Khan was an enlightened monarch. He laid the foundation of Habibia College and followed an &quot;Open door&quot; policy. Roads were constructed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P209_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L2_S1" CONTENT="and steps were taken to introduce machinery and other modern" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L3_S1" CONTENT="conveniences, such as hydro-electricity and water pipes into" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L4_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan. A weekly paper, Sirajul Akhbar, was started, and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L5_S1" CONTENT="it was entrusted to the well-known Afghan writer, Mahmud-i-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L6_S1" CONTENT="Tarzi. This paper infused a new life throughout the country" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L7_S1" CONTENT="and had a great part in the national awakening. European" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L8_S1" CONTENT="games, including football, hockey, cricket, tennis and badminton" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L9_S1" CONTENT="were also encouraged and the Amir personally took part in some" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L10_S1" CONTENT="of them, distributing prizes among the winners." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L11_S1" CONTENT="In 1907, the Amir visited India at the invitation of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L12_S1" CONTENT="British Indian Government. He observed strict neutrality in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L13_S1" CONTENT="World War I. A German-Turkish Mission reached Kabul in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L14_S1" CONTENT="October, 1915, to try to induce the Amir to declare a holy war" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L15_S1" CONTENT="against the British, but the Amir was able to stick to his neutral-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L16_S1" CONTENT="ity throughout the War. In February 1919, feeling that the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L17_S1" CONTENT="time had come when he might claim the reward of his steadfast-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L18_S1" CONTENT="ness during the war, and to vindicate his policy before his people," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L19_S1" CONTENT="he wrote to the Viceroy, demanding written recognition by the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L20_S1" CONTENT="Peace Conference of Afghanistan's &quot;absolute liberty, freedom" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L21_S1" CONTENT="of action and perpetual independence&quot;. But on the night of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L22_S1" CONTENT="20th of February, he was assassinated in his shooting camp at" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L23_S1" CONTENT="Kala-gosh in the Laghman Valley. His younger brother, Sardar" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L24_S1" CONTENT="Nasrulla, Khan, who was then at Jalalabad, proclaimed himself" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L25_S1" CONTENT="King. Meanwhile in Kabul, Sardar Amanullah Khan, the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L26_S1" CONTENT="third son of the Amir, took possession of the citadel. On the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L27_S1" CONTENT="29th of February he proclaimed himself King of Afghanistan in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L28_S1" CONTENT="the presence of all civil and military officials in Kabul. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L29_S1" CONTENT="army in Jalalabad rallied around the cause of Amanullah and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L30_S1" CONTENT="forced Nasrullah Khan, to abdicate." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L31_S1" CONTENT="King Amanullah : Amanullah's first act after accession" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P209_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P209_L32_S1" CONTENT="was to proclaim the independence of Afghanistan both in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P210" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="210" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P210_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P210_L1_S1" CONTENT="163" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P210_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P210_L2_S1" CONTENT="external and internal affairs. On March 3, 1919, he informed the Viceroy of his accession, and at the same time asked for a revision of treaties. &quot;Our independent and free Government&quot; he wrote, &quot;considers itself ready, at every time and season, to conclude such agreements and treaties with the British Government as may be useful and serviceable to our Government and yours&quot;." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P210_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P210_L3_S1" CONTENT="On receiving an unencouraging answer from the Viceroy, Amanullah sent his forces to the eastern and southern borders. and adopted every precautionary measure. The strength of the British and Indian forces stationed north of the Indus at this juncture aggregated 340,000 men and 185,000 animals, besides airplanes, mechanized units and all means of modern warfare. Afghanistan at this time was divided into ten military districts. Its effectives were nominally 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry and 4,000 artillerymen. They were badly trained and poorly equipped with obsolete guns and rifles." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P210_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P210_L4_S1" CONTENT="The War of Independence or the Third Anglo-Afghan War :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P210_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P210_L5_S1" CONTENT="On May 3, shots were exchanged between the British force and Afghan soldiers at the mouth of the Khyber Pass, and from this hostilities began on all three fronts." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P210_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P210_L6_S1" CONTENT="This war, generally known as the Afghan War of Independence lasted for nearly a month. The operations on the eastern front were not successful and the British captured the frontier post of Dakka, while the advance of the Afghan forces under the leadership of general Nadir Khan (late king Nadir Shah) into the Kurram Valley and Waziristan and his victory at Thal and the subsequent rising of the border tribes against the British scored for Afghanistan a decisive victory. An armistice was signed by" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P211" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="211" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P211_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L1_S1" CONTENT="164" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L2_S1" CONTENT="which the British recognized the independence of Afghanistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L3_S1" CONTENT="At the invitation of the British Government a delegation, under" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L4_S1" CONTENT="the leadership of Mahmud Tarzi (Foreign Minister), was sent to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L5_S1" CONTENT="India to negotiate for peace and a treaty of friendship. This" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L6_S1" CONTENT="treaty was finally ratified in Kabul in 1922. Meanwhile Aman-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L7_S1" CONTENT="ullah succeeded in establishing diplomatic relations for" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L8_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan with the outside world. Russia recognized the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L9_S1" CONTENT="independent Government of the country and was soon followed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L10_S1" CONTENT="by Afghanistan's other neighbours, later to be joined by the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L11_S1" CONTENT="countries of Europe." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L12_S1" CONTENT="Having achieved this goal, Amanullah started to introduce" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L13_S1" CONTENT="reforms inside the country and to prepare his people to meet" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L14_S1" CONTENT="requirements of a modern international life, not only with the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L15_S1" CONTENT="countries if Asia, but also with the Western World. This move-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L16_S1" CONTENT="ment in Afghanistan resulted in invitations being extended to the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L17_S1" CONTENT="King to visit several European countries. By the time Amanullah" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L18_S1" CONTENT="returned from Europe, the impression of all he had seen there" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L19_S1" CONTENT="had quite obliterated his preconceived ideas and made him" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L20_S1" CONTENT="eager to introduce the western way of life with revolutionary" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L21_S1" CONTENT="swiftness into his own country. Afghanistan, in spite of some" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L22_S1" CONTENT="political designs orginating outside the country, was once more" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L23_S1" CONTENT="becoming a strong power in Central Asia." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L24_S1" CONTENT="Although the King's reforms met with opposition from a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L25_S1" CONTENT="certain group of reactionaries who were rigidly and conserva-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L26_S1" CONTENT="tively against the modernization of the country, this opposition" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L27_S1" CONTENT="was confined to one section of the population only which, though" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L28_S1" CONTENT="vociferous, was not strong enough to maintain its stand. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L29_S1" CONTENT="fierce civil war which broke out in the country and later resulted" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L30_S1" CONTENT="in the abdication of King Amanullah and his departure from" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L31_S1" CONTENT="the country had its real cause not, as the misrepresentations of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P211_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P211_L32_S1" CONTENT="some writers have tried to prove, in the reluctance of the Afghan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P212" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="212" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P212_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L1_S1" CONTENT="165" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L2_S1" CONTENT="people to see their country develop along modern lines, but" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L3_S1" CONTENT="rather in the political manœuvring of ouside elements." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L4_S1" CONTENT="During the ensuing period of almost one full year of civil" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L5_S1" CONTENT="wars the throne of Kabul witnessed one of the most dramatic" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L6_S1" CONTENT="events of all time when a highwayman named Habibullah seized" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L7_S1" CONTENT="the power and declared himself King. Thus, among other" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L8_S1" CONTENT="destructive results of the civil wars, most of Afghanistan’s" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L9_S1" CONTENT="political leaders were killed, banished or imprisoned." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L10_S1" CONTENT="At this time Sardar Mohammad Nadir was in Paris where" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L11_S1" CONTENT="he had been sent as Afghan Minister some time after his promo-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L12_S1" CONTENT="tion to the rank of Marshal and Minister of War in the first" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L13_S1" CONTENT="Cabinet of independent Afghanistan. Hearing the news from" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L14_S1" CONTENT="home, he left France and returned in haste to Afghanistan," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L15_S1" CONTENT="where the people found in him the leader they needed to deliver" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L16_S1" CONTENT="the country from its miserable domination by the bandit-king." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L17_S1" CONTENT="On 25th January, 1929, Sardar Mohammad Nadir Khan," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L18_S1" CONTENT="accompanied by his brothers, Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L19_S1" CONTENT="and Sardar Shah Wali Khan, left for Afghanistan. Sardar" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L20_S1" CONTENT="Shah Mahmoud Khan, their younger brother, who was then" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L21_S1" CONTENT="in Kabul, went to meet them at the Afghan border. The three" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L22_S1" CONTENT="had a long talk, wherein Sardar Shah Mahmoud give all details" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L23_S1" CONTENT="of the revolt, with its attendant horrors." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L24_S1" CONTENT="From March until October 1929, the struggle for deliver-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L25_S1" CONTENT="ance continued, the brothers playing an important part in this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L26_S1" CONTENT="drama. Routed again and again, they ever rose with fresh" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L27_S1" CONTENT="hearts from the disaster, till at last on October 16, their efforts" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L28_S1" CONTENT="were crowned with success. The bandit-king was driven out" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L29_S1" CONTENT="of the capital, and peace was restored. The warm welcome" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L30_S1" CONTENT="which Sardar Mohammad Nadir Khan received at Kabul was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L31_S1" CONTENT="never excelled by that accorded to a triumphant Cæsar." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P212_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P212_L32_S1" CONTENT="Thousands of people from all parts of the country had lined" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P213" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="213" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P213_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L1_S1" CONTENT="166" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L2_S1" CONTENT="both sides of the route. They went wild with enthusiasm and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L3_S1" CONTENT="delight at the sight of their deliverer. Sardar Mohammad Nadir" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L4_S1" CONTENT="Khan was obviously moved by the extraordinary warmth of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L5_S1" CONTENT="the greetings and kept his hand raised in continuous salute," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L6_S1" CONTENT="bowing to each side as he rode through the streets of Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L7_S1" CONTENT="In a Jirga held at Salamkhana, Sardar Mohammad Nadir" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L8_S1" CONTENT="Khan was unanimously elected King." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L9_S1" CONTENT="King Mohammad Nadir Shah: King Mohammad Nadir" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L10_S1" CONTENT="Shah, the second son of Sardar Mohammad Yousuf Khan was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L11_S1" CONTENT="born on April 9, 1883. In him were united the two royal houses" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L12_S1" CONTENT="of Mohammadzais and Sadozais. On his father's side he was the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L13_S1" CONTENT="great grandson of Sardar Sultan Mohammad Khan, brother of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L14_S1" CONTENT="Amir Dost Mohammad Khan, the founder of the Mohammadzai" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L15_S1" CONTENT="dynasty, and from his mother's side he descended from Ahmad" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L16_S1" CONTENT="Shah Abdali (1747-73), founder of modern Afghanistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L17_S1" CONTENT="During the reign of Amir Habibullah Khan, Sardar" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L18_S1" CONTENT="Mohammad Nadir Khan and the members of his family, all" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L19_S1" CONTENT="men of great ability and exceptional administrative capacity," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L20_S1" CONTENT="did their best for the advancement of the country. The family" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L21_S1" CONTENT="continued to serve Afghanistan during the early days of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L22_S1" CONTENT="Amanullah Khan, and never willingly withdrew its co-operation." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L23_S1" CONTENT="It was due to their heroic actions in the Third Anglo-Afghan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L24_S1" CONTENT="War that the country gained its independence." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L25_S1" CONTENT="The first aim of the King upon his succession was to restore" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L26_S1" CONTENT="peace and order. At the age of 47, he embarked on a task" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L27_S1" CONTENT="that might have daunted the bravest and wisest of diplomats." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L28_S1" CONTENT="Probably nowhere in history do we find a sovereign so financially" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L29_S1" CONTENT="handicapped at the start. It was probably the first case of a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L30_S1" CONTENT="national exchequer being absolutely bankrupt, unlined even" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L31_S1" CONTENT="with a single silver coin. In spite of all these obstacles, King" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P213_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P213_L32_S1" CONTENT="Nadir Shah applied himself at once to the task that lay before" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P214" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="214" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P214_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L1_S1" CONTENT="167" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L2_S1" CONTENT="him, and energetically took in hand the development and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L3_S1" CONTENT="reform—in fact, one may say the foundation anew of Afghanistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L4_S1" CONTENT="The constitutional reforms introduced by the King must be" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L5_S1" CONTENT="regarded as his most praiseworthy act, a measure by which he" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L6_S1" CONTENT="parted with his autocratic powers, and officially transferred them" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L7_S1" CONTENT="to the representatives of the people. The Afghan Government," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L8_S1" CONTENT="until the reign of King Nadir Shah, was autocratic. The King" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L9_S1" CONTENT="was the fountain-head of all power, and all orders relating to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L10_S1" CONTENT="the administration of the State emanated from him. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L11_S1" CONTENT="Ministers were practically the lieutenants of the king and in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L12_S1" CONTENT="his name wielded the full authority of the government. Under" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L13_S1" CONTENT="King Nadir Shah, however, the Government gave way to con-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L14_S1" CONTENT="stitutionalism. Two Houses of Parliament, a House of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L15_S1" CONTENT="Representatives and a House of Elders were set up to look" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L16_S1" CONTENT="after the affairs of the country and to frame laws." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L17_S1" CONTENT="Unfortunately, the reign of this benign and wise King was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L18_S1" CONTENT="cut short by his assassination on November 8, 1933." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L19_S1" CONTENT="King Mohammad Zahir Shah:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L20_S1" CONTENT="H.M. King Mohammad Zahir Shah, the only surviving" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L21_S1" CONTENT="son of the late King Mohammad Nadir Shah, peacefully suc-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L22_S1" CONTENT="ceeded his father on the throne, with the title of &quot;Almutawakkal-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L23_S1" CONTENT="Allallah&quot; (He who puts his trust in the Lord)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L24_S1" CONTENT="His Majesty was born in Kabul on Monday, October 15," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L25_S1" CONTENT="1914, so he was only 19 when he ascended the throne. He is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L26_S1" CONTENT="the first Afghan King who has been educated in a European" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L27_S1" CONTENT="country. On the completion of his elementary education, he" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L28_S1" CONTENT="accompanied his illustrious father to France in 1924 and stayed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L29_S1" CONTENT="there for six years. He studied at Lycee Janson de Sailly and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L30_S1" CONTENT="then at Lycee Michelet and the College de Montpellier." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P214_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P214_L31_S1" CONTENT="Returning to Afghanistan in 1930, he attended the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P215" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="215" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P215_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P215_L1_S1" CONTENT="168" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P215_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P215_L2_S1" CONTENT="Officers' Military Course, where he gave sufficient proof of his great mental powers. He was asked to work in different departments of public affairs, where he soon won the esteem and affection of those who came in contact with him. During the absence of Sardar Shah Mahmoud Khan, he officiated as the Minister of Defence, and then was asked to head the Ministry of Education, which post he successfully held until the tragic death of his father." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P215_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P215_L3_S1" CONTENT="On the very day of his accession, the King declared that he would scrupulously follow in the footsteps of his father and fulfil his programme. He takes a keen interest in every public affair and has never relinquished his efforts to improve the condition of his subjects, to diffuse knowledge, to promote agriculture and develop the natural resources of the country." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P215_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P215_L4_S1" CONTENT="Thanks to the ability and high principles, and the administrative experience of his uncles and cousins, a slow but steady progress is being made in every direction. The present government, under the direction of Sardar Mohammad Daoud, the Prime Minister*, is working on vast plans for the educational, industrial and agricultural development of the country, and public welfare generally. A Five Year Plan envisages the construction of better roads, better means of transportation and communication and the development of mines, industry, education and agriculture. To implement these extensive projects, the Government has availed itself of the technical and financial assistance of foreign organizations and institutions as well." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P215_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P215_L5_S1" CONTENT="*Since 1929, Afghanistan has had three Prime Ministers:—" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P215_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P215_L6_S1" CONTENT="(1) H.R.H. Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan, 1929 to 1946" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P215_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P215_L7_S1" CONTENT="(2) H.R.H. Sardar Shah Mahmoud Khan, 1946 to 1953" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P215_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P215_L8_S1" CONTENT="(3) H.R.H. Sardar Mohammad Daoud, from 1953" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P216_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L1_S1" CONTENT="169" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L2_S1" CONTENT="TABLES OF REIGNING FAMILIES SINCE" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L3_S1" CONTENT="THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L4_S1" CONTENT="(1) The Hotakis :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L5_S1" CONTENT="Mir Vais Khan, King of Kandahar ... 1709—1715" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L6_S1" CONTENT="Mir Abdul Aziz, Mir Vais Khan's brother," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L7_S1" CONTENT="King of Kandahar ... 1715—1716" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L8_S1" CONTENT="Mir Mahmoud, Mir Vais Khan's son, King of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L9_S1" CONTENT="Kandahar and Persia ... 1716—1725" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L10_S1" CONTENT="Mir Ashraf, son of Mir Abdul Aziz, King of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L11_S1" CONTENT="Persia ... 1725—1730" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L12_S1" CONTENT="Mir Hussain, son of Mir Vais Khan, King of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L13_S1" CONTENT="Kandahar ... 1725—1738" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L14_S1" CONTENT="(2) The Durranis (Sadozais or Abdalis) :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L15_S1" CONTENT="Ahmad Shah ... 1747—1773" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L16_S1" CONTENT="Timur Shah, son of Ahmad Shah ... 1773—1793" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L17_S1" CONTENT="Zaman Shah, son of Timur Shah ... 1793—1800" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L18_S1" CONTENT="Mahmoud, son of Timur Shah ... 1800—1803" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L19_S1" CONTENT="Shuja, son of Timur Shah ... 1803—1809" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L20_S1" CONTENT="Mahmoud (again) ... 1809—1818" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L21_S1" CONTENT="Civil War ... 1818—1826" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L22_S1" CONTENT="(3) A. The Mohammadzais (or Barakzais)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P216_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L24_S1" CONTENT="Amir Dost Mohammad Khan ... 1826—1839" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L25_S1" CONTENT="Shah Shuja Sadozai, placed on the throne by" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L26_S1" CONTENT="the British ... 1839—1842" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L27_S1" CONTENT="Anarchy ... 1842—1843" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L28_S1" CONTENT="Dost Mohammad Khan (again) ... 1843—1863" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P216_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P216_L29_S1" CONTENT="Sher Ali Khan, son of Dost Mohammad ... 1863—1866" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P217_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P217_L1_S1" CONTENT="Afzal Khan, son of Dost Mohammad	... 1866—1867" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P217_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P217_L2_S1" CONTENT="Azam Khan, son of Dost Mohammad	... 1867—1868" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P217_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P217_L3_S1" CONTENT="Sher Ali Khan (again)	... 1868—1879" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P217_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P217_L4_S1" CONTENT="Yakoub Khan, son of Sher Ali	... 1879—1879" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P217_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P217_L5_S1" CONTENT="Abdur Rahman, son of Afzal Khan	... 1880—1901" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P217_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P217_L6_S1" CONTENT="Habibullah Khan, son of Abdur Rahman	... 1901—1919" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P217_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P217_L7_S1" CONTENT="Amanullah Khan, son of Habibullah	... 1919—1929" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P217_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P217_L8_S1" CONTENT="(3) B. The Mohammadzais" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P217_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P217_L10_S1" CONTENT="The Late King Mohammad Nadir Shah" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P217_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P217_L11_S1" CONTENT="Shahid	... 1929—1933" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P217_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P217_L12_S1" CONTENT="H.M. King Mohammad Zahir Shah	... 1933—" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P218_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P218_L2_S1" CONTENT="PART SIX" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P218_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P218_L3_S1" CONTENT="Information for Visitors" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P218_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P218_L4_S1" CONTENT="Passport &amp; Visas :—Every passenger intending to visit Afghanistan must be in possession of a valid passport issued by his own government and properly endorsed by one of the Afghan diplomatic representatives stationed abroad. It is advisable to apply for an Afghan visa some time in advance. The fee charged for such visas is exactly the same as levied by the government of his own country for endorsing a similar Afghan passport." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P218_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P218_L5_S1" CONTENT="Visitors are required to show their passports at all frontier posts of the country, both on their arrival and departure. On arrival in one of the cities they should at once proceed to the Police Station to get their names registered and obtain Residential Permits (Waraqa-i-Aqamat). If a visitor whose passport has been endorsed wishes to extend the length of his stay in the country, or to set up in any business or profession, he must ask for the permission of the Afghan Government. A foreign visitor is not at liberty to enter any employment, paid or unpaid, without such permission. If a passport is lost after entering the country, the visitor must inform the police immediately. Prior to departure from Afghanistan, an exit visa must be obtained from the office issuing Residential Permits." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P218_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P218_L6_S1" CONTENT="Customs :—The personal baggage and other belongings of all persons arriving in Afghanistan, whether in transit or otherwise, are subject to Customs examination. The responsibility for opening, unpacking, and repacking the packages rests with the passenger or his agent. All articles, whether they have been worn or used or not, and however small the quantity may be, must be declared to the Custom Officers. Failure to make a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P219_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P219_L2_S1" CONTENT="proper declaration, or an attempt to conceal an article, may involve heavy penalties, including forfeiture of the goods. Import duty will not normally be charged on personal effects which have been in the possession and use of the visitor for a considerable time. The importation of certian goods, e. g., dangerous drugs, poisons, opium, morphine, cocaine, liquors and other intoxicants and anything injurious for human health, is strictly prohibited. No prohibited article, however small the quantity, will be permitted to be imported. Similarly, the import of such books, newspapers, printed or written articles, nude or immoral pictures, photographs and postcards that may be the cause of unrest and disturbance in the country or against the accepted dictates of Islam and approved morals of the people, is strictly prohibited. Merchandise, or any other goods other than bona-fide private effects, must not be imported as passengers' goods." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P219_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P219_L3_S1" CONTENT="The export of many articles, such as (1) livestock—horses, sheep, camels, cows, etc., (2) gold or silver and precious stones, (3) all kinds of antiques, and (4) foodstuffs (cereals) is strictly prohibited." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P219_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P219_L4_S1" CONTENT="As this does not exhaust the list, it is advisable that before arrival or depature from Afghanistan the visitor make perfectly sure that he does not take with him anything which is prohibited. In the first case he should consult the Afghan Trade Agents stationed abroad, and in the second he should approach the Ministry of Trade &amp; Commerce." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P219_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P219_L5_S1" CONTENT="For more detailed information on Customs Regulations application should be made to the above Ministry." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P219_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P219_L6_S1" CONTENT="Currency Regulations:—Travellers entering Afghanistan may bring in:—" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P219_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P219_L7_S1" CONTENT="(a) Currency notes to the value of 500 Afghanis. Any note in excess of this sum should be shown at the frontier" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P220_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L2_S1" CONTENT="and certified. They should take particular care to state" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L3_S1" CONTENT="exactly the amounts of currency in their possession;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L4_S1" CONTENT="false declaration may lead to heavy penalties." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L5_S1" CONTENT="(b) Traveller's cheques, letters of credit, etc., in any cur-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L6_S1" CONTENT="rency and up to any amount." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L7_S1" CONTENT="Travellers leaving Afghanistan may take out :—" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L8_S1" CONTENT="(a) Not more than 500 Afghanis in notes." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L9_S1" CONTENT="(b) The equivalent of 500 Afghanis in foreign currency," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L10_S1" CONTENT="unless he produces the required certificate from the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L11_S1" CONTENT="authorities concerned. If travellers who are about to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L12_S1" CONTENT="leave Afganistan have excess amounts of currency or" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L13_S1" CONTENT="are in any doubt as to the amounts they will be al-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L14_S1" CONTENT="lowed to take with them, they are advised to consult" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L15_S1" CONTENT="D' Afghanistan Bank." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L16_S1" CONTENT="Warning :—In their own interest travellers should make" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L17_S1" CONTENT="sure that they do not arrive at the place of entry or departure" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L18_S1" CONTENT="with excess currency, since the excess cannot be deposited with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L19_S1" CONTENT="the Customs Officer, but will be taken from the traveller and is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L20_S1" CONTENT="not likely to be refunded." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L21_S1" CONTENT="When to Travel :—Everyone who intends visiting Afghan-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L22_S1" CONTENT="istan should first seek information as to the best time of the year" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L23_S1" CONTENT="to spend in the country, and what arrangements to make. It" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L24_S1" CONTENT="is rather difficult to say which season to choose. If a stay of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L25_S1" CONTENT="five or six months is to be made, June is the best season for the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L26_S1" CONTENT="journey. If he wants to stay for a month or two, he had better" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L27_S1" CONTENT="visit the country during autumn, which is the fruit season." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L28_S1" CONTENT="Generally speaking, spring, summer, and autumn are the times" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L29_S1" CONTENT="to visit Afghanistan, and it is hard to say which one is the best." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L30_S1" CONTENT="Spring commences towards the end of March, officially on the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P220_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P220_L31_S1" CONTENT="first of Hamal (21st March), but April and even the first few" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P221_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P221_L2_S1" CONTENT="days of May can be wet and cold. May and early June are delightful, but towards the end of June the valleys get rather warm, and it is well then to move higher into the hills. Spring gives you the new blossoms and the low snow, which enhances the landscape so much; but autumn gives the wonderful glory of changing leaf, with a background of newly fallen snow on the neighbouring hills. Even winter has its own charms, specially for those who are fond of skiing and skating." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P221_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P221_L3_S1" CONTENT="Since the country is composed of lowlands and highlands, one may follow the climate of one's choice simply by going higher as the summer advances, and then gradually descending as do the shepherds and their flocks, following the melting snow upwards, until in the autumn the new snow drives them down again. It is, fascinating thus to follow spring from the valleys into hills, to be always level with the first new blossoms, until at last, you come up to the passess, the winter ever clearing before you, and a rich carpet of mountain flowers ever about your feet—wild flowers that have gone from the places where you camped only a fortnight earlier." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P221_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P221_L4_S1" CONTENT="Transportation and Communications:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P221_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P221_L5_S1" CONTENT="At present there are no railways and navigable waterways in Afghanistan. There are about 5,000 miles of motorable roads, but these are inadequate to meet the growing needs of the country. The burden of transportation falls upon motors, lorries, trucks and pack animals." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P221_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P221_L6_S1" CONTENT="There is a regular Postal Service throughout the country and even up to Peshawar and New Chaman. A limited number of passengers can travel by these buses. Taxis are also available. The Government of Afghanistan has recently established a Department of Civil Aviation—the Aryana Airlines—providing a passenger and air mail service between the capital and a number of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P222_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P222_L2_S1" CONTENT="provincial towns, as well as Bahrein, Beirut, Tehran and New Delhi and Karachi. Besides, there are some foreign air lines which come at regular intervals to Kabul and Kandahar. The Indian Airlines Corporation operates a weekly flight from New Delhi to Kabul. The Iranian Airways operates a weekly service between Kabul and Tehran. Pakistan International Airlines operate twice between Kabul and Karachi." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P222_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P222_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Government of Afghanistan is interested in establishing an international airport at Kandahar, which lies at the cross-roads between the East and West. The Royal Afghan-United States project to develop civil aviation in this country will bring nearly fifteen million dollars worth of technical aid, airplanes, equipment, and airfield construction at Kandahar and five or more other points. The following benefits are envisaged from this project:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P222_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P222_L4_S1" CONTENT="(1) A national system of air transport." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P222_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P222_L5_S1" CONTENT="(2) An international transit-stop at Kandahar, shortening world travel time by at least two hours." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P222_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P222_L6_S1" CONTENT="(3) The foundation for a new tourist industry." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P222_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P222_L7_S1" CONTENT="(4) Careers for hundreds of Afghans in aviation." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P222_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P222_L8_S1" CONTENT="(5) New export markets for Afghan products." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P222_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P222_L9_S1" CONTENT="Why to Travel :—" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P222_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P222_L10_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan has been termed by some writers the &quot;Switzerland of Asia&quot;. It has for ages past attracted those seeking a resort which, while, affording every variety of pleasure and sport, abounds in the sublime beauties of nature. Everything that can make life enjoyable to different tastes and interests is provided here in an ideal and bracing climate. The poet will find inspiration and the artist undreamed beauties of colour and scenery for his brush. For the sportsman there is a large variety" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P223" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="223" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P223_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P223_L1_S1" CONTENT="The famous Shrine of Mazar-i-Sharif supposed to be the last resting place of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P223_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P223_L2_S1" CONTENT="Hazrat Ali, the fourth Caliph and son-in-law of the Prophet Mohammed." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P224" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="224" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P224_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P224_L1_S1" CONTENT="A flute player and a keen listener." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P225" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="225" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P225_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P225_L1_S1" CONTENT="176" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P225_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P225_L2_S1" CONTENT="of big and small game, and for the angler there are streams abounding in fish and trout." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P225_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P225_L3_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan is very important from the point of archæology. For students of ancient history, there is much to be seen in the remains of Balkh, Bamian, Hadda, and Bagram souvenirs of the palmy days of the Græco-Budhist civilization. Of these, Bamian is the most interesting of all. Here the visitor can examine the colossal idols carved on the hillsides. The French Archæological Mission in Afghanistan, during the last three decades, has done some excellent work and has been able to discover some Buddhist, Indo-Hellenic, Græco-Buddhic and Brahmanic temples, coins, idols, and paintings, which vie with the remarkable discoveries of the same kind in India and Pakistan. Numerous specimens of fine art now decorate the Kabul Museum. These discoveries are of the first order and have aroused great interest in Afghanistan as well as in foreign countries." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P225_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P225_L4_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan is also a promising field of investigation for the student of comparative philology, who may here hope to come across the last of the little known and dying Indo-European languages, which are spoken in some of the mountain fastnesses even to this day. Here he can also conduct research in the very ancient Aryan languages, which are still preserved to a considerable extent in their original form and purity by many of the isolated hill-tribes, and the study of which might throw some light on the general history of the Indo-European languages." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P225_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P225_L5_S1" CONTENT="Clothing:—If the visitor intends to visit the country during summer, clothing of medium thickness will do. If it is winter, he must have sufficient woollen clothes with him. Besides, it is advisable to have a fine pair of tinted glasses to prevent the dazzling light of snow from harming the eyes, a good" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P226" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="226" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P226_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P226_L1_S1" CONTENT="177" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P226_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P226_L2_S1" CONTENT="overcoat, a waterproof sheet for bedding, and a pair of good gloves and rubber boots." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P226_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P226_L3_S1" CONTENT="Rates, Prices and Wages :—" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P226_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P226_L4_S1" CONTENT="It is not easy to dogmatize on the subject of prices, which are subject to market fluctuations, and what is now written may be out of date in a couple of months. Generally speaking, Afghanistan is less expensive than most of the neighbouring countries; the fruit of the country especially is a boon to the tourist. All kinds of fine fruits, such as apples, pomegranates, peaches, grapes, pears, melons, etc., are to be had at extremely low prices." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P226_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P226_L5_S1" CONTENT="Rent :—For a six-room house in a nice locality of the capital the rent is usually 3,000 to 4,000 Afghanis per month. Servants' wages per month from 500 to 700 Afghanis plus food. Cook's wages per month from 600 to 800 Afghanis plus food." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P226_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P226_L6_S1" CONTENT="Fares :—" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P226_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P226_L7_S1" CONTENT="Cars : about 5 Afghanis per mile." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P226_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P226_L8_S1" CONTENT="Postal Service Bus Seat : Nearly 40 Afghanis per 100 miles." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P226_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P226_L9_S1" CONTENT="Where to stay :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P226_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P226_L10_S1" CONTENT="In addition to private hotels, serais and tea-houses, there are well-kept Government owned Rest Houses in all the important cities, towns and at various stages along the motor roads. The chief Government Rest Houses are located at the following places :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P226_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P226_L11_S1" CONTENT="Jalalabad, Sarobi, Ghazni, Mukur, Bamian, Doab-i-Mekh-i-Zarin, Mazar-i-Sharif, Pul-i-Khumri, Kalat-i-Ghilzai, Kandahar, Girishk, Farah, Herat, Khanabad, Maimanah, Deh-Nao, and Bala-Murghab. Kabul has a fine up-to-date hotel, called L'Hôtel de Kabul, where both eastern and western dishes are served." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P227_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L2_S1" CONTENT="PART SEVEN" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L3_S1" CONTENT="Journeys Through Afghanistan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L4_S1" CONTENT="Routes to Afghanistan : There are two important routes" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L5_S1" CONTENT="for vehicles from the east into Afghanistan : (1) From Peshawar" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L6_S1" CONTENT="to Kabul via the Khyber Pass, and (2) from Chaman to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L7_S1" CONTENT="Kandahar." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L8_S1" CONTENT="(1) From Peshawar to Kabul via Khyber, Jalalabad and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L9_S1" CONTENT="the Lataband Pass is a distance of 181 miles. It is the most" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L10_S1" CONTENT="commonly used route. Under normal conditions, the journey can" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L11_S1" CONTENT="easily be accomplished by car in a day, while by lorry or bus it" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L12_S1" CONTENT="usually takes a day and a half. The halt at night is made at" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L13_S1" CONTENT="one of the Rest Houses en route, either at Jalalabad or at Sarobi." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L14_S1" CONTENT="During winter it is better to stay at Jalalabad which has a milder" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L15_S1" CONTENT="climate, while in summer Sarobi is better." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L16_S1" CONTENT="Peshawar, the first starting point, is a big frontier town," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L17_S1" CONTENT="lying on the North-Western Railway, at an elevation of 1,170" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L18_S1" CONTENT="feet above sea-level. Regular Afghan mail buses are available" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L19_S1" CONTENT="for this journey three times a week. They start early in the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L20_S1" CONTENT="morning from the Afghan Buildings (Pashtunkot) in Kissakhani" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L21_S1" CONTENT="Bazaar, Peshawar City. It is better to get seats booked a few" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L22_S1" CONTENT="days in advance to avoid disappointment. Seats can also be" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L23_S1" CONTENT="arranged for telegraphically or by sending money orders in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L24_S1" CONTENT="advance." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L25_S1" CONTENT="Peshawar to the Afghan Border (distance 34½ miles) : The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L26_S1" CONTENT="road is level for the first nine or ten miles. At Jamrud (nine" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L27_S1" CONTENT="miles from Peshawar) lying at the gate of the time-honoured" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L28_S1" CONTENT="Khyber Pass, the traveller has to stop to comply with the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L29_S1" CONTENT="customs regulations. He has to submit his luggage to a thorough" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L30_S1" CONTENT="scrutiny. Prohibited articles are held up by the authorities. A" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P227_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P227_L31_S1" CONTENT="toll of Re. 1/- per head is charged adults." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P228" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="228" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P228_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P228_L1_S1" CONTENT="179" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P228_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P228_L2_S1" CONTENT="Two miles ahead the Khyber Pass begins, and there is an ascent through a narrow and difficult gorge, which at some places narrows to 150 yards, with steep and precipitious cliffs overhanging on either side. After Ali Masjid, the valley widens a little, but the upward trend of the road continues until Landi-Kotal, (3,370 feet) is reached. The whole of this distance presents a zig zag course between two series of barren mountains running roughly parallel to each other. From Landi-Kotal onwards a winding steep slope begins, which ends at Landi Khana. Here the visitor has to present his passport personally to the border officer." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P228_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P228_L3_S1" CONTENT="The Afghan frontier post facing Landi Khana is Torkham, half a mile ahead. Here passports are examined by an Afghan official called Mamoor-i-Passport. After traversing seven miles of level road, encompassed by rocky hills, Dakka is reached. Here the visitor has to stop to get his passport checked by the Afghan Border Officer (Sarhad-Dar). After going through these formalities the visitor leaves for Jalalabad. Dakka to Jalalabad—40 miles. There is on leaving Dakka nothing to arrest the attention until Jalalabad is reached. Except for the Speen Ghar Range on the left at a distance of some 20 miles to relieve the monotony, the landscape is mostly barren and uninspiring." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P228_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P228_L4_S1" CONTENT="The road lies nearly parallel to the Kabul River, between two ranges of mountains, which, running east to west, enclose between them a region about 20 miles wide from north to south. This intermediate country is by no means a valley, as it is divided into a series of small plains by crossing ranges of small hills. The plains are nearly barren and quite stony. It is only at the foot of the hills and along the banks of the river that fertile patches are to be seen." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P229_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P229_L2_S1" CONTENT="Jalalabad : (Height 1,950 ft., population 35,000) Jalalabad stands nearly in the centre of a plain which extends from east to west about 20 miles, with a breadth at its widest part from 10 to 12 miles. The cultivated portion is often intersected by water-cuts. The northern portion bordering the Kabul River is extremely swampy and unhealthy. The river here is broad, rapid and clear, having a breadth (during October) of more than a hundred yards. Its banks are low and far apart." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P229_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P229_L3_S1" CONTENT="Jalalabad, the provincial capital, of Nangrahar is 98 miles from Kabul. This place makes an excellent resort in winter when its climate is most cheering. The old town of Jalalabad is in no way remarkable, but the new city is well-laid out. On the road to Kabul, there are some beautiful bungalows and palaces, surrounded by pleasant gardens, reaching to the banks of the river, which in winter are a joy to the visitors. There is a Rest House in an attractive locality on the Kabul road." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P229_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P229_L4_S1" CONTENT="Places of interest in the neighbourhood : Many places of historical interest and natural beauty, within easy reach of Jalalabad, may be visited. Of these the first is Hadda, which lies 5 miles south of the city. It is very rich in historic reminders of an eventful past, and has played an important rôle in the annals of the country. The well-known school of sculpture, known by the name of Gandhara School had, undoubtedly, its centre at Hadda, where its most beautiful specimens have been discovered. Hadda is also the last resting place of a well-known Afghan divine, Akhundzada Mir Najmuddin, who took a prominent part in the tribal wars against the British at the close of the nineteenth century A.D." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P229_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P229_L5_S1" CONTENT="The whole plain of Jalalabad is littered with the ruins of the Buddhist age, foremost among these being caves, monastries," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P230" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="230" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P230_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P230_L1_S1" CONTENT="181" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P230_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P230_L2_S1" CONTENT="and stupas. About a dozen of these stupas, built probably in the later part of the Kushan period, are still to be seen, though partly damaged." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P230_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P230_L3_S1" CONTENT="Another place of interest is Nimla, a beautiful Mughal garden planted with cypress trees of great size and beauty. It lies 26 miles west of Jalalabad, on the old road leading to Kabul, via Jigdalik Pass. From Nimla one can see the dense forests on the slopes of the Speen Ghar. Here lie some of the fine hill-stations of the Nangrahar Province, such as Kaja, Mamakhel, Khugyani, etc. Gandomak, 8 miles west of Nimla, is the place where in 1879 Amir Yakoub Khan was forced to sign an agreement with the British, whereby he agreed to conduct his relations with Foreign States &quot;in accordance with the advice and wishes of the British Government.&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P230_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P230_L4_S1" CONTENT="Forty-eight miles west of Jalalabad, on the same old route, lies the Jigdalik Pass—so famous in Afghan history. It was here that the remnants of the British Occupation Army, in their retreat from Kabul during the First Afghan War, made a last stand against the Afghans, and were all cut to pieces (January 13, 1842)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P230_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P230_L5_S1" CONTENT="Jalalabad to Kabul (Distance 98 miles): The new road goes along the Kabul River, and after passing Daroonta, where the river is spanned by a beautiful suspension bridge, takes to the left and runs along the foot of a barren hill. The fertile valley of Laghman lies to the right, flanked on two sides, north and west, by snowcapped mountains." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P230_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P230_L6_S1" CONTENT="From Daroonta (9 miles west of Jalalabad) a road leads across the bridge to Laghman, and another runs to the Kunar Valley, beyond which lies the romantic country of Nuristan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P231_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L1_S1" CONTENT="182" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L2_S1" CONTENT="The main road, leaving the Daroonta bridge to the right," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L3_S1" CONTENT="enters a spacious sandy plain, south of Laghman, and runs" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L4_S1" CONTENT="roughly parallel to the Kabul River, which flows in the opposite" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L5_S1" CONTENT="direction. After 25 miles from Daroonta, the road enters a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L6_S1" CONTENT="narrow defile, hardly 100 yards wide, enclosed by high and rugged" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L7_S1" CONTENT="rocks. Below, the Kabul River rolls over boulders and huge" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L8_S1" CONTENT="stones, tumbling with thunderous roar. The road for the most" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L9_S1" CONTENT="part in this gorge is cut in the face of the rock, and though com-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L10_S1" CONTENT="paratively narrow, in some places is well-laid out and is free" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L11_S1" CONTENT="from difficult or steep gradients." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L12_S1" CONTENT="At Sarobi, 42 miles from Jalalabad, where the gorge ends," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L13_S1" CONTENT="there is a fine rest house, overlooking the Kabul River. From" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L14_S1" CONTENT="here the road enters another passage comparatively broader and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L15_S1" CONTENT="encompassed by low sandy hills. This is the Tezeen gorge," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L16_S1" CONTENT="(Tezeen Khuwar). Thence is enters a third defile between steep" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L17_S1" CONTENT="and lofty hills, devoid of verdure. This is the Lataband Pass." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L18_S1" CONTENT="For the first 26 miles, the road scrambles up a steep ascent, from" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L19_S1" CONTENT="4,500 to 8,200 feet, and then descends deeply into another narrow" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L20_S1" CONTENT="gorge, Mulla Omar, till Butkhak is reached (6,500 ft.). Tractors" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L21_S1" CONTENT="are used to keep the passage free of snow during winter." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L22_S1" CONTENT="A new hydro-electric plant has been installed at Sarobi" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L23_S1" CONTENT="by a German engineering firm. This project, the largest of its" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L24_S1" CONTENT="kind in the country, supplies electricity to the Capital as well as" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L25_S1" CONTENT="to the new textile mills at Gul Bahar." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L26_S1" CONTENT="A new road between Kabul and Sarobi, the Tangi-Gharu" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L27_S1" CONTENT="short-cut as it is called, is now under construction which well to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L28_S1" CONTENT="slice some ten miles off the driving distance from Kabul to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L29_S1" CONTENT="Peshawar. By making use of tunnels and hugging close to the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L30_S1" CONTENT="Kabul River, this road not only shortens the distance, but makes" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L31_S1" CONTENT="driving safer, especially in winter, by avoiding the Lataband" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P231_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P231_L32_S1" CONTENT="Pass, which is often blocked with snow during winter." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P232" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="232" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P232_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L1_S1" CONTENT="183" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L2_S1" CONTENT="The new highway, which has been opened to traffic, follows the left bank of the Kabul River for 6 miles out of Kabul, and then crosses over to the right bank, connecting with the old highway before reaching the Sarobi gorge." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L3_S1" CONTENT="From Butkhak to Kabul, a distance of 11 miles, the road passes through a spacious plain. This is the valley of Kabul. Midway between Butkhak and Kabul, just on the bank of the river Lohgar, a beautiful garden attracts the attention of the visitor. This is called Bagrami, a pleasant resting place for those who want to travel slowly. From here Kabul is not more than four miles distant." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L4_S1" CONTENT="Below is the table showing the various stages and their distances in English miles :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L5_S1" CONTENT="PESHAWAR TO KABUL" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L6_S1" CONTENT="En route the Khyber and Lataband Passes :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L7_S1" CONTENT="Stages Distance Distances" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L8_S1" CONTENT=" in miles between stages" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L9_S1" CONTENT="Peshawar starting point 0" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L10_S1" CONTENT="Jamrud 9 9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L11_S1" CONTENT="Landi-Kotal 30 21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L12_S1" CONTENT="Landi-Khana 34½ 4½" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L13_S1" CONTENT="Torkham (Afghan Frontier Post) 35 ½" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L14_S1" CONTENT="Dakka 42 7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L15_S1" CONTENT="Barikao 63 21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L16_S1" CONTENT="Jalalabad 82 19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L17_S1" CONTENT="Daronta 91 9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L18_S1" CONTENT="End of Laghman Valley 116 25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L19_S1" CONTENT="Sarobi 134 18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L20_S1" CONTENT="Highest Point of Lataband Pass 154 20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L21_S1" CONTENT="Butkhak 170 16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P232_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P232_L22_S1" CONTENT="Kabul 181 11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P233_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P233_L1_S1" CONTENT="184" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P233_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P233_L2_S1" CONTENT="Kabul (Height 6,000 ft. population 250,000): The city Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, lies in a triangular gorge formed by two ranges of high and steep mountains, the Asmai, 6,790 ft. (above sea-level), and Sherdarwaza, 7,166 ft., which, running south-east and north-west, nearly meet a little to the west of the old town, leaving between the two a narrow entrance traversed by the Kabul River and the roads from Ghazni and Paghman. These hills are covered with a long mud-wall, having round-towers at short intervals, probably built by the Kabul Shahis during the early period of the Muslim invasion. From the top of those hills a glorious view of the surrounding hills and mountain ranges, rising in successive waves one after another, may be obtained. The snowy summits of the lofty Hindukush, at a distance of 50 miles to the north, are also visible." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P233_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P233_L3_S1" CONTENT="On the top of a rocky hill, south-east of the old city and at the eastern extremity of the Sherdarwaza Hills, stands the historical fort of Bala-Hissar, now the seat of a Military College founded by the late King Mohammad Nadir Shah. It was in this fort that the British Resident, Cavagnari, and his retinue were burnt to ashes, in September 1879." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P233_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P233_L4_S1" CONTENT="On entering the city, the visitor's eye is first attracted by a column standing in the middle of a square. This is known as the &quot;Munar-i-Najat&quot; (the Column of Deliverance) erected in 1929 to commemorate the deliverance of the country from the cruel clutches of Bacha-i-Saqao, the Brigand Chief. To the right is a spacious parade and playground, called Chaman-i-Huzuri, where the Afghan Independence Day is celebrated each year. To the east of these grounds lies a small hill, Tappa-i-Maranjan. This is the Royal cemetery. Here lies the tomb of the late King Mohammad Nadir Sha-i-Shahid." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P234_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P234_L1_S1" CONTENT="185" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P234_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P234_L2_S1" CONTENT="About four furlongs to the north of these grounds stand the buildings of the Ministry of Defence, the Military Hospital and the Central Customs Office, called Gumruk. The visitor on entering the city has to proceed straight to the Customs Office to get his luggage examined." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P234_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P234_L3_S1" CONTENT="Between the Ministry of Defence and the Customs Office stands another Column. This is the Column of Independence, &quot;Munar-i-Istiqlal&quot;, erected in 1919, after the termination of the Third Anglo-Afghan War to commemorate the brilliant victory of the late King Mohammad Nadir Shah, then the Sipah-Salar (Commander-in-Chief), of the Afghan forces. Beyond the Column, at the distance of three furlongs, lies the Arg (the Royal Citadel), the Palace of Dilkusha, and the Salamkhana (the Hall of Audience), the offices of the Prime Ministry, the Foreign Office, and the new city, now called Sherpur and Karta-i-Wali. South of the Arg extends the old city, divided into two parts by the river Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P234_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P234_L4_S1" CONTENT="The old city is beginning to show signs of modernization and is being extended in all directions. It is estimated that with-in the next few years the city of Kabul will cover an area of no less than 60 square miles. At present, it is divided into five prominent parts : (1) the old city, pooled in a shallow depression at the foot of the Sherdawaza Hill, which dominates it from the south : (2) Sherpur extending north-west to Kolola-Pushta and Wazirabad; (3) Nawe Kabul (or New Kabul), which is being built in the beautiful Chardeh Valley ; (4) Shah-i-Shahid, the eastern extremity of the city, (5) Karta-i-Wali lies north of the old city." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P234_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P234_L5_S1" CONTENT="Kabul, the seat of the Afghan Government, is a great commercial and educational centre. Modern means of trans-portation has brought it within easy reach of all parts of the country. Owing to its advantageous position, where routes from" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P235_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P235_L1_S1" CONTENT="186" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P235_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P235_L2_S1" CONTENT="all directions converge, Kabul has always been a great centre of trade. The head offices of all the Afghan Banks, (D'Afghanistan Bank, the Afghan National Bank, the Agricultural Bank, the Afghan Commercial Bank, and the Construction Bank), as well as those of the Afghan Commercial concerns are located here. Representatives of some foreign firms also have their offices in Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P235_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P235_L3_S1" CONTENT="From the tourist's point of view, Kabul is an interesting place, with fine climate and an abundance of all sorts of delicious fruits at prices which suit every pocket. Besides, there are some fine gardens in and around Kabul, suitable for all sorts of excursions. All those who have visited Kabul know these gardens very well, and it must be rare exception when someone who has been there does not hold happy memories of the hours spent in these soothing and delightful surroundings of the capital. Of these mention may be made of Bagh-i-Babur (Babur's Garden), Chihil-Stoon, Gul-Bagh, Gardens of the Secretariat in Darulaman, the King's Garden at the entrance of Paghman, and the private garden of H.R.H. Sardar Shah Mahmoud Khan Ghazi at Rishkhore, next to Gul Bagh." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P235_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P235_L4_S1" CONTENT="(1) Babur's Garden: This garden is only a mile and a half from the western extremity of the old city, and lies at the base of the Sherdarwaza Hill. It is laid out in beautiful terraces and has two swimming pools. The tomb of Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire of India, stands on an eminence in the eastern corner of the enclosure, next to the bigger swimming pool. It is related that on his death-bed at Agra, Babur requested that his body be interred in Kabul, the choice place of his vast dominions. A clear-running stream still waters the fragrant flowers, and makes a sweet murmuring sound. Two magnificent old &quot;chinar&quot; trees, souvenirs of the Mughal days," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P236_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P236_L1_S1" CONTENT="187" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P236_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P236_L2_S1" CONTENT="stand as sentinels to watch over his grave. A little below the tomb lies a small but chaste mosque of pure white marble. It was built by Shah Jehan, the Mughal Emperor, to commemorate the fall of Balkh. The mosque, which had fallen into ruins, is now being rebuilt. Attached to the garden is an up-to-date Café, which remains open during summer months only. Lying close to the city, this garden is a great resort of the people, especially on holidays." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P236_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P236_L3_S1" CONTENT="(2) Chihil-Stoon: This garden lies two miles beyond on the same road, and is a great attraction to the visitor, as no better picnic spot can be found so near the city. A fine building perched on a rock some 100 feet above the surrounding ground stands in the middle of this lovely garden. The panorama of the Chardeh Valley and the surrounding hills from this place is lovely beyond description." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P236_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P236_L4_S1" CONTENT="(3) The Secretariat lies five miles south of the old city. A beautiful highway, flanked by tall poplars, leads to it. Its gardens are very fascinating and their charms are enhanced on Fridays when numbers of holiday makers throng there." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P236_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P236_L5_S1" CONTENT="Opposite to the Secretariat stands an attractively built two-storied building. This is the Kabul Museum. It is a good place for those who are interested in the history of the country, and want to study and do research in the sculptures, inscriptions and other antiquities recovered from excavations." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P236_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P236_L6_S1" CONTENT="The Museum is kept open during working days from 1 p.m. to 3.30 p.m. in winter, and 1 to 4.30 p.m. during summer. Visitors are not allowed to use cameras inside the Museum with-out obtaining permission from the Archæological Department of the Ministry of Education." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P238_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P238_L1_S1" CONTENT="189" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P238_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P238_L2_S1" CONTENT="rising higher and higher till the view is terminated by the snow-clad summits of the Hindu-Kush. The plain is watered by innumerable irrigation streams, cut from the Kabul and the Paghman Rivers, and during summer it is covered with smiling green fields and is gay with flowers of every description. The fields and lanes are all fringed by rows of stately poplars, willows and sinjits. The orchards richly stocked with fruit trees, flowers and vegetables, diversify the landscape. The Kabul and the Paghman Rivers, their banks shaded by trees, and here and there guarded by forts, wind leisurely through this happy valley. Some of the fine public buildings—those of the civil hospitals, Rifqi Sanatorium, Medical College, Malaria Institute, Faculty of Science, Government Poultry and Dairy Farms, and the Teachers' Training College—are also located in the different parts of this famous valley." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P238_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P238_L3_S1" CONTENT="The famous shrines in and around Kabul are those of Ashuqan-o-Arifan, Khawaja-Safa, Shah-i-do-Shumshera, Shah Shahid, Timur Shah, Hazrat Jabir-i-Ansar, Sakhi, Amir Abdur Rahman Khan, the late King Mohammad Nadir Shah Shahid, and Sayyed Jamaluddin Afghani." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P238_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P238_L4_S1" CONTENT="(2) Kabul to Mazari-Sharif (distance 389 miles):" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P238_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P238_L5_S1" CONTENT="After crossing the Khair-Khana Pass 4 miles north-west of Kabul, the traveller finds himself in a spacious and beautiful plain, called Kohdaman or Samti-Shamali (old names—Paropamisadæ and Capisia). This Kohdaman (the skirts of the hills), which intervenes between Alexanderia-ad-Caucasum (probably modern Charikar) and Kabul, is one of the most fascinating valleys of Afghanistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P238_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P238_L6_S1" CONTENT="The road which intersects this beautiful valley is level for the most part, and is flanked with mulberry trees. There is a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P239" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="239" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P239_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P239_L2_S1" CONTENT="steady fall from the Khiar-Khana pass right up to Charikar. The chief stages en route are: Shakar Darrah (the Sugar-Valley), Sarai-Khoja and Karra-Bagh. From the last point a road leads to Istaliff, and the second runs to the Bagram plains, so famous in history." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P239_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P239_L3_S1" CONTENT="Charikar, a thriving town, and a busy commercial centre, forty miles from Kabul, lies at the northern extremity of Kohdaman, at the mouth of Ghorband Valley. Some have identified it with Alexandria-ad-Caucasum. Three miles west of the town, at the foot of the Paghman range, lies the historic village of Opian (or Hupian). A second road to the right, leads to Gul Bahar, which lies ten miles east of Charikar. Thence a road goes to Tagab, Nijrab (or Nijrao) and Sarobi, and a second to Panjsher." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P239_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P239_L4_S1" CONTENT="The main road from Charikar, running parallel to the Paghman range, crosses a small iron bridge, Puli-Mattak as it is called. A few furlongs ahead it branches off again, one part going to the right and leading to Jabalus-Seradj, a fascinating valley, at the entsance to the Salung Pass, where are located a hydro-electric station, supplying electricity to the capital, a cement factory, and a textile mill; the other branch, turning to the left, passes through a narrow gorge. This is the beautiful valley of Ghorband, which is some sixty miles long, and one to ten miles broad, while in some places the rocky cliffs on either side are hardly 100 yards apart. The road runs along the Ghorband River. It often skirts difficult hills with deep ascents and descents. The Ghorband Valley is very famous for fruits, especially peaches and almonds." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P239_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P239_L5_S1" CONTENT="The Valley of Muttak, too, has great charms. The roaring milky-white waters of the Muttak irrigate every beach-like low-land along its course; every inch of ground has been planted" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P240_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P240_L1_S1" CONTENT="191" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P240_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P240_L2_S1" CONTENT="in corn, wheat, rice or clover. There are mulberry trees all around. In July the edges of the fields show yarrow, morning glories, chicory and hollyhocks. The Ghorband valley shrinks as the road approaches Shibar Pass. Now it is a twisting defile with little place left for any farming Project. The cliffs rise straight and steep, showing limetone, sandstone and granite." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P240_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P240_L3_S1" CONTENT="The road climbs sharply, winding along the edges of cliffs, swinging in cutbacks across rugged slopes, rising to a crest and then dropping to narrow canyons, only to climb again. The road drops into a gorge that gets narrower and narrower for 20 miles or more. Now the walls of the canyons are squeezed so close that there is often little land to till and so none is tilled. On the south side of the Shibar, the green rive-bottoms stand like oases between dry hills. On the north side of the Shibar, the contrasts are slightly different, dark-green river bottoms against barren hillsides, grey-green water under purple and red cliffs, and a winding strip of fields and orchards that run like a lush furrow down a dry, winding mountian defile." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P240_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P240_L4_S1" CONTENT="The famous places en route are Burj Guljan (55 miles from Kabul), Siah Gird, 70 miles Chardeh, 78 miles and Kazi Baiza, 111 miles at the foot of the Shibar Pass, where the Ghorband takes its source. Shibar is a difficult pass and during winter is often blocked with snow. About 19 miles west of the pass the road branches off; one taking to right enters the Shikari Pass, whence it leads to Mazari-Sharif and Kataghan, while the second, turning left, leads to Bamian, the City of Caves, which is only 15 miles from the junction and 145 miles from Kabul. The road to Bamian runs roughly parallel to the river of the same name in the opposite direction, and skirts a range of hills. After six miles from the pass an old mud fort perched on a steep rock attracts the attention" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P241_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P241_L1_S1" CONTENT="The newly-built Silo at Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P242_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P242_L1_S1" CONTENT="Kabul Museum." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P243" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="243" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P243_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L1_S1" CONTENT="192" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L2_S1" CONTENT="of the traveller to itself. This is called the city of Zahak-i-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L3_S1" CONTENT="Maran. A little further the valley widens and the city of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L4_S1" CONTENT="caves, more then 2,000 in number, appears. This is the historic" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L5_S1" CONTENT="city of Bamian, now in ruins, lying at the foot of a hill, 8,400" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L6_S1" CONTENT="feet above sea-level." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L7_S1" CONTENT="The Valley of Bamian, deep sunk in the great plateau, is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L8_S1" CONTENT="between 8,000 and 9,000 feet above the sea, and the passes lead-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L9_S1" CONTENT="ing out of it are over 10,000 feet. To the south is the magificent" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L10_S1" CONTENT="snow-capped array of Koh-i-Baba, the culminating group of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L11_S1" CONTENT="central water-parting of Afghanistan, running to 16,000 and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L12_S1" CONTENT="17,000 feet. Rocky and toothbreaking, as may be the passes of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L13_S1" CONTENT="these northern hills, they are all practicable at certain times and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L14_S1" CONTENT="seasons, but for months they are closed by the deep snow of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L15_S1" CONTENT="winter storms, and the fierce terror of a blizzard. The deep valleys" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L16_S1" CONTENT="traversing the storm-ridden plateau are often exceedingly beauti-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L17_S1" CONTENT="ful, and form a strange contrast to the dull and barren rocky" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L18_S1" CONTENT="ridges that appear on all sides." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L19_S1" CONTENT="It is the mystery of its unrecorded history and the local" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L20_S1" CONTENT="evidences of the departed glory of Buddhism, which render" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L21_S1" CONTENT="Bamian the most interesting valley of Afghanistan. Bamian," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L22_S1" CONTENT="though today completely in ruins, speaks eloquently of its one-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L23_S1" CONTENT="time grandeur. Each year has seen some striking revelation of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L24_S1" CONTENT="its past history or some beautiful addition to the magnificent col-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L25_S1" CONTENT="lection in the Museum of Kabul. Much still remains to be ex-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L26_S1" CONTENT="cavated to throw more light on the deeper secrets of its past his-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L27_S1" CONTENT="tory." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L28_S1" CONTENT="Massive ruins still look down from the bordering cliffs, and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L29_S1" CONTENT="for six or seven miles these cliffs are prierced by an infinity of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L30_S1" CONTENT="cave dwellings. Little is left of the ancient city, except its" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P243_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P243_L31_S1" CONTENT="acropolis (known as Shahr-i-Ghulghula), which crowns an" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P244_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L2_S1" CONTENT="isolated rock in the middle of the Valley. Enormous figures" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L3_S1" CONTENT="of Buddha (53 and 35 metres high) are carved out of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L4_S1" CONTENT="sedimentary rock on the sides of the Bamian Gorge. Once" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L5_S1" CONTENT="coated with cement and possibly coloured and gilded, these" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L6_S1" CONTENT="images must have appealed strongly to the imagination of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L7_S1" CONTENT="weary pilgrims, who prostrated themselves at their feet. &quot;The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L8_S1" CONTENT="golden lines sparkle on every side&quot;, says Huien Tsang, who saw" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L9_S1" CONTENT="them in the year 630 A.D., when he counted more than ten" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L10_S1" CONTENT="monasteries and a thousand monks of the &quot;Little Vehicle&quot; in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L11_S1" CONTENT="the Valley of Bamian." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L12_S1" CONTENT="Of the images, the smaller, over 100 feet in height, is the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L13_S1" CONTENT="older. It seems that it was begun in the second century A.D.," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L14_S1" CONTENT="probably under the influence of patronage of Buddhism by" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L15_S1" CONTENT="Kanishka the Great. The bigger one of about 160 feet is of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L16_S1" CONTENT="a later date, probably the fourth or fifth century A.D. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L17_S1" CONTENT="niches of the Buddha contain marred but still beautiful frescoes," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L18_S1" CONTENT="dating from about the same periods. They are very interesting" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L19_S1" CONTENT="from the archæological point of view, as they show an" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L20_S1" CONTENT="important stage in the long process which brought the Buddhist" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L21_S1" CONTENT="art of India to Afghanistan and blended it with Greek and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L22_S1" CONTENT="Sassanian elements before it ultimately found its way through" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L23_S1" CONTENT="Sikiang to China and Japan. &quot;It is funny how things travel—" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L24_S1" CONTENT="an unknown Greek artist, here in Afghanistan, created the first" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L25_S1" CONTENT="image of the Buddha by adapting to the needs of the new creed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L26_S1" CONTENT="the image of Apollo. India gave to this hybridization the stamp" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L27_S1" CONTENT="of its deeper spirituality. Then it travelled back through" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L28_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan and Central Asia to inspire the Buddhist master-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L29_S1" CONTENT="pieces of China and Japan&quot;." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L30_S1" CONTENT="Aesthetically there is nothing really beautiful about these" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P244_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P244_L31_S1" CONTENT="two Buddhas. They are out of all proportion. Yet ugly and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P245" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="245" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P245_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P245_L2_S1" CONTENT="uncouth as they are, there is about them a deep religious aura. Whatever your religion, you cannot help feeling that the artists who carved them have put all their faith into their work, and that at least some of their spirit is still there. And if you look at them at night, especially if there is a moon......well, you may think that they are still alive." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P245_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P245_L3_S1" CONTENT="&quot;However few and scattered the ruins may be now, it is difficult to evoke the Bamian of old, as Huien Tsang saw it—when the Buddhas stood in all their glory, gilded and poly-chromed; when the caves were full of shaven monks in their yellow robes singing the praises of the Blessed One; when the last descendants of the great Kushan conquerors were still trying to keep up the artistic traditions of their ancestors; and when the town, the size of which was said to be so great that a child lost in its streets was only identified again as an old man of 75, was pulsating with life&quot;." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P245_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P245_L4_S1" CONTENT="There is an unmistakably religious atmosphere around Bamian. It was, as we have seen, an important Buddhist centre and it must have been a religious centre before that. In the days of old, when Bamian was lying on the great caravan route between India and China, travellers, after days spent battling across the Hindukush, where nature is so fierce and seems ready to crush man at any moment, suddenly saw opening in front of them the Valley of Bamian—green, peaceful, full of flowing streams, crowned by the majesty of Koh-i-Baba—and they must have thought it a gift of God for the grant of this oasis in the wilderness of the mountains.&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P245_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P245_L5_S1" CONTENT="Bamian, though now in ruins, is still one of the curiosities of the world. The city was swept off the face of the valley by" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P246_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P246_L1_S1" CONTENT="195" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P246_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P246_L2_S1" CONTENT="Changez Khan early in the thirteenth century A.D. It is said that one of Changez Khan's grandsons, Mutugen, son of Jaghtai, was killed in the action when the Mughuls were besieging Jalaluddin, son of Alauddin Mohammad Khwarazmshah in the citadel of Bamian. When the town surrendered, Changez, in revenge, ordered that every living being, man or animal, should be killed. The ruined town was then named Mao-Baligh, that is, &quot;the bad town&quot;." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P246_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P246_L3_S1" CONTENT="Bamian was an important commercial centre in the Middle Ages, but now the new route, which connects Kabul with the northern provinces, passes some 15 miles to the north." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P246_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P246_L4_S1" CONTENT="The present Afghan Government, which shows great interest in the relics of the past, is diligently looking after ancient monuments, and for the sake of travellers, who every year visit this place in large numbers from all over the world, has built here a comfortable rest-house." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P246_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P246_L5_S1" CONTENT="From here a difficult road leads to Herat through the heart of the Hazara country. In winter it is rather impassable. Some 50 miles west of Bamian on this route lies Band-i-Amir, a fine chain of lakes encompassed by hills of various colours. The whole locality is of extreme beauty. The water of the lakes is of bluish green in colour and quite transparent. The old Hejdah Nahr (or 18 canals) of Balkh, famous in local history, probably received water from these lakes." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P246_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P246_L6_S1" CONTENT="Band-i-Amir: One of the most interesting places for tourists to visit is Bandi-i-Amir, which, with its numerous and beautiful lakes is deemed one of the wonders of the world. The waters of Band-i-Amir issue forth from a spring named Kaprak, 10 miles from the sanctuary of Band-i-Amir. The water contains" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P247_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P247_L1_S1" CONTENT="196" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P247_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P247_L2_S1" CONTENT="much calcium and has gradually formed, during thousands of years, the five splendid lakes of the Band-i-Zulficar, Pudina, Panir, Haibat and Ghulaman. Band-i-Zulficar, the largest of them does not, at its greatest breadth, exceed 200 metres, but its length is about five kilometres." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P247_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P247_L3_S1" CONTENT="Band-i-Amir, as is true of most of the world's wonders, has its legends. It is said that a most puissant monarch named Barbar reigned from this region over the valleys of Koh-i-Baba and the Hindu Kush, and even beyond that. The legends place his capital at a place some 25 miles from Band-i-Amir, north-west of the Yakaolang, called Shahr-i-Barbar or Chihil Burj. It is said that in those days the water flowed in a head-long torrent that menaced the forts of the city and even threatened Balkh. In order to curb the stream, Barbar Shah commanded a thousand slaves to work each day from morn till eve in damming them. At last through a miracle of the Fourth Caliph, Ali, the waters impounded themselves and formed the existing five lakes Later on 18 canals were dug out of them for irrigating the northern regions of this district." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P247_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P247_L4_S1" CONTENT="A quantity of water, sufficient to turn a water-wheel, flows into the lake of Band-i-Amir. The same amount of water descends on the spillways of Band-i-Haibat, the last of the lakes forming cascades. Moving along from the source of the lakes, the first that comes into view is the Band-i-Zulficar, the largest of them all. The second is the Band-i-Pudina. From this lake the water flows leisurely to Band-i-Panir. As the retaining walls of this lake are white, so it was given this name, which means the &quot;Lake of Cheese&quot;. Next comes the lake of Haibat, the most beautiful of all. This lake has a length of four killometres" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P248_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L2_S1" CONTENT="and is exceedingly deep. Its rose-coloured walls rise perpendic-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L3_S1" CONTENT="ularly from its azure surface. The white and rose margin of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L4_S1" CONTENT="sky-blue waters makes a marvellous panorama." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L5_S1" CONTENT="The waters of Band-i-Amir, together with those of Ab-i-Ali" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L6_S1" CONTENT="and Ab-i-Sarkol in the vicinity of Yakaolang, flow past the base" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L7_S1" CONTENT="of the palace of Barbar Shah and the ruins of Chihil Burj. They" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L8_S1" CONTENT="are joined during the length of their course by streams from the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L9_S1" CONTENT="eastern slope of Koh-i-Hissar, whence they flow to Dandan-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L10_S1" CONTENT="Shikan, and then veer towards the north, forming Balkh-Ab." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L11_S1" CONTENT="A visit to Band-i-Amir reminds one of the lines of Moore :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L12_S1" CONTENT="There's bower of roses by Bendemeer's stream," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L13_S1" CONTENT="At the nightingale sings round it all the day long." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L14_S1" CONTENT="Shikari Pass to Pul-i-Khumri: The main road, after" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L15_S1" CONTENT="leaving the Bamian valley to the south, enters another gorge" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L16_S1" CONTENT="called Dar-i-Shikari. It runs along the Bamian river, which now" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L17_S1" CONTENT="flows to the north-west. The Shikari Pass commences at a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L18_S1" CONTENT="distance of 130 miles from Kabul, and is 259 miles from Mazari-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L19_S1" CONTENT="Sharif. This distance of 259 miles, from a geographical point" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L20_S1" CONTENT="of view, may be divided into three parts. The road for the first" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L21_S1" CONTENT="ninety miles runs through a very difficult country, where it is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L22_S1" CONTENT="hemmed in by huge precipitious mountains of different colours," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L23_S1" CONTENT="rich with the remains of old forts perched on the rocks. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L24_S1" CONTENT="scenery throughout is most charming. At the termination of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L25_S1" CONTENT="Pass lies Mekh-i-Zareen (the Golden Peg). Here for the con-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L26_S1" CONTENT="venience of travellers a modern rest-house has been erected." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L27_S1" CONTENT="The whole locality is famous for the variety of game. There is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L28_S1" CONTENT="trout in the river, and deer, pheasants and partridges along the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L29_S1" CONTENT="mountain sides. Mekh-i-Zareen is 163 miles from Kabul. Here" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L30_S1" CONTENT="the Saighan-Kahmard stream flows into the Bamian, and that is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P248_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P248_L31_S1" CONTENT="why the place is called Doab, the junction of two streams." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P249" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="249" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P249_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L1_S1" CONTENT="198" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L2_S1" CONTENT="The combined stream then flows towards Tala and Barfak," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L3_S1" CONTENT="the famous coal mines. The road running parallel to the river" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L4_S1" CONTENT="enters another gorge, which terminates at the coal mines." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L5_S1" CONTENT="For the next eighty miles the road runs through the district" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L6_S1" CONTENT="of small hills, chiefly composed of earth. Some of the hills are" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L7_S1" CONTENT="covered with small bushes. Remains of stupas and ancient cities" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L8_S1" CONTENT="can be seen on all sides. At Doshi (224 miles from Kabul) the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L9_S1" CONTENT="Andirab joins Shikari. At Puli-Khumri (254 miles from Kabul)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L10_S1" CONTENT="the road branches off ; one turning to the north-east to Beghlan," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L11_S1" CONTENT="Khanabad, Kunduz, Hazrat-i-Imam, and finally to Bakhshan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L12_S1" CONTENT="and Wakhan ; the other, turning to the left, enters an undula-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L13_S1" CONTENT="ting plain. At Rubatak the neighbouring hills are all covered" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L14_S1" CONTENT="with pistachio trees. After crossing a small pass the traveller" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L15_S1" CONTENT="finds himself in a vast plain, where lies the historic town of Aibak" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L16_S1" CONTENT="(or Haibak). The whole of the district is full of important" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L17_S1" CONTENT="remains, stupas, monastries, and forts. Capt. Talbot, during the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L18_S1" CONTENT="Afghan-Russian border disputes, unearthed some fine relics in this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L19_S1" CONTENT="locality. A small irregular stupa made out of solid rock was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L20_S1" CONTENT="discovered below ground level. It was surrounded by a ditch," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L21_S1" CONTENT="and crowned by a small square-built chamber, which was also" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L22_S1" CONTENT="cut out of rock. Here he had the evidence of Buddhist occupa-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L23_S1" CONTENT="tion and Buddist workmanship forming a distinct link between" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L24_S1" CONTENT="Balkh and Bamian, and marking one resting place of the weary" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L25_S1" CONTENT="pilgrim." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L26_S1" CONTENT="The ditch-like valleys carved out of the wrinkled central" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L27_S1" CONTENT="highlands of Afghanistan have existed as the focus of devout" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L28_S1" CONTENT="pilgrimage, if not commercial activity, under the Bamian kings." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L29_S1" CONTENT="Above the surface of the plateau the long grey folds of the hills" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L30_S1" CONTENT="follow each other in monotonous succession, with little relief" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P249_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P249_L31_S1" CONTENT="from vegetation and unmarked by forest growth. It is generally" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P250" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="250" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P250_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P250_L1_S1" CONTENT="199" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P250_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P250_L2_S1" CONTENT="a scene of weary, stony desolation through which narrow white-worn tracks go in every direction. In the valley it is quite different. Cut squarely out of the plateau, these intersecting valleys, cliff-bound on either side with reddish walls like the ones which border the valley of Bamian, offer fair opportunity for sedentary life. Where these valleys open up there is space enough for cultivation, which in early spring makes a pretty contrast with the ruddy hills which hedge it on all sides. The plain of Aibak is watered by the Khulm River. The ancient route via Bamian, Saighan and Kahmard meets the present route at this place." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P250_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P250_L3_S1" CONTENT="From Aibak onwards there is a vast expanse. This is the famous Bactrian plain, which extends as far as the Oxus. It is flat with a scattering of prominences and mounds at intervals, denoting the site of some villages or fortresses of sufficient antiquity to account for its gradual rise on the accumulations of its own debris, probably assisted in the first instance by some topographical feature. Looking south, it appears to be flanked by a flat blue wall of hills, presenting no opportunity for passage through it. This great flanking wall is in reality very nearly what it appears to be—an unassailable rampart ; but on approaching it some narrow ways intersecting it are discernible, through which the rivers of the highland make a rough passage to the plains. Wherever they tumble through the mountain gateways and make placid tracks in the flats below, they are utlised for irrigation purposes. Thus there exists a narrow fringe of cultivation under the hills which extends here and there along the banks of the rivers cut into the open Bactrian plain. These rivers never reach the Oxus. The waters of the streams are all lost in the plains ere they approach the great river. Nevertheless, there are abundant evidences of the former existence of a vast irrigation" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P251_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L1_S1" CONTENT="200" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L2_S1" CONTENT="system drawn from the Oxus. The small lines of level" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L3_S1" CONTENT="mounds, which break the horizon of the plains of Babylon are" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L4_S1" CONTENT="also to be seen here, and they denote the same thing. They are" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L5_S1" CONTENT="the containing walls of canals which carried the Oxus waters" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L6_S1" CONTENT="through the hundreds of square miles of flat plains, where they" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L7_S1" CONTENT="can never be carried again because of the alteration in the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L8_S1" CONTENT="respective levels of the plain and the river." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L9_S1" CONTENT="These rolling wavelike hills, with their marvellous spread of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L10_S1" CONTENT="grass and flowers in early summer, and which are dreary, wind-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L11_S1" CONTENT="scoured and barren in winter, are excellent sheep grazing" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L12_S1" CONTENT="grounds, and are the home of the famous Karakul sheep." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L13_S1" CONTENT="The city of Mazar-i-Sharif, lying in the midst of this plain," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L14_S1" CONTENT="is only 90 miles north of Aibak. After crossing the plain of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L15_S1" CONTENT="Hazrat Sultan and Sabad, the traveller comes to the fertile valley" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L16_S1" CONTENT="of Khulm (previously called Tashqurghan), noted for its beautiful" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L17_S1" CONTENT="garden of Jehan Numa (the Mirror of the World)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L18_S1" CONTENT="Khulm is 351 miles from Kabul, and 38 miles from Mazari-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L19_S1" CONTENT="Sharif. Relics of the ancient city of Shahribanu (the Queen's" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L20_S1" CONTENT="City) can be seen here up to this day. From here a road goes" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L21_S1" CONTENT="cast and leads to Kanduz and Khanabad, while the main road," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L22_S1" CONTENT="running west, crosses a vast plain, and via Gorimar leads to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L23_S1" CONTENT="Mazari-Sharif." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L24_S1" CONTENT="Mazar-i-Sharif : (Population : 50,000 ; height 2,650 Ft.):" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L25_S1" CONTENT="Mazar is now a thriving commercial centre of northern Afghanis-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L26_S1" CONTENT="tan. Most of the trade to and from Russia passes through it, in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L27_S1" CONTENT="addition to the huge trade that is done in Karakul skin through-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L28_S1" CONTENT="out the district. The modern town of Mazar has been" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L29_S1" CONTENT="built around a shrine, supposed to be the last resting place" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L30_S1" CONTENT="(Mazar) of the fourth Caliph, Hazrat-i-Ali. Some believe that" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P251_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P251_L31_S1" CONTENT="after the death of the Caliph, his body was brought here and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P252_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P252_L2_S1" CONTENT="interred secretly, so that the Khwarijs, his bitter enemies, should not desecrate it. It is on this account that it is held in the greatest veneration by the Muslims of all sects in the country. Once a year, during early spring, a great fair is held here, called the Mela-i-Gul-i-Surkh (the Festival of Red Tulips), during which the blind, infirm and maimed of many distant regions crowd into Mazar and, encamping around the shrine with the belief in miraculous power of healing, watch day and night for the Saint's interposition on their behalf." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P252_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P252_L3_S1" CONTENT="The tradition goes that during the reign of Sultan Sanjar a man named Mohammad found in some books the information that Hazrat-i-Ali was buried in the Khairan Fort, near Balkh. He therefore came to Balkh and spread the news. Some of the Sayyeds of the town said that they too had a dream to this effect. The story was related to the governor, but a priest stubbornly denied it. That night, however, Ali himself appeared to this mullah and sharply reprimanded him for disbelieving these reports. The governor with all his staff at once went to the spot, where the grave was believed to be, and opening it, found the body of Ali in perfect preservation with an epitaph." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P252_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P252_L4_S1" CONTENT="By the order of Sultan Sanjar (1117—1157 A.D) a building was at once erected over the grave. Changez Khan, during his depredations in the early part of the thirteenth century, destroyed the edifice, and only the grave known as the grave of Khoja Khairam remained intact. Later on, a descendant of Bayezid Bustami made it known again that the grave was that of Ali, and the coffin was reopened by the order of Sultan Hussain Bayaqra (1467—1504 A.D.). A red brick was found in the grave on which it was recorded that this was the grave of Hazrat-i-Ali. By the order of the Sultan a new shrine was built over it in 1481, which exists to this day." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P253_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L1_S1" CONTENT="202" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L2_S1" CONTENT="The tomb consists of two lofty cupolas, and it suggests that" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L3_S1" CONTENT="the plan was copied from the Mussallas of Herat. The exterior" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L4_S1" CONTENT="walls have been retiled. As it is now, there is nothing in the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L5_S1" CONTENT="mausoleum to compare it with the buildings and tile-works of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L6_S1" CONTENT="Herat; but all the same the general turquoise-blue effect is very" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L7_S1" CONTENT="pleasing under the bright Afghan sky, surrounded as it is by old" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L8_S1" CONTENT="trees and flocks of white pigeons flying around it." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L9_S1" CONTENT="(3) Mazari-Sharif to Herat: (Distance 507 miles, via" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L10_S1" CONTENT="Balkh, Aqchah, Shibarghan, Shah Mardan, Maimanah," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L11_S1" CONTENT="Murghab, Qala-i-Nao, and Sabzak-Pass)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L12_S1" CONTENT="(a) Mazari-Sharif to Balkh (distance 12 miles): Balkh is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L13_S1" CONTENT="frankly a great disappointment. One has heard so much of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L14_S1" CONTENT="this city that was already of a hoary antiquity when Herodotus" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L15_S1" CONTENT="wrote his history, that one expects to see something of its past" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L16_S1" CONTENT="grandeur. As one approaches Balkh by the Aqchah road from" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L17_S1" CONTENT="the west, one looks anxiously around for some outward signs of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L18_S1" CONTENT="its extreme antiquity. They are not altogether wanting, but" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L19_S1" CONTENT="time and the mellowing hand of nature have rounded off the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L20_S1" CONTENT="mounds of debris which lie scattered over miles of the surround-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L21_S1" CONTENT="ing country, covered with the fresh green of vegetation that" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L22_S1" CONTENT="leaves no sign by which to judge the age of its hoary past. It" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L23_S1" CONTENT="is difficult to get back farther than the age of the terrible" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L24_S1" CONTENT="conqueror Changez Khan. Beyond these surface ruins and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L25_S1" CONTENT="below them, there must be cities, arrayed, as it were, in under-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L26_S1" CONTENT="ground flats, one piled on another, strata below strata, till we" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L27_S1" CONTENT="reach the debris of the pre-Semitic days of Western and Central" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L28_S1" CONTENT="Asia. It was here that the Aryans laid the foundation of their" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L29_S1" CONTENT="first city—Bakhdi of Lofty Banners. It existed centuries before" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L30_S1" CONTENT="the era of Alexander the Great. Of its extreme antiquity there" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L31_S1" CONTENT="can be no doubt. It is certain that at a very early date it was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P253_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P253_L32_S1" CONTENT="the rival of Ninevah and of Babylon." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P254_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P254_L2_S1" CONTENT="The Arab historians call it Ummul-Bilad (the Mother of Cities). It was a great centre of commerce, a city of pilgrimage, Buddhist as well as Muslim, for many a century. But the city, which once covered a circuit of twenty miles, is now in ruins-a waste of ruins and many acres of debris-and the spectacle is extremely touching and awe-inspiring. Very little is left of the massive walls which once surrounded it. All that is left of it is a mound of dried mud, worn by weather into all manner of desolate and fantastic shapes. The whole of the northern portion is a heap of dust and debris. To the west three lofty arches still mark the remains of the Jama Masjid (Grand Mosque). The green cupola of the Masjid-i-Sabz (Green Mosque), and the arched entrance to the ruined Madressah (Academy) testify to the period of early Muslim occupation, as do the Top-i-Rustam and the Takht-i-Rustam (two ancient stupas) to the fervour of religious zeal with which its Buddhist inhabitants invested it in the early centuries of the Christian era." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P254_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P254_L3_S1" CONTENT="Next to the Bazaar is the shrine of Khoja Abu Nasr-i-Parsa, a Timurid building of the second half of the fifteenth century. The facade is tiled with colours confined to white and two shades of blue, with some touches of black. Behind it, the dome, melon-shaped and ribbed, is covered with a mosaic of tiny tiles glazed in greenish-turquoise hue. It is an excellent specimen of Timurid architecture." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P254_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P254_L4_S1" CONTENT="About the end of the fifteenth century because of the insalubrity of its climate Balkh began to be abandoned by the population in favour of Mazari-Sharif. Now the Afghan government, after some reclamation work, is trying with some success to revive Balkh by developing in the district the cultivation of cotton, and a new town is coming to life amongst the ruins." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P255_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P255_L1_S1" CONTENT="204" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P255_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P255_L2_S1" CONTENT="(b) Balkh to Andkhoi (133 miles) via Nasratabad (40 miles), Aqchah (56 miles), Shibarghan (93 miles), Khwaja Dokoh (101 miles). The road for the most part is level and runs through a sandy plane. The scenery is monotonous and tiring. Andkhoi is a small town but has a flourishing trade in carpets and Karakul skins." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P255_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P255_L3_S1" CONTENT="(c) Andkhoi to Maimanah (85 miles). For the first fifty-three miles there is a vast plain. Then the traveller finds himself in an undulating desert of small hills. Maimanah is a small commercial centre, and is chiefly noted for its fruits. It is the centre of the province of the same name." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P255_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P255_L4_S1" CONTENT="(d) Maimanah to Bala-Murghab (107 miles). The road runs through an undulating plain for the most part. Important stages en route are Ilmar, Kaisar, Kurmach, Bukiz, and Maruchak." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P255_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P255_L5_S1" CONTENT="(e) Mala-Murghab to Qala-i-Nao 71 miles). There is no change in the general appearance of the country. Qala-i-Nao is an important commercial centre." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P255_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P255_L6_S1" CONTENT="(f) Qala-i-Nao to Herat (99 miles). After a journey of thirty miles the Paropamisus range is reached. The road then leads through a pass, Sabzak as it is called, which presents some difficulty during winter months, when it is usually blocked with snow." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P255_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P255_L7_S1" CONTENT="(g) After crossing the pass, we enter the plain of Herat, watered by the Hari-Rud (Arius of the classical writers). Other famous passes through the Paropamisus are : Zarmast, Ardewan, Sang, and Hazrat Baba. The total fall from these passes to Herat is about 2,000 feet. Between this range and the city there is a low ridge called the Koh-i-Mulla Khwaja, which with an attitude 600 to 800 feet higher dominates the city from a distance of about three miles." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P256_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P256_L1_S1" CONTENT="205" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P256_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P256_L2_S1" CONTENT="(4) Puli-Khumri to Khanabad: (Distance about 70 miles)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P256_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P256_L3_S1" CONTENT="At Puli-Khumri the Kabul-Mazar road branches off. One turns right and via Baghlan leads to Khanabad. Baghlan is now the centre of the Kataghan province. It is newly built and well-laid out and has a big sugar factory, the annual output of which is about 4,000 tons. The road from Puli-Khumri to Baghlan is level, but between Baghlan and Khanabad there are some low hills. From Khanabad roads lead in various directions. One goes to Taluqan, while a second runs straight north to Kunduz, and from there to Hazrat-i-Imam on the Oxus, beyond which lies the district of Badakhshan, a country of numerous lofty mountains in whose bosom some very fine valleys are located. To some people, this small and enchanting mountain district has an attraction of an almost unique kind." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P256_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P256_L4_S1" CONTENT="Winters are severe, the passes are blocked with snow, and the streams are frozen over, but summers are genial. Rainfall, owing to the presence of forests, is sufficient." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P256_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P256_L5_S1" CONTENT="Badakhsan has considerable mineral wealth. Salt deposits and rubies, lapis-lazuli and sulphur mines are known to exist in several places. Badakhshan was famous for its lapis-lazuli some three thousand years before the Christian era and had a brisk trade with China, Bokhara, and other countries of western Asia, even as far as Egypt. Another article of export was rubies, which have furnished the poets with many a simile. Marco Polo, the Venetian traveller of the 13th century, fully appreciated these beautiful rubies. He also speaks of &quot;the finest azure in the world.&quot; The mines of Lapis-lazuli (Lajaward) are still worked. Grain mills, driven by water, are very frequently met with in this area. The mountaineers have taken full advantage of this natural source of power. Gushing streams are to be seen in all directions." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P257_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P257_L2_S1" CONTENT="Badakhshan is also very famous for its delicious fruits, especially apples and pears." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P257_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P257_L3_S1" CONTENT="Faizabad, the capital city of the district, lies some 120 miles north of Khanabad and is approached by a motor-road." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P257_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P257_L4_S1" CONTENT="Further east the Alpine territory of Wakhan is situated. Owing to the difficult nature of the country, Wakhan is nearly an isolated part of Afghanistan. It consists of two upland valleys which are watered by the Panja. The valleys are hemmed in on either side by lofty mountains. Those to the south form the northern section of the Hindu Kush, and are here crossed by very difficult passes, the easiest of which is the Broghil (12,460 ft.) leading to Chitral and Gilgit. The chief resources of people are derived from the flocks of Tibetan Yak. Wakhan is too elevated and sterile for tillage. The lowest hamlet in this district is at an elevation of 8,000 ft; the highest is no less than 11,000 ft. above sea-level. In some of the lower districts peas and barley are cultivated to a very limited extent. In April the seed is planted and in July the harvest is reaped." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P257_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P257_L5_S1" CONTENT="(5) Kabul to Kandahar (315 miles); (a) Kabul to Ghazni: 90 miles); (b) Ghazni to Mukur : 68 miles; (c) Mukur to Kalat-i-Ghilzai : 73 miles; (d) Kalat-i-Ghilzai to Kandahar : 84 miles." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P257_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P257_L6_S1" CONTENT="Kabul to Ghazni (90 miles) :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P257_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P257_L7_S1" CONTENT="(1) The first stage is Arghandi, which lies 14 miles west of Kabul. The road for the first six or seven miles runs through the highly cultivated valley of Chardeh. Beyond Mehtab Qala there is a gradual ascent over a rough stony road to a point within three miles of Arghandi, where there is a gradual descent. Arghandi is higher than Kabul by 628 feet." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P258_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P258_L1_S1" CONTENT="207" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P258_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P258_L2_S1" CONTENT="(2) Arghandi to Maidan (12 miles). The road is generally level but there are some sharp turns. Maidan is a very fertile and beautiful tract of land. It is low and level and is surrounded on two sides by high snow-covered mountains. It is intersected by numerous streams mostly cut from the river Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P258_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P258_L3_S1" CONTENT="(3) Maidan to Sheikhabad (17 miles). The road is generally level and offers no particular difficulty. After crossing a small river Sheikhabad is reached, which is halfway between Ghazni and Kabul. Here begins the country of Wardak which abounds in beautiful valleys." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P258_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P258_L4_S1" CONTENT="(4) Sheikhabad to Takyah (14 miles). A few easy ascents and descents but on the whole the road presents no special difficulty." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P258_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P258_L5_S1" CONTENT="(5) Takyah to Shishgao (16 miles). There is a gradual ascent until Shishgao (8,500 feet above sea-level) is reached. The country in the vicinity is generally fertile but there is a great shortage of water. A few streams intersect the valley. Trees are few and far between. Shishgao is extremely cold in winter and blizzards are very common." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P258_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P258_L6_S1" CONTENT="(6) Shishgao to Ghazni (17 miles). There is again a steady ascent till a pass is reached which is some 9,000 feet above sea-level. During winter the pass is often blocked with snow, and communication between Kabul and Ghazni is interrupted for a few days." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P258_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P258_L7_S1" CONTENT="Ghazni: The capital of the Ghaznavides and the principal point between Kabul and Kandahar occupies an important commercial as well as strategical position, since it commands the roads passing through the Gomal, Tochi and Peiwar passes." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P259" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="259" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P259_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P259_L1_S1" CONTENT="د ابن سينا بنو نځی" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P259_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P259_L2_S1" CONTENT="EBNI-SEENA" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P259_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P259_L3_S1" CONTENT="Ebn-i-Seena Junior High School, Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P260" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="260" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P260_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P260_L1_S1" CONTENT="An old mud fort near Bush, Kandahar Province." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P261" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="261" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P261_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L1_S1" CONTENT="208" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L2_S1" CONTENT="The old town of Ghazni is built upon an isolated ridge," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L3_S1" CONTENT="a natural mound, partly rock and partly earth. It is surrounded" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L4_S1" CONTENT="by a high ditch-wall, having a circuit of about a mile and a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L5_S1" CONTENT="half. The form of the town is a sort of irregular square, the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L6_S1" CONTENT="well being built so as to suit the outline of the mound on which" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L7_S1" CONTENT="it rests. The foundation of the wall is a little above the surround-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L8_S1" CONTENT="ing country, and as it winds round the hill, it presents a very" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L9_S1" CONTENT="formidable appearance. The mound which it encircles resembles" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L10_S1" CONTENT="a fortress of which the citadel is the apex." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L11_S1" CONTENT="Unfortunately, the bitter feud between the Ghazavides and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L12_S1" CONTENT="the princes of Ghore during the of middle the 12th century A. D." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L13_S1" CONTENT="had tragic effects upon beautiful Ghazni, the capital of Sultan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L14_S1" CONTENT="Mahmoud (998—1030). Ala-ud-din of Ghore entered the city" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L15_S1" CONTENT="triumphantly in 1148 and gave it up to massacre and destruction." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L16_S1" CONTENT="Nothing was spared except the tombs of Sultan Mahmoud," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L17_S1" CONTENT="Masoud and Ibrahim. The city was set on fire and most of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L18_S1" CONTENT="splendid buildings were razed to the ground. Since then Ghazni" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L19_S1" CONTENT="has not been able to attain its former glory." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L20_S1" CONTENT="The present town of Ghazni is in no way attractive, with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L21_S1" CONTENT="scarcely a shadow of its past grandeur. It is small and congested" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L22_S1" CONTENT="with narrow lanes, not worthy of its great name. But Ghazni is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L23_S1" CONTENT="still famous for its shrines and other archæological remains." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L24_S1" CONTENT="The most notable of these shrines are those of Sultan Subaktagin" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L25_S1" CONTENT="(977-997), Sultan Mahmoud-i-Ghaznavi (998-1030), Masoud" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L26_S1" CONTENT="(1030-1040), Bahram Shah (1117-1153), Hakim Senai, the well-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L27_S1" CONTENT="known Sofi-poet, Ali-Lala, Bahlol-i-Dana, and Sayyed Hassan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L28_S1" CONTENT="Recently, a few miles to the east of Ghani, at a place called" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L29_S1" CONTENT="Dehak, the tomb of Mohammad Ghori was discovered." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L30_S1" CONTENT="Two pillars, tapering to the sky between Ghazni and the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L31_S1" CONTENT="Rowza (Sultan Mahmoud's tomb), are all that are left of its past" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P261_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P261_L32_S1" CONTENT="grandeur and glory." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P262" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="262" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P262_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P262_L1_S1" CONTENT="209" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P262_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P262_L2_S1" CONTENT="The country around Ghazni is extremely fertile. There are innumerable orchards and vineyards. All sorts of fruits are produced in great abundance. Of these mention should be made of plums (alu-Bokhara), which constitute the chief article of export from this district. In addition to the land under cultivation, there are rich pastures. The climate of Ghazni is very pleasant in summer, the heat being less than that of Kabul. Ghazni is also noted for its posteens (sheepskin coats) and copper utensils." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P262_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P262_L3_S1" CONTENT="Sultan Mahmoud's memory is still preserved by a dam to the west of the city on the River Ghazni. It is still termed &quot;Band-i-Sultan&quot;, or the &quot;Dam of the Sultan&quot;. The Bund had fallen into decay, but was recently rebuilt and enlarged." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P262_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P262_L4_S1" CONTENT="The foundation of a new city has been laid on the southern side of the rampart and the construction work is going on steadily." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P262_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P262_L5_S1" CONTENT="Ghazni to Kandahar (225 miles) : For the greater part the road is level and runs from north-east to south-west. Villages are few and far between and the scenery is generally dull and monotonous. From Ghazni to Kalat-i-Ghilzai the road descends gradually. On leaving Ghazni, the road goes along the Tarnak valley, which is generally narrow. As it approaches Kandahar, it expands greatly till it attains a breadth of no less than thirty miles. The highest of the peaks which overlook this valley do not exceed 6,000 ft. The valley, though level for the most part, is in general shut in by a series of low rolling hills rising from the banks of the Tarnak River. These hills are mostly bare and very uninteresting, having a scanty covering of low thorny bushes in some places. The open portions of the valley are fertile and well-cultivated wherever water is procurable. Irrigation is mostly carried on by means of Karezes (underground channels)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P263" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="263" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P263_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P263_L1_S1" CONTENT="210" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P263_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P263_L2_S1" CONTENT="(b) Ghazni to Mukur (68 miles): The road lies directly to the south, and skirts the hilly tract at the base of the Gal Range. The first stage is Nani, after which the road runs through a spacious plain called Dasht-i-Shilgar. The country on the whole is barren and sandy. Water is scarce and cultivation depends mostly on sub-terranean channels (Karez). At Mukur itself cultivation is more advanced and all sorts of provisions are procurable. Here is a rest house too." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P263_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P263_L3_S1" CONTENT="(c) Mukur to Kalat-i-Ghilzai (73 miles): The road for the first 14 miles leads to a grassy tract with low hills on either side. The country here is an open plateau, skirted by small hills. It is fertile and well-cultivated. From Aghojan onwards the road passes through an undulating wilderness traversed by ravines." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P263_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P263_L4_S1" CONTENT="Some ten miles from Kalat-i-Ghilzai, the road runs along the Tarnak River, the banks of which are covered with orchards, specially almond trees. At Kalat there is a strong fortress, situated on a high cliff on the right bank of the Tarnak. It is 5,540 feet above sea-level and has a decent rest house. In winter, snow generally falls as far as Kalat, beyond that the road descends abruptly." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P263_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P263_L5_S1" CONTENT="(d) Kalat-Ghilzai to Kandahar (84 miles): From here Kandahar lies due south-west. Till Jaldak (14 miles) the road lies over an uneven plain, a small strip on either side of the Tarnak river being under cultivation. Jaldak lies on a sandy soil, dotted with patches of brush-wood." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P263_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P263_L6_S1" CONTENT="From Jaldak onwards the general character of the country remains the same. All along the road the eye can meet extensive orchards, producing some of the fine fruits for which Kandahar has attained a world-wide fame. The water of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P264" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="264" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P264_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P264_L1_S1" CONTENT="211" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P264_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P264_L2_S1" CONTENT="river Tarnak seems to be almost exhausted. The last stage is Mohmand, only ten miles from Kandahar. Here begins the proper plain of Kandahar. About two miles outside the city there is a beautiful garden, called Manzil Bagh, which is now the headquarters of Morrison-Knudsen Engineering Company." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P264_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P264_L3_S1" CONTENT="Kandahar (Height 3,500 ft., population 100,000): Kandahar, the capital of Ahmad Shah Durrani, is 125 miles from Quetta and only 70 miles from the railway terminus of New Chaman. It is, of course, a point of great commercial and strategical importance, and has played an important role in the history of the country. It is situated on a level and richly cultivated plain of Arachosia (or Arakosia) at the foot of Tarnak Valley, and is separated from the river of that name by a short range of hills which divides the lower part of the valley and runs parallel with the river for about twenty miles. These hills are called Torkani, that is, Black Stone, and attain a height of some 1,000 feet above the plain. The city of Kandahar is surrounded on two sides, north and west, by high, bare and sharp-pointed rocky mountains rising abruptly from the plain. They have very curious shapes and names and are called “The Elephant”, “The Camel”, “The Ant-Heap” etc., and indeed they deserve these names. The old city of Kandahar is large, populous and well planned. It is four-sided and rectangular in shape, 2,000 by 600 yards, the length being north to south. The streets are straight, wide and flanked by trees. It is an active commercial and industrial centre, and has undergone most radical changes during the last twenty years. If one walks along the main streets, one cannot recognise the Kandahar described by travellers of old. A new city with fine buildings and up-to-date facilities has sprung up outside the walled city of Kandahar on the road leading to Herat." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P265" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="265" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P265_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P265_L1_S1" CONTENT="212" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P265_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P265_L2_S1" CONTENT="The Kandaharis are strikingly handsome-tall, strong and well-built, and are among the finest specimens of the human race. In winter they are peculiarly picturesque, wearing their Kosai, long heavy coats of white coarse felt richly decorated with gold and coloured embroidery, and curious cut-out lattice work at the end of the sleeves, which hang loosely to the ground. It would be worthwhile to make a close study of the traditional designs of these embroideries, which certainly go back to a very remote antiquity; solar emblems in the form of a cross or of a disc are particulary frequent." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P265_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P265_L3_S1" CONTENT="Kandahar was the capital of Afghanistan during the palmy days of Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747—1773 A. D.), who had several times carried his arms victoriously into the plains of India, Persia and Bokhara. His mausoleum in Kandahar is an imposing structure. Its gilded dome is encompassed by beautiful minarets. It towers above the surrounding buildings and attracts the attention of travellers from a great distance." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P265_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P265_L4_S1" CONTENT="Beyond the town, in the direction of Grishk, the ruins of Old Kandahar, destroyed by Nadir Shah Afshar, are to be seen. Here a curious relic of the past called the &quot;Chihil-Zeena&quot; (Forty Steps) also attracts the attention of the visitor. A steep stair-case, roughly hewn into the face of a rock, leads to a little niche, called the Throne of Babur. Inside the niche there is a Persian inscription mentioning the name of that King and the date when he took Kandahar. It is a sort of victory memorial." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P265_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P265_L5_S1" CONTENT="At Kohkaran, not far from the city, on the road leading to Herat, lies the tomb of the great Ghilzai hero, Mir Vais Hotaki, who led the rebellion of his tribe against Persian rule and made Kandahar independent by massacring Gurgin, the Persian governor of the province (1709 A.D.). Later on (in 1722)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P266" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="266" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P266_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P266_L1_S1" CONTENT="213" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P266_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P266_L2_S1" CONTENT="his son and successor, Mir Mahmoud, led an expedition into the heart of Persia, took Isfahan and overthrew the Saffavid dynasty." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P266_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P266_L3_S1" CONTENT="Further along the road leading to Grishk, and a few miles north of Kushk-i-Nakhud (halfway between Grishk and Kandahar) stands a beautiful column commemorating the crushing defeat sustained by the British army (under Major General Burrows) at the hands of Sardar Mohammad Ayoub Khan, son of Amir Sher Ali Khan (July 27, 1880), in the course of the Second Anglo-Afghan War." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P266_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P266_L4_S1" CONTENT="Kandahar is also famous for its fine gardens and orchards. Of these mention should be made of Baba Wali and Sardeh, situated in the beautiful valley of Arghandab. Besides these places for excursions, the surrounding country of Kandahar is extremely rich in archæological remains, foremost among these being the ruins of Bust, lying west at the junction of the Arghandab and the Helmund. Relics of Lashkargah, the winter capital of Sultan Masoud, son of Sultan Mahmoud of Ghazni, are also located here. The foundation of a new modern city at Lashkargah, is laid close to it." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P266_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P266_L5_S1" CONTENT="(6) Kandahar to Kala-i-Jadid (or Speen-Boldak) ; distance 65 miles: The road for a distance of 12 miles leads straight across a tolerably fertile and well-populated country. The bed of the Tarnak is crossed en route. After this the road, though level, is often broken into ravines, and fertility ceases. The road goes through a small pass, and then descends into the valley of Dori. Here all cultivation disappears. Even the water of the river, though abundant, is saline. Its banks are unfertile, and there is no grass and little cultivation. From Takhta-Pul (35 miles from Kandahar) onwards the road crosses a barren country" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P267" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="267" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P267_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L1_S1" CONTENT="214" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L2_S1" CONTENT="until it reaches Kala-i-Jadid (the New Fort), facing New" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L3_S1" CONTENT="Chaman, a terminus of the North-Western Railway. Here" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L4_S1" CONTENT="passports and luggage are examined." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L5_S1" CONTENT="Recently a new road was completed between Kandahar" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L6_S1" CONTENT="and Kala-i-Jadid. This road is broad and well-laid out, and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L7_S1" CONTENT="the distance can now be easily covered within two hours by car." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L8_S1" CONTENT="(7) Kandahar to Herat (distance 407 miles): Herat the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L9_S1" CONTENT="western most province of Afghanistan, is reached from Kandahar" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L10_S1" CONTENT="by way of Grishk, Farah and Sabzawar (or Sheen Dand). The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L11_S1" CONTENT="road for the most part runs over a level but sandy plain; water" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L12_S1" CONTENT="is generally scarce." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L13_S1" CONTENT="(1) Kandahar to Grishk (75 miles): The road is generally" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L14_S1" CONTENT="level. Grishk lies at the distance of a mile on the right bank of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L15_S1" CONTENT="the Helmund. The Helmund or Etamandros of the classical" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L16_S1" CONTENT="writers is the largest inland river of Afganistan. Numerous" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L17_S1" CONTENT="ruined cities and forts are to be a seen all along the banks of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L18_S1" CONTENT="river, Bust and Lashkargah being the most important of these." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L19_S1" CONTENT="Six miles from Kandahar the river Arghandab is crossed. Mid-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L20_S1" CONTENT="way between Grishk and Kandahar, a few miles north of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L21_S1" CONTENT="present road, lies the historic plain of Maiwand. There are some" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L22_S1" CONTENT="charming gardens and orchards along the banks of the Helmund." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L23_S1" CONTENT="Villages are numerous and every one is a thriving centre. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L24_S1" CONTENT="pasturage, too, is rich and abundant, and the agricultural" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L25_S1" CONTENT="capacity of the Zamindawar lands (70 miles north of Grishk" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L26_S1" CONTENT="along the Helmund) is well-known." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L27_S1" CONTENT="The Helmund, like most of the rivers of Afghanistan, has" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L28_S1" CONTENT="a seasonal flow. During early spring it rises in flood with the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L29_S1" CONTENT="melting of the snow, and often attains a breadth of more than" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P267_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P267_L30_S1" CONTENT="a mile. Recently the Afghan Government, with a view to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P268" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="268" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P268_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P268_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L1_S1" CONTENT="controlling the floods and utilising this surplus water, constructed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L2_S1" CONTENT="a massive dam at Kajaki, some fifty miles north of Grishk, on" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L3_S1" CONTENT="the Helmund River. This new project will irrigate no less than" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L4_S1" CONTENT="3,000,000 acres of waste land and has a capacity of generating" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L5_S1" CONTENT="120,000 KW of electricity. A second Dam was constructed," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L6_S1" CONTENT="some 25 miles north of Kandahar, on the Arghandab River." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L7_S1" CONTENT="Besides storing water for irrigation during summer months this" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L8_S1" CONTENT="Dam has also a capacity of generating some 6,500 KW of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L9_S1" CONTENT="electricity. These two dams, with the Boghra Canal, which are" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L10_S1" CONTENT="now nearly complete, will greatly enhance the material pros" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L11_S1" CONTENT="perity of the whole area. The work is carried on by a well" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L12_S1" CONTENT="known American firm, Morrison-Knudsen by name." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L13_S1" CONTENT="Grishk is now the capital of the new province in the south" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L14_S1" CONTENT="west of Afghanistan, covering the new irrigation areas served by" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L15_S1" CONTENT="this irrigation system." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L16_S1" CONTENT="(2) Grishk to Farah (158 miles. Grishk to Dilaram 75 miles," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L17_S1" CONTENT="Dilaram to Farah 83 miles): The road is generally level, lack of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L18_S1" CONTENT="water is an unpleasant aspect of this route. En route lies the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L19_S1" CONTENT="Bukwa Plain—a level stretch without trees or growth of any kind" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L20_S1" CONTENT="to break the monotony of the journey. Dilaram (Peace of Mind)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L21_S1" CONTENT="is a small halting place en route." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L22_S1" CONTENT="Farah, the provincial capital, is 2,460 feet above sea-level," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L23_S1" CONTENT="and lies 174 miles south of Herat. It is enclosed by a rampart," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L24_S1" CONTENT="crowned with towers, and surrounded by a wide, deep ditch." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L25_S1" CONTENT="Though much in ruins, its strategical importance is in no way" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L26_S1" CONTENT="diminished, as it commands the Kandahar—Herat route and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L27_S1" CONTENT="the northern entrance to Seistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L28_S1" CONTENT="The province of Farah occupies the south-westerly corner" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P268_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P268_L29_S1" CONTENT="of Afghanistan, and includes, besides Farah proper, the district" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P269" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="269" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P269_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P269_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L1_S1" CONTENT="216" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L2_S1" CONTENT="of Chakhansoor (or Seistan). It is mostly barren and unpro-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L3_S1" CONTENT="ductive, but in days which cannot be said to be very old, it was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L4_S1" CONTENT="a prosperous country and had a fine system of irrigation. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L5_S1" CONTENT="Mughal depredations early in the 13th century A.D. wiped out" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L6_S1" CONTENT="these fine irrigation works, thus turning the smiling face of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L7_S1" CONTENT="country into a wilderness. The present Afghan Government is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L8_S1" CONTENT="once more trying to irrigate these lands. The construction of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L9_S1" CONTENT="the Kajaki Dam and the digging of the Boghra Canal are a part" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L10_S1" CONTENT="of this new programme. It is hoped that the Kajaki Dam will" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L11_S1" CONTENT="store sufficient water to increase the irrigation of Chakhansoor." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L12_S1" CONTENT="Farah to Sabzawar (94 miles): Three rivers—the Farah," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L13_S1" CONTENT="Khash-Rud and the Harut are crossed en route. The banks of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L14_S1" CONTENT="the Farah are covered with a jungle growth of tamarisk and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L15_S1" CONTENT="mimosa. The country between Farah and Sabzawar is a vast" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L16_S1" CONTENT="jumble of ridges and low rolling hills, with small plains" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L17_S1" CONTENT="inhabited mostly by nomadic tribes." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L18_S1" CONTENT="Sabzawar (altitude 3,350 feet): This is an important post" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L19_S1" CONTENT="on the Herat-Kabul route, situated midway between Farah and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L20_S1" CONTENT="Herat. It stands on the left bank of the Harut River, at the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L21_S1" CONTENT="foot of an outlying spur of the Siah Koh (the Black Mountain)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L22_S1" CONTENT="Beyond and partly surrounding it is a wide open plain, well-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L23_S1" CONTENT="irrigated from the waters of the Harut, and it is in consequence" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L24_S1" CONTENT="highly productive." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L25_S1" CONTENT="Sabzawar to Herat (80 miles): Due north, and at a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L26_S1" CONTENT="distance of 80 miles lies Herat, one of the most important cities" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L27_S1" CONTENT="of Afghanistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L28_S1" CONTENT="HERAT (Height 3,030 ft. above sea-level) ; population:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L29_S1" CONTENT="100,000, The town of Herat lies on the right bank of the Hari" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L30_S1" CONTENT="Rud (Arius of the classical writers). Its strategical and com-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P269_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P269_L31_S1" CONTENT="mercial importance is scarcely to be underrated, for here" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P270" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="270" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P270_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P270_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P270_L1_S1" CONTENT="217" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P270_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P270_L2_S1" CONTENT="converge the important routes from the Caspian, Merve, Bokhara, Maimanah, Kandahar and Meshed. The old city is still surrounded by massive mudwalls, and is guarded by a grim-looking citadel. Inside the walls Herat has changed a good deal, and the hand of progress is clearly felt. The old caravan bazaar has been replaced by neat rows of shops on both sides of long straight avenues. Modern buildings have sprung up everywhere, and the New Town (Shahr-i-Nao), outside the city, is progressing steadily." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P270_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P270_L3_S1" CONTENT="The most important place in the old city is the citadel, standing in the centre of the town on a height towering over the rest of the city. From here a capital view is obtained of the country beyond. Of the original buildings of Iftikharuddin probably only the north-west corner tower remains. In later Timurid times it was covered with glazed tiles of which a few remain on the lower belt. The rest of the castle was rebuilt at the end of the 17th century." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P270_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P270_L4_S1" CONTENT="The only other building in the city noticeable for its size and height is the Jama Masjid, a large, lofty, arched structure in the north-eastern portion of the city. Its original plan is very old; it was laid down by Ghiasuddin of Ghor. It was then one of the most beautiful mosques ever built in Asia, adorned as it was with most magnificent carvings, precious mosaics, and other elaborate and costly embellishments. Later repairs have not very much altered its austere lines. On the sides of the four &quot;aiwans&quot; gorgeous panellings of glazed tiles of the best Timurid workmanship, predominantly green and blue with the grandeur of their Arabic inscriptions, are still to be seen. In the corner of the central aiwan stands one of the treasures of Herat—a huge bronze cauldron of exquisite Timurid workmanship. Its shape," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P271" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="271" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P271_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P271_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L1_S1" CONTENT="218" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L2_S1" CONTENT="the delicate carving of the Persian inscriptions, and its soft green" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L3_S1" CONTENT="patina are beyond praise." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L4_S1" CONTENT="There is no more glorious period in the history of Muslim" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L5_S1" CONTENT="architecture than that of the Timurids of the fifteenth century." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L6_S1" CONTENT="It has been properly called the &quot;Renaissance of Art in the East&quot;." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L7_S1" CONTENT="This brilliant renaissance with its centre in Herat was not" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L8_S1" CONTENT="surpassed by a similar &quot;Rebirth&quot; in Europe which followed the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L9_S1" CONTENT="Dark Ages. The greatest painter of this period was Kamaluddin" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L10_S1" CONTENT="Bihzad, who worked at the Court of Sultan Hussain (1469-1506" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L11_S1" CONTENT="A.D.), and painted two portraits of the Sultan, which are" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L12_S1" CONTENT="generally regarded as his master-pieces. Similarly, his miniatures" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L13_S1" CONTENT="most of which are preserved in the British Museum, have world-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L14_S1" CONTENT="wide fame." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L15_S1" CONTENT="Besides paintings and miniature, other fine arts also attained" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L16_S1" CONTENT="high perfection under the patronage of the Timurids. Never" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L17_S1" CONTENT="were the glazed tiles and faience mosaics made in greater perfec-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L18_S1" CONTENT="tion, or employed to greater advantage. The main features of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L19_S1" CONTENT="the style are the huge-vaulted arches, the melon-shaped domes" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L20_S1" CONTENT="and the minarets, all faced with vari-coloured tiles and calligraphic" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L21_S1" CONTENT="ornamentations. Of palaces, and other royal residences," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L22_S1" CONTENT="few examples remain, and only a few minarets, shrines, a mosque" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L23_S1" CONTENT="and a college are all that have survived the ravages of time." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L24_S1" CONTENT="It was the Timurides who gave the first real impetus to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L25_S1" CONTENT="miniature painting. During the reign of Shah Rukh (1405-1447" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L26_S1" CONTENT="A.D.), Baisunqar Mirza founded an academy in Herat in which" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L27_S1" CONTENT="the arts of painting, book-binding, especially miniature-painting," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L28_S1" CONTENT="and calligraphy were zealously studied and encouraged. This" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L29_S1" CONTENT="academy attained its most flourishing period under Sultan Hussain" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L30_S1" CONTENT="Baiqara, patron of the most famous miniaturist and painter," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P271_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P271_L31_S1" CONTENT="Bihzad." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P272" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="272" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P272_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P272_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P272_L1_S1" CONTENT="219" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P272_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P272_L2_S1" CONTENT="At the north of the town, in a grove of umbrella pines, lies the Gaz-ir-Gah Sharif, the resting place of Hazrat Khwaja Abdullah Ansar, a well-known Muslim divine and Sofi-poet. The shrine is distinguishable from afar by a huge lofty square-topped mass of building over a high arch. This shrine is well worth a visit, for it displays the art of glazed tiles of all possible shades and patterns, all of them gorgeous and yet full of delicate taste. The great aiwan, tiled from top to bottom, shows traces of Chinese influence in the arrangement of Kufi characters. Timurlane (Tamerlane) died before he could begin the conquest of China, but the craftsmen he attracted from China to Samar-kand have had a great influence in certain manifestations of Timurid art—miniature painting in particular. Among the many beautiful carved tombstones of the courtyard one notices a great rectangular blockstone. This is the tomb of Shah Rukh, carved in the intricate flower pattern, peculiar to the Herat School, in the style called Haft-Qalam, which means that the stone is carved on seven different planes." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P272_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P272_L3_S1" CONTENT="But the jewel of Herat is the Mussalla, a group of beautiful buildings outside the city, now in ruins. It consisted of three buildings running north-east and south-west, and covering a distance of six hundred yards from end to end. Of the eastern building, known generally as the Madressah or College, nothing but four minarets remain. The arches, covered with the remains of what once was fine tile work of the most beautiful and artistic design, are now much defaced. The tiles on the minarets, too, have mostly been worn off by the vagaries of weather, but inside the arches the beautiful mosaic work is still in many places almost perfect sufficient to give an idea of the splendour of the building when new. The minarets of the Madressah are taller than the rest, and are about 150 feet in height. Up to the late" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextBlock ID="P273_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P273_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P273_L1_S1" CONTENT="220" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P273_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P273_L2_S1" CONTENT="nineties, the Mussalla stood in fairly good condition and, only during the political scare following the &quot;Panjdeh Incident&quot; did Amir Abdur Rahman Khan, under the advice of British engineers, pull it down for strategic reasons. Recently one of the remaining minarets also fell to the ground." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P273_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P273_L3_S1" CONTENT="Between the Madressah and the Mussalla is a domed building. This is the tomb of Gohar Shad, the gifted Queen of Shah Rukh. The melon-shaped ribbed dome of the tomb is covered with tiles of wonderful turquoise-blue. If one sees it at sunset under the slanting rays of the sun, it is rather difficult to forget it. There are still enough tiles left on the minarets to give an idea of the techniques of those palmy days. It is a kind of cloisonne work, the partition being of white marble with scrolls of text from the Quran filled up with coloured tiles." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P273_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P273_L4_S1" CONTENT="If, after seeing the Mussallah, the visitor could take a look at some of the paintings of Bihzad, he might begin to understand what the Herat of Hussain Baiqara was like. In the course of a few generations, the race of Tamerlane had lost the savage energy of its founder, and devoted themselves zealously to the advancement of arts and crafts. So powerful was the impetus derived from the Timurids that it lasted through a greater portion of the sixteenth century, and influenced Persia under the Saffavids, and India under the Mughals. Babur, who visited Herat shortly before the crumbling of the Timurid Empire under the onslaught of the Uzbek Shaibani Khan, has described in vivid terms the court of Sultan Hussain Baiqra. This description might best be summarised by paraphrasing the famous saying of Talleyran: &quot;He who has not lived in the Herat of Hussain Baiqra, does not know the joy of life&quot;. India must not forget that the best that the great Emperors of the House of Timur have" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P274" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="274" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<PrintSpace HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextBlock ID="P274_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P274_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L1_S1" CONTENT="221" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L2_S1" CONTENT="brought her in the way of art and civilization has been inspired" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L3_S1" CONTENT="by the Herat of Hussain Baiqra." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L4_S1" CONTENT="Herat is also noted for the beauty of its gardens. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L5_S1" CONTENT="most important of these are: Takht-i-Safar, Bagh-i-Shahi," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L6_S1" CONTENT="Bagh-i-Kurta, Bagh-i-Rubat-i-Ghorian, Bagh-i-Maulana Jami," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L7_S1" CONTENT="and Bagh-i-Qalicha. A great variety of game—deer, pheasants," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L8_S1" CONTENT="patridges, markhor, hare and various kinds of birds are found" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L9_S1" CONTENT="along the mountain sides and in the neighbouring plains." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L10_S1" CONTENT="Water fowls are abundant at Rubat-i-Ghorian, Kolijang and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L11_S1" CONTENT="Ab-i-Jalil." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L12_S1" CONTENT="Other places of interest in the province are: Kaminij," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L13_S1" CONTENT="Dar-i-Takht, Obeh, Saioshan and Badghisat. Of the natural" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L14_S1" CONTENT="beauty of the last mentioned locality it is said that Nasr II, the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L15_S1" CONTENT="Samanid Prince of Bokhara (913-943) once happened to visit the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L16_S1" CONTENT="place. He was so charmed by it that he would not quit it for" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L17_S1" CONTENT="full two years. The courtiers then approached Rudaki, the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L18_S1" CONTENT="Poet-Laureate, to induce the King to return to Bokhara. At the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L19_S1" CONTENT="request of the courtiers, Rodaki improvised a poem and when he" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L20_S1" CONTENT="recited it before the Prince, it is said, that Nasr was so moved" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L21_S1" CONTENT="that he came down from the throne, mounted the horse of a" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L22_S1" CONTENT="sentinel on duty and set off for Bokhara in such haste that he" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L23_S1" CONTENT="did not even care to put on his boots. The poem runs thus:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L24_S1" CONTENT="The Ju-i-Muliyan we call to mind," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L25_S1" CONTENT="We long for those dear friends long left behind;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L26_S1" CONTENT="The sands of Oxus, toilsome though they may be," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L27_S1" CONTENT="Beneath my feet were soft as silk to me." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L28_S1" CONTENT="Glad at the return of friends, the Oxus deep" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L29_S1" CONTENT="Up to our girths the laughing waves shall leap." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L30_S1" CONTENT="Long live Bokhara ! Be thou of good cheer !" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L31_S1" CONTENT="Joyous towards thee hasteth our Amir." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P274_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P274_L32_S1" CONTENT="The moon's the Prince, Bukhara is the sky;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P275" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="275" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P275_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P275_L1_S1" CONTENT="222" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P275_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P275_L2_S1" CONTENT="O sky ! the Moon shall light thee by and by." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P275_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P275_L3_S1" CONTENT="Bokhara is the mead, the cypress he ;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P275_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P275_L4_S1" CONTENT="Receive at last, O Mead, the cypress tree." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P275_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P275_L5_S1" CONTENT="From Herat a road leads to the Iranian border. This road running due west leads via Ghorian (Zindajan or Phooshanj of old) to Islam Qala (old name: Kafir Qala), facing Yusufabad and Karez, Iranian border posts. The distance between Herat and the Persian border is a little less than 100 miles." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P275_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P275_L6_S1" CONTENT="Kabul to Gardez: (80 miles) The road via Charasia, Mohammad-Agha and Hissarak (all in the Lohgar valley) leads to the Altamur Pass. There is a steep ascent, and the road skirts difficult hills, often blocked with snow during winter months. After crossing the Pass there is a steady descent till Gardez is reached." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P275_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P275_L7_S1" CONTENT="Gardez is an important strategical town of Southern Afghanistan and guards the roads from Urgun, Khost, Ghazni and Lohgar. It is the provincial capital. From here roads radiate in different directions; one goes to Khost, another leads to Ghazni, a third to Urgun, a fourth to Chamkani, and a fifth to Jaji country bordering the Kurram valley." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P276_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L2_S1" CONTENT="Distances of Important Places from Kabul (in English miles)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L3_S1" CONTENT="Kabul to Baghlan ... ... 274" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L4_S1" CONTENT=" Balkh ... ... 401" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L5_S1" CONTENT=" Bamian ... ... 145" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L6_S1" CONTENT=" Charikar ... ... 40" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L7_S1" CONTENT=" Faizabad ... ... 460" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L8_S1" CONTENT=" Farah ... ... 528" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L9_S1" CONTENT=" Gardez ... ... 80" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L10_S1" CONTENT=" Ghazni ... ... 90" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L11_S1" CONTENT=" Girishk ... ... 390" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L12_S1" CONTENT=" Gul Bahar ... ... 50" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L13_S1" CONTENT=" Herat, via Kandahar ... ... 722" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L14_S1" CONTENT=" Istaliff ... ... 33" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L15_S1" CONTENT=" Jabalus-Seradj ... ... 45" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L16_S1" CONTENT=" Jalalabad ... ... 90" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L17_S1" CONTENT=" Kandhar ... ... 315" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L18_S1" CONTENT=" Khanabad ... ... 323" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L19_S1" CONTENT=" Kanduz ... ... 339" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L20_S1" CONTENT=" Maimanah, via Mazar ... ... 607" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L21_S1" CONTENT=" Mazar-i-Sharif ... ... 389" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L22_S1" CONTENT=" Mukur ... ... 158" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P276_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P276_L23_S1" CONTENT=" Paghman ... ... 18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P277" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="277" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P277_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P277_L1_S1" CONTENT="Munar-i-Chakari, near Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P277_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P277_L2_S1" CONTENT="Reminiscence of pre-Islamic days." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P278" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="278" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P278_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P278_L1_S1" CONTENT="Afghan Architecture of the Mediaeval Muslim period." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P279" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="279" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P279_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P279_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P279_L1_S1" CONTENT="224" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P279_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P279_L2_S1" CONTENT="PART—EIGHT" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P279_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P279_L3_S1" CONTENT="Chronology of Important Events connected with the history of Afghanistan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P279_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P279_L4_S1" CONTENT="(I) Pre-Islamic Period :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P279_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P279_L5_S1" CONTENT="c. 3000 B.C. : First settlement of the Aryans at Bakhdi (modern Balkh). We do not know much about the original home of the Aryans. Bactrai, Chinese Turkestan, the Pamirs, Germany, the plains of the Middle Danube, the Steppes of Southern Russia and even Western Siberia have all been suggested as the original habitat of these Indo-European races. According to Avesta, this original home of the Aryans (Aryana-Vaejo as it is called) was a region of delight, a kind of earthly paradise. Some geological convulsions changed the climate of this country, and the primeval happy home of the Aryans became suddenly very cold and sullen, which induced the migration of the Aryans to neighbouring countries. According to other traditions, the original home of the Aryans (Arya-Vesta, Arya-Varstha or Arya-Versha, as it is variously called, meaning the Abode of Honourable Men) seems to be the country watered by the Oxus and the Murghab, and bounded by the Caspian Sea on the west, the Hindukush on the south, the Kailas range on the east and the Kizil-Kum and other sandy deserts on the north. It was at Bakhdi, northern Afghanistan, that the Aryan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P280" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="280" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P280_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L1_S1" CONTENT="225" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L2_S1" CONTENT="settlers for the first time took to a settled life and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L3_S1" CONTENT="laid the foundation of a rudimentary form of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L4_S1" CONTENT="democratic government (about 3000 B.C.)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L5_S1" CONTENT="c. 2500 to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L6_S1" CONTENT="c. 1500 B. C." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L7_S1" CONTENT="General migration of the Aryans from Northern" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L8_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan to India, Media, Fars and other parts" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L9_S1" CONTENT="of the world." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L10_S1" CONTENT="c. 2000 to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L11_S1" CONTENT="c. 1400 B. C :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L12_S1" CONTENT="Rigvedic hymns composed in the Indus valley." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L13_S1" CONTENT="The Indo-Aryans at the time when the hymns of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L14_S1" CONTENT="Rigveda arose had not yet spread over the plains" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L15_S1" CONTENT="of Northern India; rather we find them still" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L16_S1" CONTENT="domiciled in the valleys of the Indus Basin." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L17_S1" CONTENT="That the home of the Indo-Aryans at the time of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L18_S1" CONTENT="the composition of the early hymns of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L19_S1" CONTENT="Rigveda was the region indicated above is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L20_S1" CONTENT="further borne out (1) by topographical" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L21_S1" CONTENT="consideration, foremost among these being the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L22_S1" CONTENT="names of the rivers mentioned in the Rigveda," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L23_S1" CONTENT="such as the Kubha (Kabul), the Suwasti (Swat)," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L24_S1" CONTENT="the Krumu (Kurram) the Gomati (Gomal) and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L25_S1" CONTENT="the Sindhu (Indus) ; and (2) by climatic consi-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L26_S1" CONTENT="derations and the flora and fauna of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L27_S1" CONTENT="country mentioned in these poems. The animal" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L28_S1" CONTENT="and plant worlds of Rigveda are quite differ-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L29_S1" CONTENT="ent from those of India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L30_S1" CONTENT="c. 1000 B.C. :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L31_S1" CONTENT="It was during the reign of Gustasp (about 1000" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L32_S1" CONTENT="B.C.) that legends place the death of Spitama" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L33" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L33_S1" CONTENT="Zarathushtra, whom we speak of as Zardusht or" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L34" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L34_S1" CONTENT="Zoroaster, and whom most of the classical and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L35" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L35_S1" CONTENT="Oriental writers agree was a native of Bactria" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P280_L36" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P280_L36_S1" CONTENT="(modern Balkh)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P281" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="281" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P281_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L1_S1" CONTENT="226" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L2_S1" CONTENT="745-725 B.C: Tiglath-Pilser II, King of Assyria extends his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L3_S1" CONTENT="empire to Arakosia (Arachosia, modern" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L4_S1" CONTENT="Kandahar)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L5_S1" CONTENT="577 B.C: Birth of Sidhartha or Gautama Buddha. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L6_S1" CONTENT="sixth century B.C. is indeed a most remarkable" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L7_S1" CONTENT="epoch in the world's history. It sees spiritual" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L8_S1" CONTENT="renovation in countries as far apart as Greece," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L9_S1" CONTENT="Palestine, India, China and Persia. In India" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L10_S1" CONTENT="there appears a great teacher and reformer," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L11_S1" CONTENT="who revolutionizes the religious thought and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L12_S1" CONTENT="feeling not only of India but of the Central and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L13_S1" CONTENT="Eastern Asian countries as well. Buddhism" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L14_S1" CONTENT="finds its way to Afghanistan in the middle of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L15_S1" CONTENT="third century B.C., during the reign of Asoka" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L16_S1" CONTENT="the Great." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L17_S1" CONTENT="558 B.C: Cyrus (Kai-Khusro or Kurush), King of Fars," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L18_S1" CONTENT="lays the foundation of the Achaemenid Empire." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L19_S1" CONTENT="549-545 B. C: Cyrus is occupied with the conquest of Aryana" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L20_S1" CONTENT="(Ancient Afghanistan). He is finally killed in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L21_S1" CONTENT="one of these battles (529 B.C.)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L22_S1" CONTENT="518 B. C. Darius Hystaspes (or Drayavush Vishtasp) King" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L23_S1" CONTENT="of Fars, ventures further eastwards than Cyrus" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L24_S1" CONTENT="and conquers the right bank of the Indus." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L25_S1" CONTENT="517 B. C: Skylax, the Greek, explores the lower course of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L26_S1" CONTENT="the Indus." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L27_S1" CONTENT="480 B. C: The Indus valley practically becomes independ" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L28_S1" CONTENT="ent on the defeat of Xerxes by the Greeks." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L29_S1" CONTENT="336 B. C: Accession to the throne of Alexander the Great." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L30_S1" CONTENT="334 B. C: Alexander in pursuit of his father's plan launches" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L31_S1" CONTENT="his attack and crosses the Hellespont (now" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P281_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P281_L32_S1" CONTENT="Dardanelles) into Asia Minor." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P282" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="282" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P282_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P282_L1_S1" CONTENT="227" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P282_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P282_L2_S1" CONTENT="334-333 B. C : Alexander conquers Asia Minor." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P282_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P282_L3_S1" CONTENT="333 B. C : The Battle of Arbela. Darius is again defeated and intends to take refuge in distant Bactria." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P282_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P282_L4_S1" CONTENT="330 B. C : Alexander decides to pursue the hapless Persian monarch into Aryana. Bessus, the governor of Bactria, availing of the opportunity, assumes the title of Great King and makes a prisoner of the Persian king. Alexander makes a supreme effort to come to his assistance. But in the vicinity of Damaghan he comes across a wagon containing the dead body of the luckless monarch." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P282_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P282_L5_S1" CONTENT="At Susia (Tus) Satibarzanes, the Satrap of of Aeria (modern Herat) tenders his submission and is reappointed as the governor of the province." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P282_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P282_L6_S1" CONTENT="328 B. C : Alexander marches through Aeria, Prophthasia (now Farah) Drangiana or Zarangiana (modern Seistan) and Arachosia (the Kandahar Province) where he lays the foundation of another Alexandria (Probably modern city of Kandahar). He then turns towards the north following the route to Kabul and comes to the foot of the Hindu-kush (in the vicinity of Charikar or Jabalus-Seradj) where he founds the city of Alexandria ad Caucasum, which he garrisons with Macedonian colonists." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P282_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P282_L7_S1" CONTENT="328 B. C. Early in 328 B. B., Alexander crosses the Hindukush into Bactria. Crossing the lofty range, the Macedonian army suffers great losses on" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P283" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="283" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P283_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P283_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L1_S1" CONTENT="228" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L2_S1" CONTENT="account of cold and scarcity of supplies," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L3_S1" CONTENT="especially fuel. Alexander pursues Bessus across" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L4_S1" CONTENT="the Oxus. Bessus is finally betrayed by Apita-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L5_S1" CONTENT="menes, commander of the Sogdian cavalry, and is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L6_S1" CONTENT="handed over to Alexander. He is then put to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L7_S1" CONTENT="death in a most cruel and barbarous manner." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L8_S1" CONTENT="Alexander advances as far as the Jaxartes," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L9_S1" CONTENT="where he founds Alexandria Eschate, the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L10_S1" CONTENT="modern Khojend." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L11_S1" CONTENT="327 B. C." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L12_S1" CONTENT="Alexander returns to Bactria, where he begins" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L13_S1" CONTENT="preparations for the projected expedition into" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L14_S1" CONTENT="India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L15_S1" CONTENT="326 B. C." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L16_S1" CONTENT="Alexander crosses the Indus into India near" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L17_S1" CONTENT="modern Attock and receives the submission of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L18_S1" CONTENT="Ambhi, King of Taxila (spring 326 B.C.)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L19_S1" CONTENT="Leaving Taxila, Alexander marches towards the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L20_S1" CONTENT="Hydaspes (the Jhelum) where Porus, King of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L21_S1" CONTENT="Punjab, makes a bold stand. Finally he is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L22_S1" CONTENT="defeated and made a prisoner. Alexander," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L23_S1" CONTENT="displaying generosity to the captured monarch," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L24_S1" CONTENT="restores him to his power. Alexander marches" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L25_S1" CONTENT="ahead with the intention of attacking another" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L26_S1" CONTENT="monarch more powerful than Porus. All his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L27_S1" CONTENT="attempts to induce his soldiers to proceed further" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L28_S1" CONTENT="proves ineffectual. He therefore gives order for" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L29_S1" CONTENT="retreat and returns to his newly-founded cities" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L30_S1" CONTENT="of Nicae and Bucephala on the Hydaspes." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L31_S1" CONTENT="He sails down to the mouth of the Indus, and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L32_S1" CONTENT="thence proceeds towards Persia through the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P283_L33" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P283_L33_S1" CONTENT="burning deserts of Gedrosia (Baluchistan)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P284" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="284" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P284_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P284_L2_S1" CONTENT="The march through this inhospitable region lasts sixty days, during which many of the soldiers perish from fatigue or disease." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P284_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P284_L3_S1" CONTENT="324 B. C :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P284_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P284_L4_S1" CONTENT="Alexander reaches Babylonia, where ambassadors from various countries assemble to pay him homage. His mind is still occupied with plans of conquests. His next design is the subjugation of Arabia. Preparations are made. Suddenly he is taken ill with fever and dies on the 28th of June, 323 B.C., at the early age of 33." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P284_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P284_L5_S1" CONTENT="321 B. C." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P284_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P284_L6_S1" CONTENT="Second partition of the Macedonian Empire ; Seleucus Nicator obtains Babylon, Syria, Persia and Aryana." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P284_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P284_L7_S1" CONTENT="320 B. C." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P284_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P284_L8_S1" CONTENT="Chandragupta Maurya lays the foundation of a powerful kingdom in Northern India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P284_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P284_L9_S1" CONTENT="317 B. C." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P284_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P284_L10_S1" CONTENT="Eudamus, Greek governor, withdraws from the Indus valley and Chandragupta makes himself master of the Punjab." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P284_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P284_L11_S1" CONTENT="305-302 B. C." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P284_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P284_L12_S1" CONTENT="Seleucus, in his eagerness to equal his former master, crosses the Indus into India. But he is defeated by Chandragupta and has to return home after concluding a hasty peace, by which he surrenders the provinces of Parapomisadae, Arachosia, Gedrosia and a part of Aeria to the Indian monarch and receives only 500 war elephants in exchange for all these concessions." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P284_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P284_L13_S1" CONTENT="298 B. C." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P284_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P284_L14_S1" CONTENT="Accession of Bhindusara, son of Chandragupta, to the Mauryan throne. During his reign his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P285_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P285_L2_S1" CONTENT="son Asoka is appointed Viceroy of Northern India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P285_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P285_L3_S1" CONTENT="272 B. C. Accession of Asoka to the Mauryan throne." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P285_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P285_L4_S1" CONTENT="c. 250 B. C. Bactria and Parthia assert their independence. Diododotus I, Governor of Bactria, lays the foundation of the Græco-Bactrian Kingdom at Balkh." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P285_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P285_L5_S1" CONTENT="c. 240-230 B. C. Diodotus II rules over Bactria and Sogdiana." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P285_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P285_L6_S1" CONTENT="232 B. C. Death of Asoka; break-up of the Mauryan Empire begins." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P285_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P285_L7_S1" CONTENT="c. 227-189 B. C. Eutheydemus, King of Aryana." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P285_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P285_L8_S1" CONTENT="212-206 B. C. About 212 B. C., Antiochus III appears in the east at the head of a large army determined to reassert the Selucid supremacy over the rebel-lious kingdoms of Parthia and Bactria. After reducing Parthia he turns his arms against Bactria (208 B. C.). After a siege of two years he is forced to conclude a peace and give his daughter in marriage to Demetrius, son of Eutheydemus." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P285_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P285_L9_S1" CONTENT="206 B. C. Eutheydemus avails himself of the break-up of the Mauryan Empire and conquers the whole of Eastern and Southern Afghanistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P285_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P285_L10_S1" CONTENT="c. 189-167 B. C. Demetrius, King of Aryana, extends his empire as far as Pataliputra and Malwa and adopts the proud title of &quot;Invinctus,&quot; that is Invincible, and &quot;King of the Indians&quot;." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P285_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P285_L11_S1" CONTENT="c. 167 B. C. Eucratides wrests power from Demetrius, first in Bactria and then in Parapomisadae. Ultimate-ly he sustains a crushing defeat at the hands of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P286_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P286_L2_S1" CONTENT="Menander, one of Demetrius' generals, when he penetrates the Punjab." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P286_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P286_L3_S1" CONTENT="c. 147-130 B. C. Helicoles, son of Eucratises is the last Græco-Bactrian king to rule over Bactria. He is defeated by the Scythians, and crossing the Hindukush (in 135 B. C.) comes to Capisia, where he lays the foundation of a new kingdom destined to last for another century." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P286_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P286_L4_S1" CONTENT="c. 175 B. C. Inundation of the wild hordes from the north begins with full force. The Huns defeat the Yueh-chi, living in the western corner of Kan-su province. The Yueh-chi, thus dislodged from their original home, come into conflict with other tribes, such as the Wu-sun, inhabiting the valley of Illi, and the Scythians, living north of the Jaxartes. The Scythians unable to stem the tide cross the river and enter Aryana. A second wave drives them forward and they enter Bactria (135 B. C.). The flower of the Bactrian nobles fall fighting and the remnants cross the Hindukush and come to Capisia." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P286_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P286_L5_S1" CONTENT="140-130 B. C. The Yueh-chi, driving the Scythians westward, occupy the whole of Northern Afghanistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P286_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P286_L6_S1" CONTENT="85-80 B. C. Maues, one of the Scythian kings, conquers Taxila." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P286_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P286_L7_S1" CONTENT="20-30 A. D. Kingdoms of Arachosia and Taxila are united under one rule by Gondophernes." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P286_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P286_L8_S1" CONTENT="35 A. D. Conquest of Kabul valley by Gondophernes." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P286_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P286_L9_S1" CONTENT="40 A. D. Visit of St. Thomas, the Apostle, to the court of Gondophernes." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P287_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P287_L2_S1" CONTENT="c. 40. A. D. Kajula Kadphises lays the foundation of the Kushan dynasty in Northern Afghanistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P287_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P287_L3_S1" CONTENT="c. 40-78 A. D. Kajula Kadphises takes Gandhara and Taxila." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P287_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P287_L4_S1" CONTENT="c. 78-110 A. D. Vima Kadphises takes the whole of northern India as far as Benares, in the east, and the mouth of the Indus, in the west." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P287_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P287_L5_S1" CONTENT="c. 110-120 A. D. Sorter Megas (the Great Saviour) rules over India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P287_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P287_L6_S1" CONTENT="c. 120-160 A. D. Kanishka the Great, the third Kushan king, extends his authority over the whole of Northern India as far as Ghazipur and Vindhya Hills. In the north he wages successful wars against China and the wild tribes of Central Asia. Bauddhism makes rapid progress throughout his kingdom. The Mahayana School comes into being." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P287_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P287_L7_S1" CONTENT="c. 160-182 A. D. Huvishka, Kanishka's son and successor." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P287_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P287_L8_S1" CONTENT="c. 182-220 A. D. Vasudeva, the last king of the dynasty. The break-up of the Kushan Empire begins with his death." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P287_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P287_L9_S1" CONTENT="220-425 A. D. A period of chaos and anarchy. Kidara Shahi establishes the kingdom of the Little Kushans." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P287_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P287_L10_S1" CONTENT="226 A.D. Ardsher-Babagan founds the Sassanian dynasty of Persia, which lasts till the middle of the 7th century." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P287_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P287_L11_S1" CONTENT="319 A. D. Chandragupta I lays the foundation of the Gupta dynasty in India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P287_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P287_L12_S1" CONTENT="405-411 A. D. Fa-Hien, the Chinese traveller, visits India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P288_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P288_L2_S1" CONTENT="425 A. D. Invasions of the Ephthalites. They establish a powerful kingdom in Central Asia extending from the Caspian Sea to the confines of China. Bahram Gore of Persia comes into conflict with the Ephthalites near Merv. The Ephthalites are defeated at first and their king, probably Ifathilia is slain. Shortly afterwards, under Mehrpur, they repair their losses and are in a position to assume the offensive. They inflict a crushing defeat on the Persians. Later Akhshnur (or Khushnavaz, as he is sometimes called) defeats Firoz, the Persian king, who sues for terms and gives his daughter in marriage to Akhshnur. He also promises to pay tribute and war indemnity." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P288_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P288_L3_S1" CONTENT="Akhshnur is succeeded by his viceroy, Toramana, a remarkable warrior, who conquers the whole of northern and central India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P288_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P288_L4_S1" CONTENT="502 A. D. Death of Toramana and accession of Mihiragula, (or Mihirakula) the last of the line. His death in 542 A. D. shatters the fabric of the Ephthalite Empire and Afghanistan once more faces anarchy and chaos." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P288_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P288_L5_S1" CONTENT="520 A. D. Sung Yun, the Chinese pilgrim, visits Gandhara." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P288_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P288_L6_S1" CONTENT="553-649 A. D. The Western Turks or Tuokieus make themselves masters of north-eastern Afghanistan. They are soon ousted by the Chinese." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P288_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P288_L7_S1" CONTENT="629-645 A.D. Hsuan-Tsang, the famous Chinese pilgrim, visits Afghanistan and India." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P289_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P289_L2_S1" CONTENT="719 A.D." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P289_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P289_L3_S1" CONTENT="The revival of the petty kingdoms called Kushano-Ephthalites in various parts of the country. One of these was Ratbils (called variously Ranbils, Tegin Shahi, Turki Shahi, etc.). The first king of this line, according to Chinese sources, was Tele (Telete or Tekin). Al-Beruni, the great Mohammedan traveller, geographer, philosopher and historian, calls the first king of this line by the name of Beratagin. Again according to him the last king of the line is Lakatorman, who is dethroned by his minister, Kalar, an influential Brahman." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P289_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P289_L4_S1" CONTENT="c. 850 A.D." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P289_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P289_L5_S1" CONTENT="Kalar lays the foundation of a new dynasty variously called Brahamanshahi, Kabul Shahi, Hindu Shahi and Rayans of Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P289_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P289_L6_S1" CONTENT="c. 871 A.D." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P289_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P289_L7_S1" CONTENT="The Kabul Shah (Santa Deva) is made to quit Kabul at the hands of Yakub bin Laith, the founder of the Saffarid dynasty in Seistan. He makes Gardez, in southern Afganistan, his new capital. This, too, is quite a little later when Amro bin Laith leads an expedition into Lohgar and destroys the famous temple at Sakawand (now Sejawand). The Kabul Shahans then move towards the Indus basin and establish their headquarters at Uhind, some 16 miles north of Attock." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P289_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P289_L8_S1" CONTENT="570 A.D." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P289_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P289_L9_S1" CONTENT="Birth of Mohammed, or the &quot;Praised One&quot;, at Mecca." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P289_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P289_L10_S1" CONTENT="622 A.D." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P289_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P289_L11_S1" CONTENT="The Hijrat, or the &quot;Flight of the Prophet&quot;, from Mecca to Yathreb (now Medina)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P290_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P290_L2_S1" CONTENT="632 A.D. Death of the great Prophet (Monday, 8th June, 632 A.D.)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P290_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P290_L3_S1" CONTENT="632-634 A.D. Caliphate of Abu Bakr." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P290_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P290_L4_S1" CONTENT="634-644 A.D. Caliphate of Omar." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P290_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P290_L5_S1" CONTENT="636 A.D. Battle of Kadessia decides the fate of both Chaldaea and Mesopotamia." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P290_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P290_L6_S1" CONTENT="637 A.D. Capture of Madain (Ctesiphon), the Persian capital, by the Arabs." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P290_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P290_L7_S1" CONTENT="642 A.D. Battle of Nehavand, called the &quot;Victory of Victories&quot; decides the fate of the Sassanian Empire. Yezdjard, the last king of the dynasty, takes refuge in Khurasan. A contingent of the Arabs, led by Ahnif bin Qais, follows him into that country. Yezdjard is again defeated near Merv. He flees to Tokharistan (now Kataghan) and appeals to the Chinese Emperor for help in his struggle against the Arabs. The Chinese Emperor however is in no mood to send his forces such long distances. In his despair the fugitive monarch comes to Balkh, where he makes his last stand. His forces are again routed and he takes refuge in the Murghab basin, where a little later (in 651 A.D.) he is killed by a millman for his fine apparel." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P290_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P290_L8_S1" CONTENT="652 A.D. Abdulla bin Amir, one of the famous Arab generals, leads an expedition into Khorasan. He makes Nishapur his headquarters from where he sends expeditions in various directions. One under Rabi bin Zayad comes to Herat; a second under Abdur Rahman bin Samarah makes for" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P291_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L2_S1" CONTENT="Seistan. From Seistan Abdur Rahman advances" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L3_S1" CONTENT="into Zamindawar, where in a temple devoted" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L4_S1" CONTENT="to the Sun-god (at Zur or Zuz) he comes across" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L5_S1" CONTENT="an idol of pure gold with eyes of ruby." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L6_S1" CONTENT="698 A.D. Abdulla bin Abu Bakr comes with a large force" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L7_S1" CONTENT="towards Kabul, but soon finds himself encircled" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L8_S1" CONTENT="by his enemies and ultimately is allowed to" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L9_S1" CONTENT="return on payment of 700,000 dinars." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L10_S1" CONTENT="700 A.D. Hajjaj bin Yusif sends a contingent of 10,000" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L11_S1" CONTENT="men under Abdur Rahman bin Ashas to reduce" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L12_S1" CONTENT="Kabul. A severe winter with heavy snow-fall" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L13_S1" CONTENT="causes Abdur Rahman to sue for peace and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L14_S1" CONTENT="return with all haste. This is perhaps the last" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L15_S1" CONTENT="attempt of the Arabs in this direction." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L16_S1" CONTENT="820-872 A.D. The Tahirids." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L17_S1" CONTENT="Abdulla bin Tahir Zulyamin dying in 844 dur-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L18_S1" CONTENT="ing the reign of Mustasim, the Abbasid Cailph" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L19_S1" CONTENT="leaves his province (Herat) in the hands of his" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L20_S1" CONTENT="son, Tahir II, who receives the investiture as of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L21_S1" CONTENT="right." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L22_S1" CONTENT="The last king of this line is Mohammed (862—" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L23_S1" CONTENT="872)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L24_S1" CONTENT="867-903 A.D. The Saffarids." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L25_S1" CONTENT="In 867 the famous Yakub, son of Laith, the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L26_S1" CONTENT="Coppersmith, conquers Seistan from the Tahirids" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L27_S1" CONTENT="and lays the foundation of the Saffarid dynasty." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L28_S1" CONTENT="872 A.D. Yakub drives Mohammed, the grandson of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L29_S1" CONTENT="Tahir, out of Khurasan and extends his power" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L30_S1" CONTENT="over the whole of Persia and Afghanistan. He" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P291_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P291_L31_S1" CONTENT="invades Iraq, but is defeated with heavy losses." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P292" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="292" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P292_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P292_L2_S1" CONTENT="He dies in 878 and is succeeded by his brother, Amro bin Laith, who rules until 900." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P292_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P292_L3_S1" CONTENT="903 A.D." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P292_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P292_L4_S1" CONTENT="Tahir is the last king of this line. The dynasty comes to an end at the hands of the Samanids of Bukhara in 903 A.D." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P292_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P292_L5_S1" CONTENT="874-999 A.D." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P292_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P292_L6_S1" CONTENT="The Samanids." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P292_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P292_L7_S1" CONTENT="The sixth prince of this line, Abdul Malik, has a Turkish slave, Alaptagin by name. He is appointed governor of Khurasan. On the death of his patron in 961, the chief officers of the State assemble to nominate a successor. Alaptagin votes against Mansur, the minor son of the deceased Sultan, who, whoever, ascends the throne by securing the majority of votes in his favour. Whereupon Alaptagin, finding his life in danger, escapes to Ghazni, in the heart of Afghanistan, where he is able to lay the foundation of the famous Ghaznavid dynasty." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P292_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P292_L8_S1" CONTENT="977-997 A.D." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P292_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P292_L9_S1" CONTENT="Subaktagin, the fifth ruler of this line, extends his frontiers to the Oxus in the north and approximately to the present boundary between Persia and Afghanistan in the west. He also defeats Jaipal twice and occupies the whole of the Peshawar valley." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P292_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P292_L10_S1" CONTENT="998-1030 A.D." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P292_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P292_L11_S1" CONTENT="Mahmud, son of Subaktagin, is an able and energetic ruler. He invades India no less than 12 times. The second from the last expedition is directed against the celebrated temple of Somanath, on the east coast of Kathiawar. Besides being a great conqeror Mahmud is a patron of art and learning." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P294_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L2_S1" CONTENT="1215 The Ghori dynasty comes to an end. Ghor is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L3_S1" CONTENT="occupied by Alaud-din Mohammed Khwarizm-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L4_S1" CONTENT="shah, who in turn is defeated by Changiz Khan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L5_S1" CONTENT="and driven out of Central Asia." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L6_S1" CONTENT="1218 Changiz Khan invades Transoxiana." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L7_S1" CONTENT="1220 Death of Mohammed Khwarizmshah in the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L8_S1" CONTENT="Island of Ab-i-Sukkon." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L9_S1" CONTENT="1221 Jalalud-din Munkabirni, son of Mohammed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L10_S1" CONTENT="Khwarizmshah, defeats the Mongols at Parwan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L11_S1" CONTENT="Darah, 45 miles north of Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L12_S1" CONTENT="1226 Destruction of Herat at the hands of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L13_S1" CONTENT="Mongols." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L14_S1" CONTENT="1227 Death of Changiz Khan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L15_S1" CONTENT="1227-1241 Ogotoy, son of Changiz, rules as the Great Khan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L16_S1" CONTENT="(Ka-an)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L17_S1" CONTENT="1241-1246 Turakina Khatun rules as a Regent." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L18_S1" CONTENT="1246-1248 Giyuk is the Great Khan of the Mongols." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L19_S1" CONTENT="Upon the death of Giyuk in 1248, Mangu, the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L20_S1" CONTENT="son of Tulu, is elected the Great Khan. He" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L21_S1" CONTENT="appoints his brother Kublai to rule the con-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L22_S1" CONTENT="quered provinces of China, where he founds" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L23_S1" CONTENT="the Yuen dynasty; while another brother," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L24_S1" CONTENT="Halaku, is appointed ruler of Persia. He" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L25_S1" CONTENT="destroys the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258 and lays" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L26_S1" CONTENT="the foundation of a new dynasty in Persia known" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L27_S1" CONTENT="as the Ill-Khans (Local-Khans)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L28_S1" CONTENT="1271-1295 The journey of Marco-Polo through Asia." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L29_S1" CONTENT="1325-1353 Journeys of Shaikh Abu Abdullah, generally" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P294_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P294_L30_S1" CONTENT="known as Ibn Batuta in Asia. He visits Balkh," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P296_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P296_L1_S1" CONTENT="The famous statue of Buddha at Bamian, 53 Meters in height." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P297_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P297_L2_S1" CONTENT="Herat, Nishapur, Kunduz, Kabul and Ghazni." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P297_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P297_L3_S1" CONTENT="THE TIMURIDS" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P297_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P297_L4_S1" CONTENT="1336 Timur-i-Lang (Tamerlane) is born at Kish." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P297_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P297_L5_S1" CONTENT="1389 Tamerlane overthrows the Kurt dynasty of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P297_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P297_L7_S1" CONTENT="1398 Tamerlane sacks Delhi." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P297_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P297_L8_S1" CONTENT="1402 Defeat of Bayazid, the “Thunderbolt” at the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P297_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P297_L9_S1" CONTENT="hands of Tamerlane near Ankara." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P297_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P297_L10_S1" CONTENT="1405 Tamerlane dies at Otrar." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P297_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P297_L11_S1" CONTENT="1405-1519 The Timurids of Herat." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P297_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P297_L13_S1" CONTENT="great part of central Asia from his capital at" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P297_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P297_L15_S1" CONTENT="learning. His queen, Gohar Shad Agha, is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P297_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P297_L16_S1" CONTENT="also an accomplished lady and builds" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P297_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P297_L17_S1" CONTENT="mosques and colleges. Herat becomes a great" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P297_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P297_L18_S1" CONTENT="seat of learning." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P297_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P297_L21_S1" CONTENT="agement he gives to his favourite science," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P297_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P297_L22_S1" CONTENT="astronomy, has preserved his name as the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P298_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P298_L3_S1" CONTENT="(6) Badi-uz Zaman." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P298_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P298_L5_S1" CONTENT="(7) Muzafar Hussain." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P298_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P298_L8_S1" CONTENT="THE AFGHAN KINGS OF INDIA" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P298_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P298_L10_S1" CONTENT="(1) The Mamluks." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P298_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P298_L16_S1" CONTENT="(4) The Sayids" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P298_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P298_L18_S1" CONTENT="(5) The Lodis" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P298_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P298_L21_S1" CONTENT="1526-1858" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P298_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P298_L22_S1" CONTENT="(7) The Mughals" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P298_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P298_L23_S1" CONTENT="1526-1530" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P298_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P298_L24_S1" CONTENT="(1) Zahir-ud Din Babar takes Kabul in 1504" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P298_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P298_L25_S1" CONTENT="and makes it the seat of his government. He" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P298_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P298_L26_S1" CONTENT="defeats Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat in 1526" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P298_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P298_L31_S1" CONTENT="(2) Nasir-ud Din Humayun, son of Babar, is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P299_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P299_L7_S1" CONTENT="		(For the chronology of the later period 18th," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P340_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P340_L2_S1" CONTENT="APPENDIX II" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P340_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P340_L3_S1" CONTENT="Weights &amp; Measures" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P340_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P340_L4_S1" CONTENT="Weights and measures are not uniform throughout the country. The Government is, therefore, trying to introduce the metric system" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P340_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P340_L5_S1" CONTENT="Measures of length :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P340_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P340_L6_S1" CONTENT="1. Gaz-i-Shah (Kabul yard)..........1.065 meters" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P340_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P340_L7_S1" CONTENT="2. Girah-i-Gaz-i-Shah ... .066 ,," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P340_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P340_L8_S1" CONTENT="3. Gaz-i-Memar (Mason's yard) ... .838 ,," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P340_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P340_L9_S1" CONTENT="4. Gaz-i-Jareeb (this is mostly used for measuring land) ... .736 ,," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P340_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P340_L10_S1" CONTENT="5. Side of a Jareeb ...44.183 ,," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P340_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P340_L11_S1" CONTENT="6. Side of a Biswah ... 9.879 ,," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P340_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P340_L12_S1" CONTENT="7. Side of a Biswasah ... 2.209 ,," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P340_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P340_L13_S1" CONTENT="8. 1 Koroh (used for distances of roads)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P340_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P340_L14_S1" CONTENT="4,000 Jareeb yds." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P340_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P340_L15_S1" CONTENT="Weight Measures :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P340_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P340_L16_S1" CONTENT="1. One Makhud ... .19 grams" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P340_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P340_L17_S1" CONTENT="One Misqal ... 4.4 ,," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P340_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P340_L18_S1" CONTENT="One Khurd ... 110.4 ,," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P340_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P340_L19_S1" CONTENT="One Pao ... 441.6 ,," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P340_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P340_L20_S1" CONTENT="(approximately an English pound)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P340_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P340_L21_S1" CONTENT="One Charak ... 1766.4 grams" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P341_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L2_S1" CONTENT="APPENDIX III" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L3_S1" CONTENT="Afghan Calendar" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L4_S1" CONTENT="The Calendar of the country is based upon the Hijra Era." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P341_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L6_S1" CONTENT="solar and lunar. For financial and revenue purposes the solar" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P341_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L8_S1" CONTENT="The Afghan solar months are :—" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L9_S1" CONTENT="Number of days First day falls on" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L10_S1" CONTENT="1. Hama (Aries) ... 31 21st of March" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L11_S1" CONTENT="2. Thaur (Taurus) ... 31 21st of April" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L12_S1" CONTENT="3. Jawza (Gemini) ... 32 22nd of May" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L13_S1" CONTENT="4. Saratan (Cancer) ... 31 23rd of June" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L14_S1" CONTENT="5. Asad (Leo) ... 31 24th of July" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L15_S1" CONTENT="6. Sunbula (Virgo) ... 31 24th of August" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L16_S1" CONTENT="7. Mizan (Libra) ... 30 24th of September" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L17_S1" CONTENT="8. Aqrab (Scorpio) ... 30 24th of October" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L18_S1" CONTENT="9. Qaus (Sagittarius) ... 29 24th of November" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L19_S1" CONTENT="10. Jaddi (Capricornus) 29 23rd of December" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L20_S1" CONTENT="11. Dalv (Aquarius) ... 30 21st of January" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L21_S1" CONTENT="12. Hoot (Pisces) ... 30 20th of February" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L22_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan Government Holidays" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L23_S1" CONTENT="First of Hamal (March 21st) ... Nihalshani (plantation)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L24_S1" CONTENT="Sixth of Jawza (May 26th) ... Independence day. (King" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L25_S1" CONTENT="Mohd. Nadir Shah took Thal on that day)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L26_S1" CONTENT="Asad, one week for Independence Celebrations. One day" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L27_S1" CONTENT="for Pashtunistan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L28_S1" CONTENT="First of Ramazan month." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L29_S1" CONTENT="Three days on account of Id-ul-Fitr." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L30_S1" CONTENT="18th of Sunbula ... opening of the Afghan National" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P341_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P341_L31_S1" CONTENT="Assembly" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P342" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="342" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P342_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P342_L1_S1" CONTENT="279" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P342_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P342_L2_S1" CONTENT="23rd of Mizan (October 16th). Nijat-i-Watan (deliverance" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P342_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P342_L3_S1" CONTENT="celebrations)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P342_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P342_L4_S1" CONTENT="Four days on account of Iduz-Zuha" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P342_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P342_L5_S1" CONTENT="10th of Muharram (Ashura day)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P342_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P342_L6_S1" CONTENT="One day on account of the Prophet's birthday (Id-i-Mild-i-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P342_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P342_L7_S1" CONTENT="Nabi)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P342_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P342_L8_S1" CONTENT="Schools and Colleges and all Government Departments" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P342_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P342_L9_S1" CONTENT="remain closed on Fridays." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P342_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P342_L10_S1" CONTENT="Note:—22nd of Mizan, that is the 15th of October, is the King's" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P342_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P342_L11_S1" CONTENT="birthday and 16th of Aqrab (November 8th) is the King's" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P342_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P342_L12_S1" CONTENT="accession to the throne, but these are not observed as" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P342_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P342_L13_S1" CONTENT="holidays on which Government offices are closed." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P343" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="343" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P343_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P343_L1_S1" CONTENT="280" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P343_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P343_L2_S1" CONTENT="APPENDIX IV" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P343_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P343_L3_S1" CONTENT="Banking &amp; Currency" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P343_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P343_L4_S1" CONTENT="The remodelling of the currency in 1927 introduced the Afghani as the unit of the monetary system, as distinct from the old coin, Kabuli. An Afghani is a silver piece, weighing 10 Grams, 90 being fine. It is divided into 100 puls. The 50 puls pieces, called Kirans, are now mostly of nickel. Smaller pieces of 25 puls, 10 puls, and 5 puls are also used. Paper currency was introduced in 1936, and since then has proved to be extremely popular." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P343_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P343_L5_S1" CONTENT="Before the reign of King Mohammed Nadir Shah Afghanistan had no bank of its own, and the currency and other banking business were carried on by private bankers and moneylenders, mostly foreigners. There were no firms or trading concerns in the country : each trader used to take his goods on his own responsibility to foreign markets and dispose of them at the price ruling on the day or at the price offered. Being always short of funds and in a hurry to go back, he could not wait for better opportunities to sell his merchandise. Usually the foreign traders or business companies which were fully aware of his shortcomings and financial difficulties would join hands against him, making him accept the price offered, however low it might be." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P343_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P343_L6_S1" CONTENT="Representatives of foreign firms would enter Afghanistan and offer money in advance to local producers on condition that they would sell their goods to them alone at the stipulated prices, which were usually far below the market rates. The Government could not interfere, for they themselves had bound their hands by formal agreements and legal contracts. Moreover the Government had no control over foreign exchange and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P344" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="344" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P344_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P344_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L1_S1" CONTENT="imports and exports of the country. Generally imports exceeded" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L2_S1" CONTENT="exports, thereby greatly affecting the exchange value of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L3_S1" CONTENT="Afghan currency. It was to meet this great demand that King" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L4_S1" CONTENT="Mohammed Nadir Shah established (in 1930) a Joint-Stock" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L5_S1" CONTENT="Company-Shirkat-i-Ashami-the forerunner of the present" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L6_S1" CONTENT="Afghan National Bank. The exchange rate of the currency was" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L7_S1" CONTENT="fixed, private bankings was disallowed, local traders were en-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L8_S1" CONTENT="couraged to do all foreign business through the bank and to keep" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L9_S1" CONTENT="the value of their exports and imports at par. In cases of financial" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L10_S1" CONTENT="difficulties the bank was to advance money at low interest," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L11_S1" CONTENT="thus enabling them to withstand a dull market." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L12_S1" CONTENT="Funds were required for launching various development" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L13_S1" CONTENT="schemes to make the country selfsufficient in certain commodities" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L14_S1" CONTENT="for which it has adequate supply of raw materials or what could" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L15_S1" CONTENT="be acquired by further development. So the need for establishing" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L16_S1" CONTENT="new banks and business concerns arose with the development of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L17_S1" CONTENT="natural resources and ever increasing demand of the country for" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L18_S1" CONTENT="consumers' goods." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L19_S1" CONTENT="At present Afghanistan has five banks-(1) Da Afghanistan Bank," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L20_S1" CONTENT="(2) Bank-i-Millie (Afghan National Bank), (3) Pashtanay Tijarati" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L21_S1" CONTENT="Bank (Afghan Commercial Bank), (4) Construction Bank, and (5)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L22_S1" CONTENT="Agriculture and Handicrafts Bank. There are no branches of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L23_S1" CONTENT="any foreign bank in the country." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L24_S1" CONTENT="Da Afghanistan Bank founded in 1938 is a Government" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L25_S1" CONTENT="concern which performs the function of a Central Bank. It is in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L26_S1" CONTENT="reality the old Government treasury put on modern lines and is" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L27_S1" CONTENT="mainly concerned with issuing currency notes, transacting financial" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L28_S1" CONTENT="affairs of the State and controlling the exchange rate of the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L29_S1" CONTENT="currency." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L30_S1" CONTENT="The most important commercial bank in the country is the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P344_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P344_L31_S1" CONTENT="Bank-i-Millie, located in Kabul and founded in 1935. It has now" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P345" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="345" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P345_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P345_L1_S1" CONTENT="282" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P345_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P345_L2_S1" CONTENT="branches or agencies in London, New York, Munich, Bombay, Karachi, Peshawar and Chaman. Next comes the Afghan Commercial Bank (Pashtany Tejaraty Bank), established in 1955 on the basis of a Joint Stock Company for the purpose of developing the commerce of the country. It has at present a branch at Amritsar (India). The initial capital of the Bank is 1,20,000,000 Afghanis divided into 120,000 shares of 1,000 Afghanis each." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P345_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P345_L3_S1" CONTENT="The purpose of the new bank is to provide short and long term credits to businessmen and merchants ; to issue bonds and securities, and to open'saving and demand deposits." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P345_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P345_L4_S1" CONTENT="The Bank of Construction and Mortgages was established in 1948. Among the designated purposes of the bank on the promotion of house-building and of building materials, the financing of hotels and the financing of low-cost Community housing projects. This bank specially serves government employees in need of long-term credits for house building." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P346_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P346_L2_S1" CONTENT="APPENDIX V" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P346_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P346_L3_S1" CONTENT="Periodicals" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P346_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P346_L19_S1" CONTENT="Magazine." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P346_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P346_L20_S1" CONTENT="Aryana Kabul Monthly, Persian, deals with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P346_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P346_L21_S1" CONTENT="historical topics." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P346_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P346_L22_S1" CONTENT="Afghanistan Kabul Quarterly, English-French," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P346_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P346_L23_S1" CONTENT="Organ of Afghan Society of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P346_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P346_L24_S1" CONTENT="Historical Research." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P346_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P346_L25_S1" CONTENT="Irfan Kabul Monthly, Pashto-Persian." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P346_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P346_L26_S1" CONTENT="Sponsored by the Ministry of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P346_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P346_L27_S1" CONTENT="Education." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P346_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P346_L28_S1" CONTENT="Bikhwan wa Kabul Monthly, Pashto-Persian." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P346_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P346_L29_S1" CONTENT="Bidan Providing reading material for" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P346_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P346_L30_S1" CONTENT="those who follow the adult" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P346_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P346_L31_S1" CONTENT="educational courses" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P347_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P347_L3_S1" CONTENT="Adab. Kabul Quarterly, Persian-Pashto. Faculty of Letters." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P347_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P347_L4_S1" CONTENT="Huqooq Kabul Monthly, Persian. Law College." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P347_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P347_L5_S1" CONTENT="Urdu Kabul Monthly, Persian-Pashto. Ministry of Defence." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P347_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P347_L6_S1" CONTENT="Payam-i-Haq Kabul Monthly, Pashto-Persian." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P347_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P347_L7_S1" CONTENT="Barg-i-Sabz Kabul Monthly, Pashto-Persian. Literary Magazine." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P347_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P347_L8_S1" CONTENT="Pashtun Zhagh Kabul Fortnightly, Pashto-Persian. Kabul Radio." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P347_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P347_L9_S1" CONTENT="Ta'lim wa Tarbia Kabul Monthly, Pashto-Persian. Educational Institute." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P347_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P347_L10_S1" CONTENT="Merman Kabul Quarterly, Pashto-Persian. Organ of Women's welfare Society." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P347_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P347_L11_S1" CONTENT="Roghtiya Kabul Monthly, Pashto-Persian. Health Magazine." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P347_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P347_L12_S1" CONTENT="Shura Kabul Quarterly Pashto-Persian. Publication of the National Assembly." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P347_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P347_L13_S1" CONTENT="Sera Miyasht Kabul Quarterly, Pashto-Persian, English-French. Afghan Red Crescent Society." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P347_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P347_L14_S1" CONTENT="Kerhanai Kabul Quarterly, Persian-Pashto, Agricultural Magazine." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P347_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P347_L15_S1" CONTENT="Bareed Kabul Quarterly, Persian." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P347_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P347_L16_S1" CONTENT="Tulu-i-Afghan Kandahar Daily, Pashto." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P348_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P348_L2_S1" CONTENT="Woranga Gardez Daily, Pashto." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P348_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P348_L3_S1" CONTENT="Ithihad Baghlan Daily, Persian." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P348_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P348_L4_S1" CONTENT="Bedar Mazar-i-Sharif Daily, Persian." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P348_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P348_L5_S1" CONTENT="Sanaii Ghazni Daily, Persian." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P348_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P348_L6_S1" CONTENT="Itifaq-i-Islam Herat Daily, Pashto-Persian." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P348_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P348_L7_S1" CONTENT="Perwan Charikar Daily, Pashto-Persian." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P348_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P348_L8_S1" CONTENT="Badakhshan Faizabad Daily, Pashto-Persian." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P348_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P348_L9_S1" CONTENT="Storai Maimanah Biweekly, Persian." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P348_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P348_L10_S1" CONTENT="Seistan Farah Biweekly, Pashto-Persian." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P348_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P348_L11_S1" CONTENT="Helmand Girishk Weekly, Pashto-Persian." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P348_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P348_L12_S1" CONTENT="Adabi Herat Monthly Pashto-Persian" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P348_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P348_L13_S1" CONTENT="Literary Magazine." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P348_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P348_L14_S1" CONTENT="Balkh Balkh Monthly, Pashto-Persian." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P349_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L1_S1" CONTENT="286" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L2_S1" CONTENT="APPENDIX VI" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L3_S1" CONTENT="A Brief Introduction to Colloquial Kabul Farsi*" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L4_S1" CONTENT="The following is a brief introduction to Farsi as it is spoken in the capital city of Kabul. This differs from the literary language, which though highly respected, is used only rarely in speaking. A studied attempt has been made to capture the living colloquial which is best understood and used in common conversation." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L5_S1" CONTENT="These few pages are simply to help you to speak and understand modern Kabul Farsi. Reading and writing the actual script can be learned through the primers used in the Afghan schools or with Dr. Frank Laubach's readers for illiterates published by the Royal Afghan Ministry of Education." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L6_S1" CONTENT="Since sounds differ in various languages, the best way to illustrate these accurately is by using a simple phonetic alphabet. For this reason, seven new symbols besides those which we have in the regular English alphabet have been used. With very little practice these become familiar." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L7_S1" CONTENT="The eight vowel sounds in Kabul Farsi will be written thus:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L8_S1" CONTENT="/i/ as in &quot;peel&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L9_S1" CONTENT="/a/ as in &quot;pal&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L10_S1" CONTENT="/au/ as in &quot;pole&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L11_S1" CONTENT="/i/ as in &quot;pill&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L12_S1" CONTENT="/u/ as in &quot;pool&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L13_S1" CONTENT="/au/ as in &quot;Paul&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L14_S1" CONTENT="/e/ as in &quot;pail&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L15_S1" CONTENT="/u/ as in &quot;pull&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L16_S1" CONTENT="The twenty-three consonant sounds will be written thus:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L17_S1" CONTENT="/p/ as in &quot;pill&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L18_S1" CONTENT="/f/ as in &quot;fill&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L19_S1" CONTENT="/l/ as in &quot;Lil&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L20_S1" CONTENT="/b/ as in &quot;bill&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L21_S1" CONTENT="/t/ as in &quot;till&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L22_S1" CONTENT="/s/ as in &quot;sill&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L23_S1" CONTENT="/m/ as in &quot;mill&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L24_S1" CONTENT="/d/ as in &quot;dill&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L25_S1" CONTENT="/z/ as in &quot;zeal&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L26_S1" CONTENT="/w/ as in &quot;will&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L27_S1" CONTENT="/n/ as in &quot;nil&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L28_S1" CONTENT="/ch/ as in &quot;chill&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P349_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P349_L29_S1" CONTENT="*Compiled by Dr. Rev. J. Christy Wilson, formerly Professor of English Habibia College, Kabul." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextBlock ID="P350_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P350_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L1_S1" CONTENT="287" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L2_S1" CONTENT="/j/ as in &quot;jill&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L3_S1" CONTENT="/r/ as in &quot;rill&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L4_S1" CONTENT="/y/ as in &quot;yell&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L5_S1" CONTENT="/s/ as in &quot;shell&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L6_S1" CONTENT="/z/ as in &quot;pleasure&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L7_S1" CONTENT="/k/ as in &quot;kill&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L8_S1" CONTENT="/g/ as in &quot;gill&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L9_S1" CONTENT="/ng/ as in &quot;fling&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L10_S1" CONTENT="/g/ (see below)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L11_S1" CONTENT="/x/ (see below)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L12_S1" CONTENT="/q/ (see below)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L13_S1" CONTENT="There are also four diphthongs as follows :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L14_S1" CONTENT="/ai/ (not in English)" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L15_S1" CONTENT="/au/ as in &quot;pound&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L16_S1" CONTENT="/aui/ as in &quot;poison&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L17_S1" CONTENT="/aui/ as in &quot;pie&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L18_S1" CONTENT="The following are some hints in pronouncing some of the above sounds which are slightly or completely different from those in English. /t/ /d/ and /n/ are made by placing the tip of the tongue behind the upper teeth, not on the upper gum ridge as in English." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L19_S1" CONTENT="/l/ is made with the top part of the tongue closer to the roof of the mouth than it is in English." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L20_S1" CONTENT="/r/ is pronounced by trilling the tip of the tongue." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L21_S1" CONTENT="/ng/ is made like the English in &quot;sang&quot;, but the final &quot;g&quot; is also pronounced." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L22_S1" CONTENT="/x/ is like the sound one makes in clearing the upper part of the throat." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L23_S1" CONTENT="/g/ is made like /x/ but also has voice from the throat." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L24_S1" CONTENT="/q/ is a backward /k/ made by pressing the back part of the tongue against the back part of the palate, and then releasing a small explosion of air." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L25_S1" CONTENT="The stressed parts of words and phrases will be underlined." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L26_S1" CONTENT="GREETING AND COMMON EXPRESSIONS :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L27_S1" CONTENT="&quot;Hello&quot; salom olekum" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L28_S1" CONTENT="&quot;Are you well?&quot; xub asti?" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L29_S1" CONTENT="&quot;How are you?&quot; ci tor asti?" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L30_S1" CONTENT="&quot;How is your health&quot; ci yol dauri?" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L31_S1" CONTENT="Responses to these greetings are :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L32_S1" CONTENT="&quot;Be alive&quot; zinda bausi" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P350_L33" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P350_L33_S1" CONTENT="&quot;Be in peace&quot; salaumat bausi" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P351_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P351_L1_S1" CONTENT="[BLANK PAGE]" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P352_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P352_L1_S1" CONTENT="Mussala and Gumbad-i-Sabz (the Green Dome) at Herat." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextBlock ID="P353_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P353_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L1_S1" CONTENT="288" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L2_S1" CONTENT="Expressions of farewell:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L3_S1" CONTENT="&quot;God be your protector&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L4_S1" CONTENT="xudau aufiz" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L5_S1" CONTENT="&quot;Be in God's safety&quot; bau maunt" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L6_S1" CONTENT="xudau" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L7_S1" CONTENT="General expressions:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L8_S1" CONTENT="&quot;Don't get tired&quot; maunda nabaushi" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L9_S1" CONTENT="&quot;Go ahead&quot; (polite form) bufer-mauyen" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L10_S1" CONTENT="&quot;If God wills&quot; inshaulau" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L11_S1" CONTENT="&quot;It doesn't matter&quot; parwau nes" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L12_S1" CONTENT="&quot;Please&quot; merabauni kada (or) lutfan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L13_S1" CONTENT="&quot;Thank you&quot; tashakur" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L14_S1" CONTENT="&quot;Sir&quot; sauib" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L15_S1" CONTENT="&quot;Mister&quot; (at end of names) xaun" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L16_S1" CONTENT="&quot;Yes&quot; balé" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L17_S1" CONTENT="&quot;No&quot; ne" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L18_S1" CONTENT="The Present and Future Tense of the Verb:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L19_S1" CONTENT="&quot;I do, I shall do&quot; mekonum" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L20_S1" CONTENT="&quot;We do, we shall do&quot; mekonem" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L21_S1" CONTENT="&quot;You do, you will do&quot; mekoni" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L22_S1" CONTENT="&quot;You do, you will do&quot; mekonen" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L23_S1" CONTENT="&quot;He, she, it does, will do&quot; mekona" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L24_S1" CONTENT="&quot;They do, they will do&quot; mekonan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L25_S1" CONTENT="The verb &quot;to be&quot; with personal pronouns is as follows:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L26_S1" CONTENT="&quot;I am&quot; ma astum" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L27_S1" CONTENT="&quot;We are&quot; mau astem" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L28_S1" CONTENT="&quot;You are&quot; tu asti" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L29_S1" CONTENT="&quot;You are&quot; sumau asten" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L30_S1" CONTENT="&quot;He, she, it is&quot; u as" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L31_S1" CONTENT="&quot;They are&quot; uau astan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L32_S1" CONTENT="The following are some useful question and answer patterns:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L33" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L33_S1" CONTENT="&quot;What is this?&quot; i cis?" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L34" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L34_S1" CONTENT="&quot;This is bread.&quot; i naun as." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L35" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L35_S1" CONTENT="&quot;What do you want?&quot; ci mexaui?" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L36" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L36_S1" CONTENT="&quot;I want water.&quot; au mexauyum." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L37" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L37_S1" CONTENT="&quot;Where is the hotel?&quot; otal kojaus?" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L38" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L38_S1" CONTENT="&quot;The hotel is there.&quot; otal ujaus." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L39" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L39_S1" CONTENT="The following are the numbers:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L40" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L40_S1" CONTENT="(1) yak" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L41" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L41_S1" CONTENT="(2) du" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L42" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L42_S1" CONTENT="(3) se" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L43" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L43_S1" CONTENT="(4) cor" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L44" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L44_S1" CONTENT="(5) panj" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L45" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L45_S1" CONTENT="(6) sas" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L46" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L46_S1" CONTENT="(7) aft" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P353_L47" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P353_L47_S1" CONTENT="(8) ast" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P354_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P354_L26_S1" CONTENT="Telling Time :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P354_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P354_L27_S1" CONTENT="&quot;What time is it?&quot; chan bajas? &quot;It's 3.&quot; se bajas. &quot;It's 9 : 10.&quot; no u das." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P354_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P354_L28_S1" CONTENT="The days of the week are:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P354_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P354_L29_S1" CONTENT="&quot;Sunday&quot; yakshambe, &quot;Monday&quot; dushambe, &quot;Tuesday&quot; seshambe, &quot;Wednesday&quot; chorshambe, &quot;Thursday&quot; panshambe, &quot;Friday&quot; juma, &quot;Saturday&quot; shambe." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P354_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P354_L30_S1" CONTENT="The seasons are:" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P354_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P354_L31_S1" CONTENT="&quot;spring&quot; awali baur, &quot;summer&quot; baur, &quot;fall&quot; tirmau, &quot;winter&quot; zimistaun." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P354_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P354_L32_S1" CONTENT="The directions are expressed in this way :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P354_L33" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P354_L33_S1" CONTENT="&quot;north&quot; shamaul, &quot;south&quot; junub, &quot;east&quot; mashriq, &quot;west&quot; magrib. &quot;to the right&quot; tarafi raus, &quot;straight ahead&quot; ru ba ru, &quot;to the left&quot; tarafi chap." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P354_L34" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P354_L34_S1" CONTENT="The following are imperative commands :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P354_L35" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P354_L35_S1" CONTENT="&quot;Bring tea.&quot; caui biaur. &quot;Buy sugar&quot; bura bixar. &quot;Take the tea.&quot; cauia bubar. &quot;Bring the coffee.&quot; kofira biaur. &quot;Fill the cup&quot;. piaulara pur ko. &quot;Wait.&quot; sabir ko. &quot;Go to the bazaar.&quot; bauzaur buro. &quot;Don't go to the bazaar.&quot; bauzaur naro. &quot;Don't empty the cup.&quot; piaulara xauli nako. &quot;Come here.&quot; ijabiau." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P354_L36" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P354_L36_S1" CONTENT="The simple past tense is as follows :" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P356_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L2_S1" CONTENT="An English To Kabul Faris Word List" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L3_S1" CONTENT="&quot;able, to be&quot; taunis-tan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P356_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L17_S1" CONTENT="&quot;beans&quot; lobiau" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L18_S1" CONTENT="&quot;be, to&quot; budan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P356_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L20_S1" CONTENT="&quot;bed&quot; bistara" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L21_S1" CONTENT="&quot;beef&quot; goshtigau" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L22_S1" CONTENT="&quot;beet&quot; lablabu" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L23_S1" CONTENT="&quot;blanket&quot; kampal" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L24_S1" CONTENT="&quot;black&quot; siau" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L25_S1" CONTENT="&quot;blue&quot; auboz" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L26_S1" CONTENT="&quot;boil, to&quot; josh dodan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L27_S1" CONTENT="&quot;boiled&quot; water awijoshdauda" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L28_S1" CONTENT="&quot;bolt&quot; qulfak" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L29_S1" CONTENT="&quot;bottle&quot; botal" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L30_S1" CONTENT="&quot;brass&quot; birinj" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L31_S1" CONTENT="&quot;bread&quot; naun" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L32_S1" CONTENT="&quot;breakfast&quot; noshtau" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L33" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L33_S1" CONTENT="&quot;bridge&quot; pul" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L34" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L34_S1" CONTENT="&quot;bring, to&quot; auwurdan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L35" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L35_S1" CONTENT="&quot;broom&quot; jaru" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L36" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L36_S1" CONTENT="&quot;brown&quot; naswaurz" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L37" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L37_S1" CONTENT="&quot;bulb&quot; gurup" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L38" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L38_S1" CONTENT="&quot;bus&quot; sarwez" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L39" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L39_S1" CONTENT="&quot;butter&quot; maska" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L40" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L40_S1" CONTENT="&quot;button&quot; tukma" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L41" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L41_S1" CONTENT="&quot;cabbage&quot; karam" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L42" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L42_S1" CONTENT="&quot;cake&quot; kek" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L43" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L43_S1" CONTENT="&quot;candle&quot; sham" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L44" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L44_S1" CONTENT="&quot;candy&quot; shirni" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P356_L45" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L45_S1" CONTENT="&quot;car&quot; motar" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P356_L47" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P356_L47_S1" CONTENT="&quot;carrot&quot; zardak" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P359_L66" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L66_S1" CONTENT="&quot;walnut&quot; chaurmagz" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L67" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L67_S1" CONTENT="&quot;warm, to&quot; garm" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L68" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L68_S1" CONTENT="  kadan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L69" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L69_S1" CONTENT="&quot;wash, to&quot; shushtan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L70" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L70_S1" CONTENT="&quot;wash basin&quot; tasht" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L71" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L71_S1" CONTENT="&quot;water&quot; au" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L72" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L72_S1" CONTENT="'watermelon&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L73" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L73_S1" CONTENT="  tarbuz" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L74" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L74_S1" CONTENT="&quot;we&quot; mo" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L75" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L75_S1" CONTENT="&quot;west&quot; magrib" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L76" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L76_S1" CONTENT="&quot;wheat&quot; gandum" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L77" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L77_S1" CONTENT="&quot;when&quot; kai" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L78" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L78_S1" CONTENT="&quot;white&quot; safed" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L79" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L79_S1" CONTENT="&quot;window&quot; kilkin" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L80" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L80_S1" CONTENT="&quot;winter&quot; zimistaun" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L81" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L81_S1" CONTENT="&quot;wire&quot; sim" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L82" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L82_S1" CONTENT="&quot;wood&quot; chob" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L83" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L83_S1" CONTENT="'work&quot; kaur" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L84" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L84_S1" CONTENT="&quot;work, to&quot; kaur" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L85" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L85_S1" CONTENT="  kaudan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L86" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L86_S1" CONTENT="&quot;write, to&quot; nuista" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L87" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L87_S1" CONTENT="  kadan" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L88" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L88_S1" CONTENT="&quot;yellow&quot; zard" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L89" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L89_S1" CONTENT="&quot;yes&quot; bale" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L90" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L90_S1" CONTENT="&quot;yesterday&quot; diroz" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P359_L91" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P359_L91_S1" CONTENT="&quot;you&quot; tu (or) shumau" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextBlock ID="P360_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P360_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P360_L1_S1" CONTENT="295" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P360_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P360_L2_S1" CONTENT="APPENDIX VII" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P360_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P360_L3_S1" CONTENT="The five-year plan for Development of National Economy" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P360_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P360_L4_S1" CONTENT="In August 1956, on the occasion of the Independence Celebrations, His Majesty the King of Afghanistan and Sardar Mohammad Daud, the Prime Minister, announced that as the result of long and careful studies and research carried out by specialists, a five-year plan with a view to secure a rapid growth of national economy was drawn up." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P360_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P360_L5_S1" CONTENT="This plan is of vital importance in the nation's history. It seeks to translate into practical action the aspirations and ideals of the 12 million people in the country and gives to each of them the opportunity of service in the common cause of eliminating poverty and ignorance and raising the standards of living. It is a plan of peaceful economic construction and cultural development and has been formulated with reference to the following principal objectives:—" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P360_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P360_L6_S1" CONTENT="(a) a sizeable increase in national income so as to raise the level of living in the country;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P360_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P360_L7_S1" CONTENT="(b) tapping the natural resources of the country and making it self-sufficient in commodities for which it is best suited;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P360_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P360_L8_S1" CONTENT="(c) a large expansion of employment opportunity; and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P360_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P360_L9_S1" CONTENT="(d) attaining the largest measure of social justice and more even distribution of income and wealth." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P360_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P360_L10_S1" CONTENT="In this plan high priority has been given to expansion of agriculture and irrigation on which nearly 85% of the population depends. Industrial development along modern lines, as everybody knows, requires a great deal of capital but it absorbs comparatively little manpower. The Plan therefore attaches" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P361" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="361" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<PrintSpace HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextBlock ID="P361_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P361_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L1_S1" CONTENT="296" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L2_S1" CONTENT="greater importance to agriculture for it will provide employment" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L3_S1" CONTENT="for a greater number of people. At the same time it envisages" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L4_S1" CONTENT="a considerable increase in the capacity of electric power by" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L5_S1" CONTENT="construction of dams and control of flood water." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L6_S1" CONTENT="The responsibility of the Government in the matter of pro-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L7_S1" CONTENT="moting, assisting and regulating the development of industry" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L8_S1" CONTENT="in the national interest cannot be emphasized too strongly." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L9_S1" CONTENT="A country like Afghanistan which starts late on industrialization" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L10_S1" CONTENT="has to encompass within a relative brief period processes of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L11_S1" CONTENT="development which took several generations in countries which" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L12_S1" CONTENT="had an early start. To this end resources have to be mobilized" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L13_S1" CONTENT="and deployed effectively and purposefully. A plan not only" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L14_S1" CONTENT="draws on existing resources, it develops and enlarges on them" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L15_S1" CONTENT="in the process. Resources are not a fixed or static quantity;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L16_S1" CONTENT="they lie unknown or partially known unless conscious and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L17_S1" CONTENT="organized efforts are made to locate them and develop them." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L18_S1" CONTENT="In this connection intensive and systematic surveys and explo-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L19_S1" CONTENT="rations, especially in the field of mineral resources, are of vital" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L20_S1" CONTENT="importance. Every effort has to be made to train up a corp" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L21_S1" CONTENT="of scientists and technicians for the purpose." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L22_S1" CONTENT="Sardar Mohammad Daud, the Prime Minister, referring" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L23_S1" CONTENT="to the five year plan in the National Assembly said. &quot;The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L24_S1" CONTENT="purpose of this Plan is to pursue a clear economic policy with" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L25_S1" CONTENT="a view to utilize to the best advantage available natural" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L26_S1" CONTENT="resources, capital and manpower. Every effort will be made" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L27_S1" CONTENT="to increase production, train technical personnel, practice strict" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L28_S1" CONTENT="economy and eliminate waste of every kind in the use of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L29_S1" CONTENT="manpower, material resources and funds. The implementation" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L30_S1" CONTENT="of this Plan will enable us in achieving security of social justice," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L31_S1" CONTENT="raising the living standard of all the classes and finally" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P361_L32" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P361_L32_S1" CONTENT="guaranteeing the general welfare of the people.&quot;" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P362" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="362" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextLine ID="P362_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P362_L1_S1" CONTENT="297" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P362_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P362_L2_S1" CONTENT="The Prime Minister further said, &quot;Afghanistan's social and geographical conditions demand the economic developments to be sought more through the expansion of agricultural products and its relevant elements The main reasons to support this suggestion are :—" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P362_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P362_L3_S1" CONTENT="(a) Afghanistan though a mountainous country possesses extensive fertile pieces of land, the irrigation of which is possible by utilizing river waters and control of seasonal floods." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P362_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P362_L4_S1" CONTENT="(b) The majority of the population are farmers and have great interest and experience in agriculture." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P362_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P362_L5_S1" CONTENT="(c) Industrialization needs large capital and a high standard of technology, which at present are not available. Moreover competition in this field is very keen in foreign markets." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P362_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P362_L6_S1" CONTENT="(d) Manpower in our country, from the economic point of view, is a natural source of income. At the same time it is cheap and abundant. Utilization of this natural wealth is important from every point. Industries which need more outlay can employ a limited number of people, while in agriculture more people can be employed at a comparatively low cost." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P362_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P362_L7_S1" CONTENT="These causes as well as several social, technological, economic and financial needs of the country demand that at present it is advisable to utilize fully our natural resources and manpower proportionate to their intelligence and aptitude for the economic development of the country. It is for this reason that agriculture and cattle breeding have been given first place and high priority in this economic plan. We intend to irrigate our virgin and arable lands and to increase water supply for" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<Page ID="P363" PHYSICAL_IMG_NR="363" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
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<TextBlock ID="P363_B1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301">
<TextLine ID="P363_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L1_S1" CONTENT="298" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L2_S1" CONTENT="the lands already under cultivation and to control seasonal floods" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L3_S1" CONTENT="for irrigation as well as generating electricity. At present the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L4_S1" CONTENT="construction of the following dams and canals have been taken" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L5_S1" CONTENT="into consideration :—" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L6_S1" CONTENT="Estimated cost." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L7_S1" CONTENT="Jalalabad Canal 162 million Afghanis." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L8_S1" CONTENT="Palto Dam, Katawaz 60-70 ’’ ’’" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L9_S1" CONTENT="Sardah Dam, Kandahar 50-64 ’’ ’’" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L10_S1" CONTENT="Kharwar Dam, Lohgar 24-357 ’’ ’’" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L11_S1" CONTENT="Canal and Dam of Kunduz 163-744 ’’ ’’" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L12_S1" CONTENT="Canal and Dam of Kokcha 506-250 ’’ ’’" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L13_S1" CONTENT="Dam of Machalghou 40-500 ’’ ’’" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L14_S1" CONTENT="Helmand Valley Project 1064-880 ’’ ’’" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L15_S1" CONTENT="A sum of 38,653 million Afghanis and 10.475 million" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L16_S1" CONTENT="dollars is earmarked for the improvement of the quality of seeds" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L17_S1" CONTENT="and plants. Another 9,623 million Afghanis and 0.671 million" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L18_S1" CONTENT="dollars will be spent to improve the live stock, especially the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L19_S1" CONTENT="Karakul sheep and Marinos. To combat animal and plant" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L20_S1" CONTENT="diseases the Government intends to spend a further sum of" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L21_S1" CONTENT="51,617 millon Afghanis and 0·388 million dollars" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L22_S1" CONTENT="The outlay for these multifarious purposes (irrigation," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L23_S1" CONTENT="supply of better seeds and fertilizers, improvement of animal" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L24_S1" CONTENT="husbandry, etc.) works out at 46·06 per cent of the budget." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L25_S1" CONTENT="Next to agriculture great importance is attached to communica-" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L26_S1" CONTENT="tion. It is certain that any social, cultural, industrial or" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L27_S1" CONTENT="economic development in Afghanistan is dependent on an" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L28_S1" CONTENT="adequate transportation system. In the development of such" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L29_S1" CONTENT="an adequate system, a programme of road improvement and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L30_S1" CONTENT="maintenance is of prime importance. The present road system," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P363_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P363_L31_S1" CONTENT="virtually a circle round the country, comprises about 4,000" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P364_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P364_L1_S1" CONTENT="299" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P364_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P364_L2_S1" CONTENT="miles. Offshoots from the primary system lead to Faizabad, Chaman, Iran and Russia. Most of the roads are of rock base." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P364_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P364_L3_S1" CONTENT="Streams in Afghanistan present a serious problem in the maintenance of roads, in that during flood season such streams become virtual torrents with such force as to move great boulders which wreck or remove most bridge structures." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P364_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P364_L4_S1" CONTENT="At the present time the roads in Afghanistan are not in very good condition. The necessity for better roads and the maintenance of these arteries can easily be realized from the amount that has been earmarked for this purpose in the five year plan. The cost of this project is estimated at 1,136,412 million Afghanis (including 38·813 million dollars). Roads between Kabul and Torkham, Kabul and Kandahar, Kandahar and Spin Boldak and some roads leading to the north are to be made broader and they are to be properly repaired. One thousand kilometers of these roads are to be asphalted." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P364_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P364_L5_S1" CONTENT="A sum of 267·590 million Afghanis (including 10,500 million dollars) will be spent to construct airports on modern lines at Kabul, Kandahar, Mazar-i-Sharif, Herat and Kataghan." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P364_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P364_L6_S1" CONTENT="Public Services :—All sorts of developments in a country's social, cultural and economic fields are connected with the educational standard of the people. In the five-year plan, particular attention is paid to this problem. Five hundred rural schools, 90 elementary schools, 12 secondary, 2 faculties and 50 adult courses will be established during the course of these five years costing 318·800 million Afghanis (including 9·832 million dollars)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P364_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P364_L7_S1" CONTENT="Public Health :—The Government recognizes that better health for the people is of paramount importance. In the plan a new 300 bed hospital is to be sopened at Kabul in addition" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P365_L1" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L1_S1" CONTENT="300" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L2_S1" CONTENT="to those already in existence. Hospitals for women will be" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L3" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L3_S1" CONTENT="established at Gardez, Khost, Badakhshan, Maimana, Ghazni," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L4" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L4_S1" CONTENT="and Farrah. Dental hospitals will be opened at Gardez," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L5" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L5_S1" CONTENT="Kataghan and Mashriqi. Laboratories and clinics will be" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L6" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L6_S1" CONTENT="established at Khost, Badakhshan, Maimana, Ghazni and" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L7" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L7_S1" CONTENT="Farrah. Total cost is estimated at 102·970 million Afghanis" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L8" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L8_S1" CONTENT="(including 1·092 million dollars)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L9" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L9_S1" CONTENT="Community Development and Municipal Projects :—" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L10" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L10_S1" CONTENT="The Government intends to work for the village uplift in 500" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L11" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L11_S1" CONTENT="villages during the first year of the plan. This is to be extended" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L12" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L12_S1" CONTENT="to 1,620 villages in the second year, to 1,740 villages in the third" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L13" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L13_S1" CONTENT="year, to 1,860 villages in the fourth year and to 2,220 villages" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L14" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L14_S1" CONTENT="in the fifth and final year. The project will cost the Government." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L15" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L15_S1" CONTENT="166 million Afghanis. The foreign exchange expense for this project" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L16" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L16_S1" CONTENT="estimated at 2·500 million dollars will be paid through foreign" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L17" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L17_S1" CONTENT="aid and other miscellaneous foreign currency expenses. The" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L18" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L18_S1" CONTENT="municipalities will also be helped to supply good drinking water," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L19" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L19_S1" CONTENT="to asphalt public streets and to provide parks and recreation" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L20" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L20_S1" CONTENT="grounds." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L21" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L21_S1" CONTENT="Mines : Afghanistan is rich in some important minerals." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L22" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L22_S1" CONTENT="The economic plan, within its means, provides the possibilities" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L23" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L23_S1" CONTENT="of utilizing these natural resources. Included in these projects" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L24" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L24_S1" CONTENT="are the drilling and search for petroleum (to be commenced at" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L25" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L25_S1" CONTENT="Saripul), physical and geological survey and exploitation in" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L26" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L26_S1" CONTENT="northern provinces, expansion of the exploitation of coal mines" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L27" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L27_S1" CONTENT="at Ishpushta, Karkar and other places in and around the" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L28" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L28_S1" CONTENT="Hindukush and Herat. The expenses in this line will amount" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L29" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L29_S1" CONTENT="to 242·439 million Afghanis (including 6 million dollars)." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L30" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L30_S1" CONTENT="Industries :—Present factories and industries will be" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
<TextLine ID="P365_L31" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P365_L31_S1" CONTENT="completed and encouraged and new ones for textile, cement," HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P366_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P366_L2_S1" CONTENT="electric power, oil extraction, fruit conservation, leathermaking, matches, glassware and cottage industries set up in various parts of the country. For the expense of these projects, besides the amount to be supplied by private firms, 1,875·872 million Afghanis is appropriated from the budget of the Plan. This amount includes 58·620 million dollars. The total increase in production of industries is estimated at 7,08·314 million Afghanis. The total increase from agricultural production is estimated at 1,536·780 million Afghanis. This is a total of 2,245.094 million Afghanis. Total cost of the five-year plan balanced against total income during the five-years of the Plan is estimated at 11,980,769,000 Afghanis." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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<TextLine ID="P367_L2" HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"><String ID="P367_L2_S1" CONTENT="Publishing Co., 16, Lawrence Road, Lahore." HPOS="0" VPOS="0" WIDTH="2550" HEIGHT="3301"/></TextLine>
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