{"book": "adl0973", "page": 1, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 2, "text": "PROGRESSIVE\nAFGHANISTAN\n\nMOHAMMAD ALI"}
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{"book": "adl0973", "page": 4, "text": "H. M. King Mohd Nadir Shah."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 5, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 6, "text": "PROGRESSIVE AFGHANISTAN"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 7, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 8, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 9, "text": "H. M. King Mohd Nadir Shah."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 10, "text": "PROGRESSIVE\nAFGHANISTAN\n\nBY\n\nMOHAMMAD ALI, M.A.\nProfessor of History,\nHabibia College, Kabul\n\n(All Rights Reserved)\n\n1933\n\nPRINTED BY\nPUNJAB EDUCATIONAL ELECTRIC PRESS\nLAHORE"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 11, "text": "H. M. King Mohd Nadir Shah"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 12, "text": "PROGRESSIVE\nAFGHANISTAN\n\nBY\n\nMOHAMMAD ALI, M.A.\nProfessor of History,\nHabibia College, Kabul\n\n(All Rights Reserved)\n\n1933\n\nPRINTED BY\nPUNJAB EDUCATIONAL ELECTRIC PRESS\nLAHORE"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 13, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 14, "text": "PREFACE\nقلت There is no dearth of literature on the\nrecent revolution and subsequent changes in\nAfghanistan. The publication of this book\nmight, therefore, seem superfluous. But I\nbelieve the demand for a book containing\nfacts as witnessed by a disinterested party\nhas not yet been met. To the outside world\nthe revolution might appear merely as an\nتعصب outburst of Afghan fanaticism and lust for\nwar and the result of Afghan conservatism\nresisting Western conceptions of culture and\nadvancement. But a careful study of the\nhistory of the past few years shows without\ndoubt that the revolution was the natural\noutcome of a deep-rooted discontent born of\nmaladministration and corruption.\n\nMy object in writing this book is to show\nhow the famished and bankrupt Afghan nation\nwas rescued from utter ruin and annihilation فنا تباهی\nand brought once more on to the path of\nprogress. Incidently, I have also made\nmention of the innumerable sacrifices made\nby His Majesty King Mohammad Nadir Shah\n\nv"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 15, "text": "vi\n\nand his brothers in achieving this end. This\nwas necessary, for it is by their labours that\nthe exhausted and war-weary tribes of\nAfghanistan have been transformed within a\nsurprisingly short period into a living and\npowerful nation.\n\nA cursory glance at the present condition\nof Afghanistan suffices to show that the\ncountry has not only recovered from the\nsevere set-back sustained by internecine war;\nbut is also advancing rapidly in social and\neconomic spheres. Never before has the\ncountry been so justly and efficiently governed.\nEmbezzlement and bribery, so common before\namong officials of all ranks, are now seldom\nheard of. The people are happy and con-\ntented. After several years of stress and\nstrain they are now able to enjoy perfect\npeace and to look forward to a bright future.\n\nIt is not my purpose to vindicate any\nparty. My object is merely to state the facts\nwhich, however, are so refreshing that a\nmere recital of them, without comments,\nwould be a source of no small satisfaction to\nthe well-wishers of the country. So quickly\nhave the damages been repaired that one who"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 16, "text": "vii\n\nhad witnessed the state of things during 1928 and 1929 would hardly believe that such a great measure of progress was possible in the brief interval. He will find that a new Afghanistan has risen from the ashes of the revolution. It has a Government which is animated by high ideals; it is ruled by a constitutional مشروطه monarch who is at once an experienced soldier and a great statesman, and it holds out the promise of great development and prosperity.\n\nMOHAMMAD ALI\n\nKabul, July 1st, 1933"}
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{"book": "adl0973", "page": 18, "text": "CONTENTS\nChapter Page\nPREFACE ... ... ...v—vii\nI. CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION ... 1\nII. THE REVOLUTION ... ... 15\nIII. BACHA ADVANCES ... ... 27\nIV. THE REIGN OF TERROR ... 41\nV. ALI AHMAD JAN IN THE EAST ... 51\nVI. KANDAHAR ... ... 59\nVII. GLIMPSES OF HOPE ... ... 71\nVIII. THE JOURNEY ... ... 79\nIX. DIFFICULTIES ... ... 95\nX. LINE OF ACTION ... ... 103\nXI. PREPARATIONS—I ... ... 113\nXII. PREPARATIONS—II ... ... 121\nXIII. PREPARATIONS—III ... ... 133\nXIV. THE FALL OF KABUL ... ... 147\nXV. RECONSTRUCTION ... ... 167\nINDEX ... ... 227—232\n\nix"}
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{"book": "adl0973", "page": 20, "text": "ILLUSTRATIONS\n\nH. M. KING MOHD. NADIR SHAH... frontispiece\nEX-KING AMANULLAH KHAN ... facing p. 6\nSARDAR INAYATULLAH KHAN ... ,, 7\nBACHAE SAQAO ... ... ,, 20\nTHE BACHA AND HIS COURTIERS ,, 21\nTHE BACHA AND HIS BROTHER ... ,, 50\nTHE LATE WALI ALI AHMAD JAN ,, 51\nH. M. KING MOHD. NADIR SHAH\nAND HIS BROTHERS ... ,, 72\nTHE PILLAR OF INDEPENDENCE,\nKABUL ... ,, 76\nAFTER THE VICTORY AT THAL ... ,, 77\nMARSHAL MOHD. NADIR KHAN AT\nBOMBAY ... ... ,, 80\nSARDAR SHAH WALI KHAN AND\nSARDAR SHAH MOHMUD KHAN\nIN THE SOUTH ... ... ,, 81\nMAP SHOWING THE LINE OF\nACTION OF H. M. KING MOHD.\nNADIR SHAH FROM KHOST TO\nKABUL ... ... ,, 102\nH. M. KING MOHD. NADIR SHAH\nWITH H. R. H. PRINCE MOHD.\nZAHIR KHAN ... ... ,, 146\n\nxi"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 21, "text": "xii\n\nRECEPTION OF MARSHAL MOHD.\nNADIR KHAN IN KABUL ... facing p. 162\nTHE MARSHAL IN THE SALAM\nKHANA, KABUL ... ... ,, 163\nOPENING CEREMONY OF THE\nNIJAT-I-WATAN CELEBRATIONS,\n1932 ... ... ... ,, 166\nAFGHAN ARTILLERY ... ,, 167\nHOCKEY MATCH, MILITARY CLUB\nv. BRITISH LEGATION, INDE-\nPENDENCE DAY, 1932 ... ,, 170\nHOCKEY WINNERS,INDEPENDENCE\nDAY CELEBRATIONS, 1932 ... ,, 171\nAN AFGHAN REGIMENT ... ,, 174\nA MILITARY REVIEW BY H. M.\nKING MOHD NADIR SHAH ... ,, 175\nTHE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE, NEW\nBUILDING ... ... ,, 178\nFAWAID-I-AMA (P.W.D.) MINISTRY,\nKABUL ... ... ,, 179\nAN AFGHAN LANCER ... ,, 182\nAN AFGHAN SOLDIER ... ,, 183\nAFGAN STUDENTS IN TURKEY ... ,, 186\nMEDICAL COLLEGE STUDENTS\nWITH THEIR PRINCIPAL IN THE\nCENTRE ... ... ,, 187"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 22, "text": "xiii\n\nMEMBERS OF THE AFGHAN PAR-\nLIAMENT, 1932 ... ... facing p. 190\nHIS MAJESTY'S GUARD OF HONOUR,\nWITH THE COMMANDANT SAR-\nDAR ASADULLAH KHAN IN THE\nCENTRE ... ... ,, 191\nMILITARY CADETS, 1933 ... ,, 194\nH. M. KING MOHD. NADIR SHAH\nAT THE NEW MILITARY COLLEGE\nCONSTRUCTIONS, BALA HISAR,\nKABUL ... ... ,, 195\nA PORTION OF THE NEW BAZAAR ,, 198\nDARRAH-I-SHIKARI ROAD ... ,, 199\nFOOTBALL WINNERS, INDEPEND-\nENCE DAY CELEBRATIONS, 1932 ,, 202\nBOY SCOUTS, 1933 ... ... ,, 203\nTHE REFIQI SANATORIUM (1933) ,, 206\nTHE ORPHANAGE ... ... ,, 207\nTHE ARTS SCHOOL, KABUL ... ,, 210\nHURDLES RACE, INDEPENDENCE\nDAY, 1932 ... ... ,, 211\nREADY FOR GYMNASTICS, INDE-\nPENDENCE DAY CELEBRATIONS,\n1932 ... ... ,, 214\nGYMNASTICS, INDEPENDENCE DAY\nCELEBRATIONS, 1932 ... ,, 215\nTHE SARACHA BRIDGE, JALALABAD ,, 218"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 23, "text": "xiv\n\nTHE SURKHAB DAM, LOGAR ... facing p. 219\nTHE NEW CUSTOMS HOUSE, KABUL  ” 222\nTHE DAIRY FARM, ALIABAD ...  ” 223\nTHE MILITARY CLUB, WITH THE \nNEW CANTONMENT IN THE \nBACKGROUND ... ... ” 224\nTHE CANTONMENT MOSQUE ...  ” 225\nTHE KARGHAH DAM, NEAR KABUL  ” 226\nTHE KHARWAR DAM... ... ” 227"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 24, "text": "PROGRESSIVE AFGHANISTAN"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 25, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 26, "text": "CHAPTER I\nCAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION\nNo book on modern Afghanistan can afford to ignore the recent revolution (1928-1929), when a notorious مشهور thief and robber, by a combination of circumstances, became the ruler of this land of the brave and warlike Afghans. It seems, therefore, only appropriate مناسب to begin our story with a resume خلاصه of the causes which made that revolution possible. It was in February 1919, that His Majesty Ameer Habib Ullah Khan was assassinated near Jalalabad, the winter head-quarters of the Ameer, about hundred miles east of Kabul. At his death, his younger brother, Sardar Nasar Ullah Khan was proclaimed King and was generally accepted by the people as their ruler. Prince Amanullah Khan, the third son of Ameer Habib Ullah Khan, was at the time regent نایب السلطنه in Kabul. Young and ambitious as he was, he took advantage of the opportunity to realize his long-cherished dreams. The army in those days was ill-fed, badly clothed and poorly\n1"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 27, "text": "paid. He began by making large promises\nof higher salaries and special rewards, and\nhad no difficulty in winning over the simple\nminded soldiers. With the help of the army,\nhe easily ousted his uncle as well as his\nelder brothers. But once he was firmly\nestablished on the throne, and people from\nall parts had sent him allegiance and\naccepted him as their King, he forgot all his\npromises. This breach of faith, the first\nsign of his moral weakness after his accession\nto the throne, lowered him greatly in the\neyes of the people.\n\nYears went by without any important\nevent, though mistrust and discontent were\nseething under the surface. Matters were\nbrought to a head, when in 1924, H. M. King\nAmanullah Khan introduced some new\nlaws, which the people would not accept.\nThere was a general protest, but the King\npersisted in his views and would not rescind\nthe unpopular laws. Thereupon, the people\nof the Southern Province, the most war\nlike tribes in the whole of Afghanistan, took\nup arms. The King could have easily saved\nthe situation and an amicable settlement\n\n2"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 28, "text": "could have been peacefully arrived at by calling a Jirgah, i.e. a national assembly. But he was unfortunately too sure of his own strength and misled by many of his inexperienced courtiers decided to punish the rebels and consequently declared war upon them. The present King of Afghanistan, then Marshal Mohammad Nadir Khan, Commander-in-Chief of the Afghan forces, the only man who had fully appraised the strength of the southern tribes and who realized the futility of a campaign against them, protested strongly against the intentions of the Government.\n\nBut the King had young blood in his veins. He did not like to be opposed in his actions particularly as some of his courtiers only helped him to have an exaggerated sense of his own importance. The war was, therefore, declared. It was an unwise and rash step and Marshal Nadir Khan resigned in protest. It was not long before the King realized his folly. He could not cope with the situation and was unable to suppress the rising. He lost a large number of his men and would have lost his throne as well but for a piece of sheer good luck which\n\n3"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 29, "text": "saved him for the time being. When the insurgents reached Chahar-Asyah, about eight miles south of Kabul, they fell out among themselves, and the King's army, seizing the opportunity, fell suddenly upon them, and utterly routed them. But even this victory failed to put an end to the revolt. The King at last realized the absurdity of his action, repealed the offensive laws, and proclaimed a general amnesty. Hardly a month had passed, however, when fifty-two of the leaders, some of whom were men of great learning and influence, were arrested, courtmartialled and shot. To commemorate this victory, the King erected a pillar and called it \"The Pillar of Knowledge and Ignorance\". The words on the pillar: \"In memory of the campaign which was in reality a battle between Knowledge and Ignorance... ........etc.\" stand there to this day. It was a piece of bad faith ill-becoming a King who boasted of being the head of a constitutional government and claimed to safeguard the rights of the people. The executions were in utter disregard of the promises of amnesty and pardon, and made\n4"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 30, "text": "him justly unpopular, especially with the\nsouthern tribes; people began to feel that\nit was not safe to trust the King's word\nany longer.\nBreach of faith on the part of the\nruler was thus the first cause which fostered بوجود آورد\ndiscontent and ultimately brought about his\ndownfall. Later, when the revolution was\nin progress, and Bacha Saqao had delivered\nhis attack, the King, seeing that his hopes\nof success were small, tried once more to\nwin the public to his side. In the public\ngarden of Kabul, he made a speech, pro-\nmised once more to take back his unpopular\nlaws and to grant his people a just constitu-\ntion. But it was too late. The audience\nhad lost their faith in him. There were\nsome who openly reminded him of his past\npromises and of how they had been broken\nand refused to help him in any way.\nAnother cause which spread discontent\namong the people and hastened the revolu-\nبی رحمانه tion was the ruthless squandering بباد دادن of public\nmoney to the extent of nearly exhausting\nthe treasury. In December 1927, King\nAmanullah Khan and his queen with a\n5"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 31, "text": "Ex-king Amanullah Khan."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 32, "text": "Sardar Inayatullah Khan."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 33, "text": "few chosen courtiers went on an extensive\ntour in Europe and Western Asia. It was\na very expensive affair, indeed, and could not\nbe justified in view of the then conditions\nprevailing in the country and the exhausted\ncondition of the treasury. It is estimated\nthat this tour cost no less than £ 1,000,000.\nTo the outside world this may not\nappear extraordinary, but to one who\nis familiar with the meagre resources of\nAfghanistan, so backward in commercial and\nindustrial organization, the expenditure of\nthis large sum cannot but be a matter of\nindignant surprise. Well-wishers of the\ncountry, who were alive to the needs of the\nsituation, protested strongly against the pro-\nposed tour, but the strong-headed King,\nalthough professing great enthusiasm for\nnational welfare, preferred his personal enjoy-\nment to public considerations, and paid no\nheed. One can easily understand why the\nbest brains of the country did not form\npart of the King's entourage on his European\ntrip.\n\nOn his return from Europe, people\nthought that he would inaugurate an era of\n\n6"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 34, "text": "از بیداد\n\nreforms by removing the evils of corruption\nand maladministration, which had harassed\nthe people for such a long time. They\nvainly hoped that he would increase the\nfinancial resources of the nation by\nimproving agriculture, working up mines, in\nwhich the country was very rich, and\nintroducing useful industries. But they were\nsoon disillusioned. The so-called programme\nof \"reforms\", when it was finally launched,\nconcerned itself mainly with the adoption of\nEuropean dress and manners without taking\ninto account the fact that the high standard\nof living, which was aimed at, had been\nachieved in Europe after decades of industrial\nand commercial development. The pres-\ncribed standards required money, but nothing\nwas done to provide the nation with the\nmeans of obtaining it. The people, there-\nfore, found it impossible to co-operate; and\nwhen at last force was resorted to, the\nsituation went from bad to worse. A direct\nresult of these reforms, which included the\nremoval of purdah (veil), was increase in\ncorruption and bribery. An average govern-\nment employee whose monthly pay was not\n\n7"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 35, "text": "more than Rs. 50 (about 30 shillings) was\nobliged to provide himself, his wife and\nchildren with European clothes. Not being\nable to obtain these by fair means, he was\ncompelled to have recourse to foul ones.\nBribery, theft and embezzlement became\ncommon among government employees to\nthe misery of the people whose sufferings\nincreased daily with the introduction of the\n\"reforms\". Strange orders were passed to\nherald the new era. Common artisans,\nbakers, cooks, fuel-sellers and drivers of\ncamels and donkeys were obliged to wear\nEuropean dress and disobedience was dealt\nwith severely. The police was ordered to\nfine or else to chastise and even turn out\nof the public gardens and the city those\nwho failed to comply with the new dress\nlaws.\n\nInstances were not wanting when a\nman or a woman, passing through the city\nin non-European dress, was prosecuted by\nthe police several times and on each occasion\nhad to pay a fine. In one case a man paid\nthirty such fines in the course of a single\nday. As a result of this high-handedness\n\n8"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 36, "text": "many people left the city for other parts\nof the country and some even bade good-bye\nto their motherland.\n\nMaladministration consequent upon these\n\"reforms\" was another important factor\nin bringing about the revolution. Corrup-\nافراط tion was rampant in all departments, civil\nas well as military. Most of the officials were\ninexperienced, incompetent and self-conceited\nپشتو? and had secured their jobs by favouritism\nقوم خویشی bribery or nepotism. Higher officials, appeased آرام كيشته\nby suitable bribes and presents, remained deaf\nto all complaints of oppression and connived\nat the misappropriation of public money.\nGovernment jobs were for sale and could\nbe secured by the highest bidder irrespec-\ntive of qualifications. The money paid\nand the post secured, the powers it con-\nچسپ لاوم? ferred upon the incumbent were limitless\nand he was free to extract money from\nthe people in any way he pleased. Posts of\nall sorts were sold openly and nobody was\nashamed or afraid of receiving or offering\nbribes-the highest officials of the King and\neven of the Queen not excepted. The result\nof this maladministration was wide-spread\n\n9"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 37, "text": "discontent among the people who were only too willing to throw off the unbearable yoke when opportunity presented itself. Their repeated remonstrances and complaints had no effect, because all the high posts were held by corrupt and incompetent favourites and flatterers of the King, whose sole concern was to ensure their own position by humouring him, and pampering [خوش گذراندن] to his fanciful ideas. Indeed, during the whole reign of King Amanullah Khan not a single instance is known of a high official having been tried or punished for any public offence, although it is a well-known fact that many of them were secretly in league with notorious robbers and thieves and shared their plunder. Officials who offered honest advice, although they had long and honourable service to their credit, were obliged to resign which increased the scope for the malpractices of worthless and greedy courtiers who were left in power.\nAfghanistan is, on the whole, an agricultural country and the principal source of government revenue is the land tax. The prosperity of the country, therefore, depends to a large extent on the welfare of the\n10"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 38, "text": "peasantry. Increased taxation necessitated\nby the European tour and other expensive\nschemes meant increased hardship for this\nclass, which constitutes the major part of the\npopulation and which gained nothing by the\nenhanced revenues. In consequence, the\npeasants were in a sad plight. Straved, over\nworked, ill-clothed, they became full of hatred\ntowards their oppressors till only a spark was\nneeded to cause an explosion.\nThe condition of the army was worse still.\nThey were ill-kept and ill-fed. Under the\nlaws of conscription every Afghan was required\nto serve the army for two years. But in\npractice the rule applied to the poor only ;\nthe rich could easily bribe the officials and\nstay at home. The sanitary arrangements of\nthe cantonments were very bad. The\nsoldiers were paid only Rs. 4 a month,\nwith which to maintain themselves, and in\nmost cases their families as well. Some of\nthese wretched people were obliged to get\nleave from their officers and to engage in some\nprivate work with which to eke out their\nmeagre allowance. Others deserted the army\nbut since their salaries continued to be drawn\n\n11"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 39, "text": "and went into the pockets of officers, nobody\ncared to bring the offenders to book. Thus\nwhen the time came for active service, not\neven one-tenth of the enrolled strength could\nbe mustered; nor was this small percentage\nquite willing to fight on the side of its\noppressors.\nفرار از نظام - بغاوت\nThe fact that so many cases of desertion\nescaped detection shows that the Intelligence\nDepartment, if it existed, was no more than\na name. Even when Bacha Saqao and his\nmen were only a few miles from Kabul, the\nKing lay secure in the Arg (royal palace)\nfully assured that there was absolutely no\ndisturbance in the country.\n\nIn the Grand Assembly of 1928 held at\nPaghman when the King put forth his new\nprogramme, some of its clauses met with\nopposition. The King, however, solemnly\nبا وفاماندن promised to abide by the decision of the august\nمحترم body and delete the disapproved items.\nBut within a month the promise was broken\nand members of the assembly, greatly annoy-\ned, left the capital in disgust. No sooner had\nthey reached their homes than signs of dis-\ncontent and unrest began to show all over\n\n12"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 40, "text": "the country. There were small risings in\nseveral quarters, and the King being either mis-\ninformed, or proud of his power and influence,\npaid no heed to them, till the disturbances\ntook the form of a revolution. The King was\nnot strong enough to meet the crisis. He\ncould not realize the strength of the forces\narrayed against him, nor could he devise\nmeans to cope with them successfully. On\nthe other hand, contrary to all Afghan tradi-\ntions, he shirked the issue, and by his lack of\ncourage lost all chances of winning support\nand possibly, success. He abdicated in\nfavour of his elder brother, Sardar Inayat-\nullah Khan, and secretly ran away to\nKandahar, leaving the nation an easy prey to\nthe brigands of the north.\n\nLastly, the poor estimate in which he\nheld the religious feelings of his subjects was\nan important factor in bringing about his\ndownfall and precipitating the catastrophe.\nRumours were rife that the King had renounc-\ned Islam. No efforts were made to contra-\ndict such false rumours. On the other hand,\nthe careless ways of the King, his attempt to\nride rough shod over centuries-old traditions,\n\n13"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 41, "text": "and his ridicule of the religious minded, lent\nsupport to public suspicion. Nor did the\nfacts that the water-supply of some mosques\nwas cut off, their electric light was discon-\nnected, and some religious places were allowed\nبر باد رفته to fall into a state of dilapidation, help\nتخفیف دادن to allay the rumours. Some stupid officials\npublicly declared that Qoranic laws had\nbecome obsolete and were no longer suited\nto modern conditions. Such acts helped to\nstir the smouldering fire of public indigna-\ntion into a general conflagration until it\nassumed the dreadful form of a religious war,\nnot so much a rebellion against a king, as a\nJehad against an infidel.\n\n14"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 42, "text": "CHAPTER II\n\nTHE REVOLUTION\n\nThe wide-spread discontent, which had\nfound vent for a time in whispers and\nquiet remonstrances, broke out at last into اعتراضها\nopen rebellion in one of the remotest parts دورترین\nof the country. The Shinwaris, a strong\nand war-like tribe, well-armed and sufficiently\ndisciplined, who live on the eastern border\nof Afghanistan near the mouth of the\nKhyber Pass, were the first to rise, in order,\nas they professed, to end the unpopular\nregime of King Amanullah Khan. They\nbegan by attacking the Government mili-\ntary posts of Achin and Kai on November\n14, 1928. The soldiers who had many\nشکایتها grievances were demoralized and offered but\nبی جرئت feeble resistance. Their officers, who were\nunaware of the wide-spread ill-feeling, were\ntaken by surprise, and were soon overpowered.\nThe soldiers were disarmed, the officers\nimprisoned, and large quantities of ammuni-\ntion, which stood them in good stead, fell\ninto the hands of the rebels. Then they\n\n15"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 43, "text": "plundered the Government offices and set\nthe buildings on fire. Other discontented\ntribes emboldened تحریص و تشجیع by their success joined\nhands with them and their numbers swelled.\nMore outbreaks occurred in other quarters.\nMembers of the Grand Assembly and men\nof religion were not slow to take advantage\nof the situation to avenge the indignities\nthey had suffered at the hands of the King\nand his corrupt courtiers. Exaggerated\nstories of the King's extravagance, his self-\nwilledness and his trespasses تجاوز، تخطی نموده against the\nlaws of Islam were circulated all around.\nThe result was that within a very short\ntime, King Amanullah Khan lost all the\nmilitary posts of the Eastern Province.\nTorkham and Dakka, the Afghan custom\nposts near the Khyber Pass, were plundered\nand the soldiers there disarmed. Not satis-\nfied with this and realizing the weakness\nof local officers and the ignorance of the\nCentral Government, the rebels advanced\nboldly upon Jalalabad, which they easily\nbesieged. After plundering the Government\noffices outside the city walls and burning\ndown most of them, they encompassed the\n\n16 احاطه کردن"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 44, "text": "city and the cantonment and cut the\ntelephone and telegraph lines, so that the\nCentral Government could communicate\nwith the city only by means of aeroplanes.\nThe Peshawar-Kabul Road was blocked and\ninfested with robbers. It was only then\nthat Amanullah Khan realized the dangerous\ncharacter of the revolt. But he committed\nanother blunder, this time of a very serious\nnature. Instead of putting a strong force\nin the field under experienced commanders,\nhe was content with sending small detach-\nments under inexperienced courtiers, who had\nnever seen a field of battle before and were\nutterly ignorant of military tactics. One\nof these favourites, Mahmud Khan Yawar,\nwas sent to the relief of the Jalalabad garri-\nson. It was his first experience of a soldier's\nlife. He marched as far as Nimla, twenty\nmiles west of Jalalabad, and halted. Numer-\nous messages came from Jalalabad, asking\nhim to march immediately to their help,\nbut he did not stir; such was the lack of\nco-operation between the various officers of\nAmanullah Khan. The rebels, on the other\nhand, although of different tribes, were better\norganized, had superior discipline and their\n\n17 B"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 45, "text": "sources of information were more numerous and reliable. They knew when and where to strike and were well aware of the military incapacity of Mahmud Khan. A handful of Khogianis surrounded him and after a brief struggle took him prisoner. His soldiers were disarmed and sent away. Most of them had been recruited from the Northern Province, the home of Bacha. When they returned to their homes, they related exaggerated tales of the weakness of the King's army and the strength of the rebels.\n\nThe news of the fall of Nimla and the capture of Mahmud Khan was a great shock to the besieged garrison at Jalalabad. The army was disheartened and a spirit of desertion began to spread both among the royal troops and the levies. عساکر اجیر The deserters, instead of seeking safety in flight or concealment, ran away with their rifles and either joined the rebels or infested the highways. The levies followed suit, most of them joining the Shinwaris. Sher Ahmad Khan, the commander of the Jalalabad garrison, finding himself entirely cut off from the Central Government, tried his best to\n\n18"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 46, "text": "come to reasonable terms with the rebels, by inviting them to a Jirgah. Mohammad Alam Khan, the Shinwari leader, was approached and consented to a parley. کنفرانس یا مذاکره Truce having been made, there was a lull in the fighting and at one time it seemed probable that the trouble would soon be over, and that Sher Ahmad Khan by his diplomacy and lavish promises of rewards would succeed in winning over the tribes and settling the matter amicably. Unfortunately, the recent behaviour of the King and his perfidious خاین در باری courtiers had produced such strong resent- کینه ment among the tribesmen that Sher Ahmad Khan, in spite of his very sincere efforts, failed to arrive at a suitable settlement. The first demand of the rebels was that the King should abdicate immediately, for they said they could no longer tolerate his misrule and his treachery. Their second demand was the permanent expulsion of Tarzi's family from Afghanistan, who in their opinion, were the real origin of the new laws and the so-called reforms. Sher Ahmad Khan was obviously not in a position to agree to these demands and informed the King of his failure. It was then decided to\n\n19"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 47, "text": "مطبعه عمومی کابل\nBachae saqao."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 48, "text": "مطبعه عمومی کابل\n\nThe Bacha and his courtiers."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 49, "text": "send Ali Ahmad Jan, the Governor of Kabul,\nto cope with this critical situation. It was\ngenerally believed that as he had great\ninfluence in that part of the country he would\nbe able to tide over the difficulty. Affairs in\nthe east were at this pass when a new and\nmore serious rising broke out in the Northern\nProvince, a few miles to the north of Kabul.\nThis rising developed very quickly and\nultimately proved the death-knell of Aman-\nullah Khan's regime.\n\nBacha Saqao.—Habibullah, better known\nby his nickname of Bacha Saqao, for he was\nthe son of a water-carrier, was a native of\nKalakan, a village situated at a distance of\nsome twenty miles from the capital. He had\nhad his training as a soldier in an Afghan\nregiment called Qita-i-Namuna, but his mis-\nchievous proclivities soon obliged him to seek\nrefuge in exile. He went away to Peshawar and\nthence to Parachinar. Even there he could not\nlead a peaceful life. He was several times\nfined and imprisoned. Physically he was a\nstout square-built man, of exceptional strength\nand courage, which was so well-known that\nin a case of theft, when a large iron safe was\n\n20"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 50, "text": "stolen near Parachinar, he was easily traced\nas the thief, because it was thought that none\nother than Bacha could have removed the\nsafe. When this man learnt of the general\ndiscontent of the people against the Govern-\nment, he thought the opportunity was too\ngood to be lost. Accordingly, he went back\nto his village and gathered a number of\nnotorious bandits around him. Taking\nadvantage of the ignorance and the spirit of\ntreachery prevailing among Government\nofficials, he infested the roads, plundered\ncaravans and robbed wealthy merchants, some\nof whom he took away with himself to\nthe hills and held to ransom. در بد خون بها Government\nofficials were indifferent spectators of the\ndrama; some of them had a share in the\nplunder; others, from want of experience, were\nincapable of realizing the danger of the situa-\ntion or dealing with it in a satisfactory manner.\nسطحی The lip-loyal courtiers deceived the King even\nاین موقع at this juncture. They kept him in ignorance\nof the true state of affairs and minimized the\ndanger. Some of them were secretly in\nleague with Bacha and helped him with arms\nand money. They advised the King to send\nonly small detachments of troops which were\n\n21"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 51, "text": "taken by surprise and easily overpowered. These defeats clearly demonstrated the weakness of the army and the treachery at the court, and were of great encouragement to Bacha and his partisans. Their numbers increased daily. Robbers from all parts of the country gathered around him. Government offices and treasuries were plundered in broad daylight. Military posts were stormed and captured ; the officers were put to the sword, and the soldiers either enlisted in his infamous band or were disarmed. This gave the men of religion the opportunity they had been seeking for long, of avenging themselves on the King, who had so long insulted their religion, trampled upon their susceptibilities, and had refused to listen to their grievances. In Bacha they found a man whom they could use for their own purposes. They declared him to be a Ghazi, a defender of the faith, and went from place to place inciting the people to rally round his standard. A large number of people now gathered round him, some to have a share in the loot, others to get rid of an unsympathetic Government under which they had been groaning for a long time. The secret help of\n\n22"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 52, "text": "those courtiers who had turned traitors, and lack of experience and sheer incapacity on the part of others went a long way to strengthen Bacha's position. Raids now gave way to pitched battles in which the royal forces met with crushing defeats. Thenceforward Bacha treated the prisoners of war with kindness.\n\nThe condition of the city of Kabul at this time may well be imagined. The news of the fall of Nimla, blockade of the trade routes and repeated reverses of royal troops in the north greatly upset the people. Prices of food-stuffs and other necessities of life were daily rising and added greatly to the miseries of the inhabitants. Exaggerated stories were told of the strength of the rebels and of their victories. Like vultures gathering over a carcase, people came from all parts of the country to secure their share of the plunder; and the presence of these undesirable elements was a source of constant terror to the citizens.\n\nFinding that he could not crush the insurrection, the King thought of playing off one enemy against another. He opened negotiations for peace with Bacha and his adherents, and promised them handsome\n\n23"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 53, "text": "rewards and high posts. Bacha was offered a Brigadier-Generalship and was asked to proceed with men of his own selection to Jalalabad to fight against the Shinwaris. The trick was too apparent and could not deceive Bacha who interpreted it correctly as an admission of weakness. It was a gross blunder and Bacha utilized it to his fullest advantage. Now that he had the authority of a royal warrant at his back and was a full-fledged Brigadier, he organized a large army and equipped it at government expense. Having thus strengthened his hands, he at once changed his policy, declared himself King and proceeded to attack Kabul. Some are of opinion that King Amanullah Khan intended to break his promise and take Bacha prisoner, but the latter having learnt of the King's true intentions by an uncommon act of cleverness adopted the course indicated above. The story goes that after concluding the agreement with Amanullah Khan and with a view to testing the latter's sincerity, he phoned to Amanullah Khan as from Ahmad Ali, Rais Tanzimia, the organizing commander of the Northern Province, and asked for the King's instructions concerning Bacha and his men,\n\n24"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 54, "text": "who, he said, were in his grip. Amanullah\nKhan in reply ordered him to take all of\nthem prisoners and send them to the capital\nunder a strong escort. How far this story\nis true, it is not possible to say at the present\nmoment, but this much is certain that soon\nafter the treaty had been concluded, Bacha\nenrolled a large number of men in his troops\nand declared himself King. He ordered Sayed\nHussain, one of his colleagues, to proceed\ntowards Jabl-us-Siraj, a strong military\nstation at the foot of the Hindu Kush, about\nfifty miles to the north of Kabul, while he\nhimself marched on the capital.\n\n25"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 55, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 56, "text": "CHAPTER III\nBACHA ADVANCES\n\nAfter the truce with Bacha Saqao had\nbeen made and its terms published in local\nnewspapers and official pamphlets, the civil\npopulation of Kabul breathed freely for a\nwhile and every one thought that the city was\nتاريك ومحزن now safe. Although dismal news from the\neastern front found their way into the city\nnow and then, and disturbed the peace of the\npeople in no small measure, the situation\nwas generally regarded as being within con-\ntrol. Ali Ahmad Jan, an experienced gene-\nral, was already in the Eastern Province,\nand Bacha with his band of robbers would\nsoon be on his way to assist him. With the\nnorthern question thus settled, it was hoped\nand with reason that the rebels in the east\nترسانده would be overawed and speedy settlement\nwould follow. Besides, the people thought\nthat even if Ali Ahmad Jan failed in his\nnegotiations with the rebels, the capital was\nnot in any imminent danger. The home of\nthe rebels was a long way off, Kabul\nbeing in the grip of a severe winter and the\n\n27"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 57, "text": "Shinwaris and other Eastern tribes, accustomed as they were to a milder climate, would not dare to make an advance upon the capital.\nBut the lull broke in a few days. On December 13, at about 4 in the evening, the citizens of Kabul were suddenly alarmed to hear sounds of rapid firing not far from the city. People were seen running about in different directions whispering that Bacha had come. Shops were closed at once and the terror-stricken citizens shut themselves up in their houses. None could say what the invasion meant. Bacha had entered into a solemn agreement; he and his adherents had been granted general amnesty for their past behaviour; they were no longer robbers and cut-throats, but loyal subjects of the King and their leader was a Brigadier-General of the royal army. How could they make an attack on the city after all that? It must be some other robber band who, aware of the impotency of the Central Government, wanted to have a share in the booty and, like Saqao, would be paid handsomely. But all conjectures were set at rest when it became definitely known that Saqao and his men had declared a Jehad against the King, and\n28\n\nغنائم وغنم\nحدس وگمانی"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 58, "text": "assisted by the nobles and Mullahs of the\nNorthern Province, were now on their way\nto Kabul, having already reached Shehr Ara,\nwhere the Habibia College was then housed,\nabout a mile from the Arg.\nBacha, after declaring himself Amir and\nDefender of Islam, divided his army into two\nparts. One of them was sent to the north\nunder the command of Sayed Hussain to\ncapture the fort of Jabl-us-Siraj, as has been\nmentioned above, while the other about three\nhundred strong, under his personal command\nmarched straight on Kabul. His plan was\nto smuggle his forces into the Arg in the guise\nof royal levies and take the King by surprise.\nOn the way, at Serai Khoja, he easily dis-\narmed the government troops, some of whom\nwere won over to his side by tact and promis-\nes of future advancement. He met with\nno further opposition and after crossing the\nKhairkhana Pass made a dash for Kabul.\nThis bold step on his part with only\na handful of men at his side shows clearly\nthat he was fully acquainted with the\nweakness and the apathy of the Central\nGovernment, and that some of the courtiers\nwere secretly in league with him and supplied\n29\nبی حسی\nبی میلی"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 59, "text": "him with all the necessary intelligence. The\nattack on the capital and on the person of\nthe King and the capture of the public\ntreasury in broad daylight had been thought\nout with such care that nothing but chance\ncould have thwarted Bacha's plans. He\nreached Bagh-i-Bala, a fortified military\nhospital about three miles from Kabul, with-\nout meeting any resistance. He took posses-\nsion of the place without difficulty and\nlarge supplies of ammunition fell into his\nhands, as the military magazine was close-\nby. It was from there that the War Ministry\nreceived a telephone message for the first\ntime, conveying the horrible news of Bacha's\narrival. One can easily guess the consterna-\ntion and perplexity of the negligent officers\non learning that the enemy was already at\nthe door, while they were wholly unprepared\nto meet him. Abdul Aziz Khan, the War\nMinister, was at his wits' end. It was with\ngreat difficulty that he could arrange to send\na few soldiers to check the enemy's advance\nand save the Arg from immediate capture.\nDistressing news went round the city. Bacha\nhad by this time reached Shehr Ara.\nWhile he was passing by the Military School\n\n30"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 60, "text": "a band of eighteen military students\nopened fire on the insurgents and kept them\nengaged for half an hour. They were,\nhowever, easily overpowered and disarmed;\ntheir number was small and they had run\nshort of ammunition. But their timely\nresistance saved the government from immedi-\nate collapse. But for their gallantry and رشادت\nopportune action, the King would have lost\nboth his kingdom and his life.\nRapid firing on both sides at last roused\nthe King in his palace, and opened his eyes\nto the seriousness of the situation. Some\neighty men of the Royal Guards came out\nand made a bold stand against the rebels.\nBy their courage and skill, they beat the\nenemy back after a bloody fight lasting for\nabout two hours. Bacha and his men were\ncompelled to retreat and take shelter in the\nHabibia College and the adjacent village\nof Kalola Pushtah. The tower of the\nHabibia College occupies a commanding posi-\ntion and the Royal Guards could not\nimmediately follow up their advantage. But\nan hour later, a few well-aimed cannon shots\nfrom the Arg compelled Bacha to evacuate\nthe tower and retire. He left the place\n\n31"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 61, "text": "under cover of the night and joined his men in Kalola Pushtah, whence they retired to Bagh-i-Bala. Nobody in the city slept that night. The foreigners had already sought shelter in their respective legations.\nDay dawned and fighting was resumed. Offices, schools, colleges and shops remained closed. There was no traffic and trade was at a standstill. Prices shot up, adding greatly to the distress of the poor. The danger to the city was increasing hourly. The gates of the Arg were closed, stores of provisions and other necessities were taken in and a sort of a siege commenced. There was no strong army to put into the field; the Royal Guards were not sufficient even for the defence of the Arg and none of them could be spared for an action with Bacha. The other soldiers had no experience of active warfare and were little inclined to fight for those whom they looked upon as their oppressors.\nایمان عقیده Even when matters had proceeded so far, the traitorous courtiers remained true to their creed. They misinformed the King as to the strength of the invaders and continued to soothe him with their flattery, telling him that there was really nothing to be anxious\n32"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 62, "text": "about. The few misguided rebels who had\nbeen foolish enough to attack the city, they\nsaid, would soon have cause to regret their\nfolly. But the King had by now fully realized\nthe unwisdom of his past actions and was\nsorry for having dismissed those straight-\nforward and trustworthy officers who alone\ncould have been relied upon in his hour of\nneed. He sent messages of distress to all\nparts of the country, calling for levies.\nPeople in large numbers hurried to the\ncapital in the hope of receiving ample\nrewards in case of success and a goodly share\nof plunder in case of defeat and collapse of\nthe Government. The city was choked with\nthese unwelcome guests from different clans,\nand the citizens were greatly harassed.\n\nThe royal magazines were thrown open;\narms and ammunition were freely distributed\namong the new-comers and those who offered\ntheir services. Everybody who could approach\nthe government officers was favoured with\na rifle and a few rounds of cartridges.\nWhen the news of this lavish and indiscrimi-\nnate distribution of arms and ammunition\nspread far and wide, large numbers of people\nflocked to the city. Taking advantage of this\n\n33\n\nC"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 63, "text": "occasion, some of Bacha's sympathizers\nappeared in disguise and were supplied with\nammunition and arms from the royal maga\nzines.\n\nمخزن اسلحه دربار است\n\nMost of the new-comers returned home\nwith their newly-acquired rifles, others infested\nthe roads ; some roamed about in the city in\nthe hope of finding an opportunity to loot\nsome wealthy merchants, while not a few joined\nhands with the rebels. Ghaus-ud-Din, chief\nof the Ahmadzais, a warlike Ghilzai tribe of\nthe Southern Province, received a large\nnumber of rifles on promise of faithful service,\nbut deserted the royal camp soon after\nand went back to his village. In the city\nthere was a universal feeling of hatred\ntowards the King and his government, which\nwas responsible for this unrest and internecine\nwarfare. The King was well aware of the\ngeneral hatred and dared not come out of\nhis castle or show himself in public. The\nfighting went on for some days without easing\nthe situation. The rebels had taken up their\nposition in Bagh-i-Bala, in Nau Burjah, a\nstrong mud fortress of nine towers, next door\nto the British Legation and at Kafir Koh, a\nhigh hill of great strategical importance. The\n\nبالسده\n\n34"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 64, "text": "royal forces and the levies formed a semi-\ncircle stretching from Kafir Koh to the\nWazirabad plain near the aerodrome. A\ncareful observer could easily see that Bacha's\nmen fought with spirit and enthusiasm; they\nwere better disciplined and better equip-\nped. On the other hand, there was no co-\noperation between the royal forces and the\nlevies and cases are known of some soldiers\nhaving been shot down by the latter. The\nGovernment was so incompetent that even at\na time of such imminent peril, it could not\nprovide the men with sufficient food and\nammunition; some of them had to quit their\nposts and come back to the city to fetch\ntheir own provisions. Most of the officers\nwent to the front at 9 or 10 in the morning\nand would come back at 4 in the even-\ning as if they were supervising a sham\nfight in manœuvres.\nGood luck, too, seemed to have deserted\nthe King.\nAeroplanes caught fire by chance, burn-\ning the pilots to death, armoured cars\noverturned or went out of order right in the\nfield of battle. Sayed Hussain had by this\ntime captured Jabl-us-Siraj and the hydro-\n35"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 65, "text": "electric power house which supplied electricity to the capital. He cut the line, so that the capital was deprived of its electric light, which added greatly to the distress of the people and made the prospect very gloomy. British aeroplanes flew over at this time of confusion and undertook to remove to Peshawar, at first the ladies and children and later the men of foreign nationalities.\n\nOn the fourth day a splinter of shell struck Bacha in the back and injured his backbone, making a deep cut though not a serious one. He fell down from his horse, and this caused a temporary alarm among his men. But he soon came round and controlled the situation as before and the fighting continued. The intensity of feeling against Amanullah Khan's Government can be gauged from the fact that when the news of Bacha's fall from his horse reached Kabul, the citizens, the majority of whom now looked upon him as their hero and the defender of their cause, prayed for his health and speedy recovery.\n\nAmanullah Khan took courage from this accident and did his best to win the public over to his side. After having\n\n36"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 66, "text": "remained shut in for four days, he came out of the Arg and proceeded to the public gardens on foot. There he delivered a harangue [خطابه بيلفن?] before a large gathering in which he promised them all they wanted, including the repeal of the odious [منفور] laws he had promulgated, [اعلان رسمی] and made an appeal for their co-operation. But it was too late. The situation had gone out of control, and the people would not listen to him any more. Some went so far as to tell him to his face that they could no longer trust his word. Pamphlets promising the rescission of the unpopular laws and the grant of a just constitution proved equally ineffective. On the contrary, they revealed the hollowness of the government and its utter inability to cope with the situation.\n\nIn spite of his injury, Bacha did not quit his place and there was no change in the front. On the 24th of December after a sustained battle of twelve days, a handful of soldiers assisted by some tribesmen, who had been offered some thousand rupees for this service, made a dash for Kafir Koh. They met with a stout opposition and much blood was shed, but at last they succeeded in\n\n37"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 67, "text": "driving out the rebels and managed to occupy\nthe hill. Having lost that commanding\nposition, Bacha thought he could not keep\nhis own, and under cover of night escaped\nwith his men to join Sayed Hussain, who\nwas by now absolute master of the Northern\nProvince.\n\nCoup D'etat.—The royal army was glad\nto find the field deserted next morning. No one\nsuggested or thought of pursuing the enemy\nand finally disposing of them. They let\nslip the opportunity and Bacha was allowed\nsufficient time to prepare himself for a\nsecond attack on Kabul. The government\nrealized its folly a week later. Aeroplanes\nwere sent to bomb hostile villages and heavy\nItalian guns commenced the bombardment\nof the Northern Province from the aero-\ndrome but with little success. In spite\nجانور وحش کننده of disquieting reports, the King yet hoped\nto hold his own, till on a foggy night,\nHamid Ullah, Bacha's younger brother,\nرخنه شکاف effected a breach in the royal lines and\nforced a general retreat. When intelligence\nwas brought to Amanullah Khan of this\nunhappy event, he realized that his days were\n\n38"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 68, "text": "over. He called a hurried council and abdicated in favour of his elder brother, Inayat Ullah Khan. The words he used on that occasion are memorable: \"The welfare of the country\" he said, \"demands that I should withdraw my hands from public affairs, for all the bloodshed and risings in the country are due to a general hatred of me.\" Next morning, accompanied by a few favourites he escaped to Kandahar by car, taking with him whatever of gold and precious stones still remained in the public treasury, the bulk having been already conveyed to Kandahar by the aeroplanes that carried the Queen and other ladies of the royal family.\n\nThe unfortunate Inayat Ullah Khan, the real heir to his father's throne, whom Amanullah Khan had deprived of his lawful right, was not to enjoy his kingship for long. At about 2 the news of his brother's abdication was made public and by 4 in the evening he found himself nearly besieged by Bacha's forces. A mission of some influential men, including Sardar Mohammad Usman Khan and Hazrat Mohd. Sadiq Khan, a younger brother of the well-\n\n39"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 69, "text": "known Hazrat-i-Shorbazar, was immediately despatched to inform Bacha of the change in the Government. But Bacha flushed with victory, did not care to surrender the fruits of his triumph. He saw that he was on the eve of realizing what he could not have thought of in his wildest dreams.\nتخلیه کردن Inayat Ullah Khan was asked to vacate the Arg, or else to prepare for battle. Negotiations went on for three days, and on the fourth day Inayat Ullah Khan signed an agreement with Bacha acknowledging the latter's kingship and promising to vacate the Arg, provided he was allowed to fly to India in a British plane. Thus, after a reign of only three days and a half, Inayat Ullah Khan, with all the members of his family left for Peshawar in British aeroplanes at about 2 P.M., on January 27, 1928. After a few days' rest at Dean's Hotel, he proceeded to Kandahar to rejoin his brother.\n\n40"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 70, "text": "CHAPTER IV\nTHE REIGN OF TERROR\n\nA few minutes after Inayatullah Khan left the capital, Bacha's hordes took possession of the Arg and the Public Treasury. The nobles and the remaining members of the royal family were ordered to vacate at once. At 5 in the evening Bacha himself with a number of his chosen friends entered the royal palace with due ceremony and declared himself the Amir of Afghanistan. The terrified citizens were asked to send in their written allegiance at once. Those who ignored this order were regarded as enemies and were severely dealt with.\n\nThe citizens, although they had a few days ago looked upon Bacha as the national hero, were in no way ready to accept a low born notorious character as their king. Their sympathies with him were only due to their extreme hatred for King Amanullah Khan and his regime. Having got rid of him they wanted to see on the throne of Kabul a wise and just king under whose rule and guidance they should be able to rebuild\n\n41"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 71, "text": "[Handwritten: وان؟]\ntheir battered position and to re-organize their\nscattered resources. One can easily guess\ntheir extreme disappointment when they\nheard the Saqaoists shouting in the streets\nof Kabul: \"Long Live Amir Habibullah, the\nServant of Islam.\"\nThe Bacha was not slow in forming his\nCabinet, which consisted of the following\nmembers :—\nHamidullah, his younger brother—Moin-\nus-Saltanah, Assistant to the Amir.\nSayed Hussain—Naib-us-Saltanah, Min-\nister of War.\n[Handwritten: رئيس تشريفات سلطنتى] Sher Jan—Chamberlain. He was by far\nthe ablest and cleverest of Bacha's\npartisans, and it was chiefly due to his\nefforts and those of his brothers, Ata-\nul-Haq and Mohammad Siddiq, that\nthe reign of terror lasted for so many\nmonths.\nAta-ul-Haq—The Minister of Foreign\nAffairs.\nAbdul Ghafoor—Home Minister.\nMalik Mohsin—The Governor of Kabul.\nMirza Mujtaba Khan—The Officiating [Handwritten: كفالت داران]\nMinister of Finance.\nOf these members of the Cabinet, four,\n\n42"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 72, "text": "including the Bacha himself, were illiterate\nand had no experience of administration what-\nsoever. But they were invariably assisted by\nSher Jan, the Chamberlain. But for the help\nof this man, the Bacha's regime would have\nbeen a very brief one indeed.\nDuring the period of nine months\nthat this reign lasted unspeakable atrocities\nand appalling cruelties were daily per-\npetrated, the poor citizens of the capital\nproviding the chief victims. The Arg was\nthe seat of this stern and relentless despotism,\nwhich trampled on every principle of law,\njustice and humanity, and which derived its\nright and power not from God or the people\nbut from the sword.\nSchools and colleges and all the useful\ninstitutions were closed. Libraries, labora-\ntories and the royal museum were sacked and\nrare books and articles of value were either\ndestroyed, burnt or sold at ridiculous prices.\nFor one Kiran (about 3 pence) down, one\ncould buy as many books as he could carry\non one's shoulders. No man of birth, accom-\nplishment or knowledge was suffered near\nthe person of this tyrant. Of the noblemen\nand the scholars those who could find a\n\n43"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 73, "text": "chance left the capital and took shelter in the\nremotest parts of the country, out of the\nreach of the Bacha and his colleagues.\nOthers who could not afford to leave their\nfamilies imprisoned themselves within the\nfour walls of their houses. But even this step\nof voluntary confinement was of no avail to\nthem; they could not escape the wrath of the\ntyrant or his officers. They were hunted out\nand dragged through the bazaars in the most\nignominious manner and large sums of money\nwere extorted from them by torture. In some\ncases the demand was so exorbitant that the\nvictim finding no other choice had to pay\nwith his life. Bands of these marauders\nprowling about the city would catch hold of\npassers-by and make them pay large sums of\nmoney or on their refusal enter their houses\nand take whatever they could lay their hands\nupon. Theoretically the Bacha was the head\nof the state, but in practice every one of his\nofficers had unlimited power and was not res-\nponsible to anybody or answerable under any\ncode of law. Even an ordinary soldier would\ncall himself mustaqil (i.e. independent) and\ncould by his own authority shoot any one who\ndared to incur his displeasure. But of these\n\n44"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 74, "text": "merciless marauders no one stands out so pro-\nminent in point of cruelty as Malik Mohsin, the\nGovernor of Kabul. This old rogue (he was\nseventy years of age) plumed himself on the\nfact that the Bacha himself had once been in\nhis service as a menial, for Malik Mohsin\nwas a big landlord in the village of Bacha's\nbirth. Those who were summoned by him\nusually took a last farewell of their family, as\nthey had no hopes of returning alive. He had\na separate prison of his own where daily a\nlarge number of people were tortured under\nhis cruel orders.\n\nWealthy traders were ordered to supply\nthe Government with huge sums of money,\nor in default undergo severe physical tortures.\nPrices were abnormally high, trade was almost\nat a standstill and nearly all the citizens\nwere thrown out of employment. Only those\nwho offered themselves for active service\ncould get employment, for the Bacha had\nthe provinces yet to subdue. But even the\nhigher posts were reserved for robbers and\nnotorious adventurers, and an honest man\nhardly ever rose above the ranks.\n\nWealthy people, important public servants\nand men of influence were the chief\n\n45"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 75, "text": "victims, for they created suspicion and fear\nin the mind of this illiterate tyrant. Dis-\ntinction of any kind called for punishment.\nWithout a witness, without even a show of\ntrial or an opportunity to defend, a large\nnumber of people fell victim to the insatiable\nwrath of this blood-thirsty monarch and\nhis cruel followers. Suspicion was considered\ntantamount to proof and a trial invariably\nled to conviction. No one could dare to\nargue and no time was allowed for such\npurposes.\nAs the days passed and reports of victory\npoured in from everywhere, the Bacha feel-\ning firm and secure ruled with increasing\ncruelty and tyranny. After those orgies of\nbloodshed, he became quite indifferent to\nmurder and totally incapable of pity or\nremorse. Confiscation of property, exile or\nsimple death were deemed uncommon\ninstances of his leniency. Most of the unfor-\ntunate victims were either blown up from the\ncannon's mouth or shot down; others were\neither beaten, bastinadoed, impaled, bayonet-\nted or starved to death. Sprinkling of boiling\noil over the body or putting the victims into\nlarge iron cages or cutting off their hands\n\n46"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 76, "text": "and even all the joints of their bodies one by one were ordinary daily occurrences. His chief victims were the officials of King Amanullah Khan and wealthy merchants or influential and learned men. The execution of innocent people was secretly bewailed [مخفیانه گریه کردن] by friends and families. No one could dare to express his sympathies openly with the victims or their relatives. Of these innocent victims of tyranny none were more lamented [افسوس خوردن] than Sardar Mohammad Usman Khan, a man of great learning and the Principal of the Arabic College and Sardar Hayatullah Khan and Abdul Majid Jan, two brothers of the ex-King. All three were secretly done away with and their bodies thrown into a ditch. After the reign of Bacha Saqao was ended, the corpses [اجساد] were dug out and buried in the royal cemetery in Bostan Serai.\n\nBy such extortions [بزور گرفتن] of money and forfeitures [ضبط اموال] of the estates and properties of the nobles and the wealthy merchants, the Bacha was able to accumulate enough wealth to meet the heavy cost of his large standing army and to win some of the powerful tribal chiefs over to his side.\n\nRealizing that with the mailed fist [قوای مسلح] alone\n47"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 77, "text": "could he maintain his position, the usurper gradually collected a powerful body of soldiers, chiefly recruited from the Northern Province. It was in constant readiness to protect his person, to impress the poor people over whom he ruled, to crush any rebellion at its first signs, and even to carry out his plan of the conquest of the whole of Afghanistan. He showed particular favour to these troops by paying double and treble salaries and by granting them special privileges.\n\nThough every means of injustice and extortion had been adopted in order to fill the treasury, the extravagance of his colleagues proved such a heavy drain that the Bacha was obliged to devise yet newer methods of extracting money. He issued paper currency which nobody would accept; and which the poor shopkeepers were made to honour at the point of the bayonet.\n\nThe foul mind of the tyrant was open to every suspicion against those who were most distinguished either by birth or merit. He suspected the students most and regarded them as his secret enemies. Whenever he was frightened at the false news of treason\n\n48"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 78, "text": "on the part of a student, his cruelty knew no bounds. In one instance a conspiracy against his person was either discovered, imagined or framed. A student, Habibullah Khan by name, was pointed out as the principal author of it. Another, Abdul Rasul Khan, was accused of being his accomplice. شریک جرم Both of them, together with Qari Dost Mohammad, were dragged through the bazaars, taken to the aerodrome and shot.\n\nNone could venture to raise his voice against these atrocities. Meetings and large gatherings were strictly prohibited and even those who were found whispering were punished. Thousands of people were under- going severe punishments in the dungeons سیاه چاه and praying for death to end their sufferings. Others had no peace of mind and were in constant dread of being robbed or put to death. Such was the deplorable condition of the unfortunate inhabitants of this land when the victorious army of Marshal Nadir Khan under the leadership of his younger brother, Sardar Shah Wali Khan, entered the capital, bombarded the Arg and after a gallant attack captured it; thus bringing to an end the cruel regime of the Bacha\n\n49\nD"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 79, "text": "The Bachcha and his brother."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 80, "text": "The Late Wali Ali Ahmad Jan."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 81, "text": "and the miseries of the people. A full account of this victorious march is given in a later chapter.\n\n50"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 82, "text": "CHAPTER V\nALI AHMAD JAN IN THE EAST\nThe narrative of the rising in the east after the fall of Nimla is in a great degree the story of the adventures of Wali Ali Ahmad Jan; so great was the part he played in that act of the drama. Ali Ahmad Jan, it will be remembered, was sent out by King Amanullah Khan to use his influence with the eastern tribes and thus quell the rising. This old general had set for himself very lofty ideals even in the early days of Amanullah Khan's reign. Slowly and steadily, he had won great influence in the Eastern Province and it was not surprising that during his stay at Jalalabad, he succeeded in persuading some of the powerful tribes to suspend hostilities and meet in a Jirgah. But Ali Ahmad Jan was not doing his best in this matter. In his heart of hearts, he disliked Amanullah's rule, and he had many personal grievances against the King, who had never treated him well or kindly, although he was the King's cousin and brother-in-law. Several\n51"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 83, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 84, "text": "promises of rewards, and some were forced to\nsign bond of allegiance, yet there were men\nlike Sayed Ahmad Khan and Mohammad\nGul Khan, the present Home Minister, who\nwere bold enough to refuse homage [بیعت] and\nto argue that this was not the time for\nself-approval but for action and that the\nfirst duty of every Afghan at this juncture\nwas to fight the Bacha, the common enemy\nof the nation, and to bring about his\ndownfall. When this was accomplished\nit would then be time to invite represen-\ntatives from all parts of the country to a\nGrand Assembly and choose their king.\nThey pointed out that any other course\nwould perpetuate civil war and ultimately\nruin the whole nation. But Ali Ahmad Jan,\nwho was too ambitious to listen to reason\nor friendly advice, punished and otherwise\ndisgraced the dissenters, and thus silenced\nhis opponents.\nHaving won over in this way a large\nnumber of men to his side, his next\nobjective was Kabul; for he knew that the\nfall of Kabul meant easy success in other\nparts of the country. But he wasted a\ngood deal of time in getting under way,\n53"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 85, "text": "while the interval was used by Bacha in\ngathering a large number of men and equip-\nping and organizing them under the instruction\nof Mahmud Sami, an experienced general\nand military teacher.\nAli Ahmad Jan had very soon to taste\nمطلبی the fruits of his procrastination. His forces\nat Jagdilak had been chiefly recruited from\nthe Northern Province, and naturally their\nsympathies were with Bacha, and when they\nlearnt of the latter's success in taking Kabul,\nthey made up their minds to desert Ali\nAhmad Jan. The news of their resolve came\nto Ali Ahmad Jan as a great shock.\nLeaving Abdul Wakil Khan as his regent\nat Jalalabad, he hastily marched to Jagdilak.\nBut even there he mostly occupied him-\nself in compelling people to accept him as\ntheir King, while all this time Bacha was\nstrengthening himself and everyday a large\nnumber of men were recruited and straight-\nway put under training by him. Bacha\nrecognized in Ali Ahmad Jan a most formid-\nable rival. No doubt Amanullah Khan had\nagain declared himself King at Kandahar,\nbut that gave Bacha no cause for anxiety.\nHe knew that Amanullah Khan was generally\n\n54"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 86, "text": "hated by his people and had no chance\nof winning back his throne. But Ali Ahmad\nJan was an experienced general and had\na regular force at his back with a large\nquantity of arms and ammunition, and\ncommanded great influence in the east.\nBacha sent a mission to Ali Ahmad Jan\nasking him to swear allegiance forthwith.\nThe mission met Ali Ahmad Jan at Jagdilak,\nwhere he was busy with his preparations\nfor the attack on Kabul. Instead of sending\nthe mission back with a reply he detained\nit for sometime, lest they should carry\ninformation to the Bacha regarding the real\nstrength of his army. But these precautions\nproved of no avail. His army, recruited as\nit was from different tribes, was of too\nheterogeneous a character including men from\nthe north who could not make up their\nmind to fight against the Bacha; as soon\nas an opportunity offered itself were only\ntoo willing to desert his camp to join the\nSaqaoists.\nThus he committed a serious mistake\nwhen he sent a detachment of troops towards\nthe Caves of Mullah Omar at a distance of\nsome six miles from But-Khak. the Bacha's\n55"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 87, "text": "outpost towards the east. Most of the\nmen in the vanguard were from the north\nand when they found themselves face to\nface with the Saqaoists neither side would\nfire, and ultimately Ali Ahmad Jan's men\nwent over to Bacha's side taking with them\ntheir arms and ammunition (February 1,\n1929). This proved a death-blow to Ali\nAhmad's prestige. With the best portion\nof his army gone, he naturally desired to have\na larger number of tribesmen on his side.\nThe Khogianis and Shinwaris were approach-\ned and by promises of handsome rewards\nand high posts they were won over.\nBut their leaders, Maliks Mohammad\nJan, Mohammad Shah, and Qais had long-\nstanding jealousies among themselves. When\nthe second detachment which consisted\nmostly of Khogianis reached Omar Caves,\nMohammad Shah went secretly to Kabul\nand had an interview with Bacha who\ntreated him very kindly and gave him\na large sum of money together with pro-\nmises of greater bounty if he succeeded in\ndispersing Ali Ahmad Jan's forces. On his\nreturn at Barikow, he met Malik Mohammad\nJan, who having gained knowledge of his\n\n56"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 88, "text": "سرزنش و ملامت کردن\ntreachery, rebuked him soundly. A fight\ntook place between them and their followers\nجنگ joined in the affray. As a result, both the\nleaders were killed. Ali Ahmad Jan soon\nfound himself involved in a bloody conflict.\nHis magazine was looted, and he himself with\nhis two sons had to fly for life, as some\nmen were anxious to take them prisoner and\nhand them over to Bacha in the hope of\nobtaining the proclaimed rewards.\n\nAli Ahmad Jan made straight for the\nLaghman Valley. Here he fell in the hands\nof a nomadic tribe, and if some of the local\ntribes had not come to his rescue, he would\nhave been taken to Kabul. After his\nrelease, he left for the Kunar Valley, and\nthence after many hardships, he at last\nreached British India through the Mohmand\nterritory and having stayed for a few days\nat Peshawar, proceeded to Kandahar to meet\nAmanullah Khan.\n\nAfter Ali Ahmad Jan's flight to Pesha-\nwar, the tribal feuds in the east took the\nform of a very serious civil war and this\nstate continued till the arrival of Sardar\nMohammad Hashim Khan, a brother of the\npresent King, who through his influence and\n\n57"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 89, "text": "friendly advice succeeded to a great extent\nin bringing peace to the unfortunate people\nof the Eastern Province.\n\n58"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 90, "text": "CHAPTER VI\n\nKANDAHAR\n\nA few hours after his abdication,\nAmanullah Khan left for Kandahar in a\nmotor car. He could not make good his\nescape by means of an aeroplane, as he had\nat first thought, because he was told that\nthe aerodrome was within range of the\nenemy. He was afraid that his passage to\nKandahar would not be a safe one. The\nsnow had fallen deep and the Ghazni-Kabul\nRoad was almost blocked. Moreover, the\nBacha had got wind of his intention and had\ndespatched a few of his men on horses to\nprevent his escape. Near Arghandi some\n12 miles from Kabul, his car stuck deep in\nthe snow and he had to wait for two hours\nbefore his men were able to drag it out.\nNo sooner did he leave the place than the\nband of pursuers appeared on the scene.\nThus it was more by luck than anything else\nthat he succeeded in reaching his destination\non the third day (16th January 1929).\n\nAt Kandahar the ex-King was received\nvery coldly. No one came out to meet him;\n\n59"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 91, "text": "the faces of those in the streets indicated\nplainly that they had no sympathy for him.\nHe was obliged to call a meeting in which\nhe fully explained to his audience the causes\nthat had brought about the revolution. He\nadmitted that he had committed blunders,\nand that in order to put an end to the\nbloody civil war, caused by his rash and\nmisguided steps and owing to the general\nhatred of the people for himself and his\nregime, he was obliged to abdicate in favour\nof his elder brother, Inayatullah Khan. In\nthe end, he asked them to co-operate with\nthe Kabul Government in establishing peace\nand to send in their allegiance to Inayatullah\nKhan. The audience did not promise any-\nthing. Some of them rebuked him for his\nunwise steps, others were bold enough to tell\nhim to his face that they could not help him in\nany way and that he should seek assistance\nfrom his ignorant and treacherous courtiers,\nwho were the real cause of this national catas-\ntrophe. In fact, they were not prepared\nto accept Inayatullah Khan or any member\nof his family as their king. Nor did they\nhold any brief for the Bacha, whom they\nknew to be a low-born illiterate person with\n\n60"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 92, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 93, "text": "be left in Kandahar to look after the local affairs. From Herat, he declared, he would proceed to Mizar-i-Sharif, whence he would lead an army for an attack on Kabul. By this time, the people had fully realized the danger that was in store for them. Rumours were rife that the Bacha was the worst enemy of the Durranis, whom he had sworn to extirpate اخراج و منهدم, and that a very strong army was being equipped to march on Kandahar to carry out his wicked designs. These horrible news roused the Kandaharis from their lethargy غش, and in sheer self-defence they promised Amanullah Khan full support with men and money.\nAmanullah Khan was not slow to avail himself of this opportunity. He once more declared himself King, and formed a Cabinet, which mostly consisted of those treacherous and ease-loving courtiers who had been the cause of his downfall. Some well-informed Kandahari Chiefs warned him against the consequences of such a repetition of his past indiscretions بی احتیاطی, but he paid no heed to their counsel, and when pressed very hard, threatened to leave for Herat rather than pass over his favourites.\n\n62"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 94, "text": "Slowly, the Kandaharis began to mobilize.\nLevies from Farah and Herat answered\nthe call. Abdul Ahad Khan, a Verdak\nChief and the present President of the\nNational Assembly was sent towards Ghazni\nat the head of the first detachment to stop\nthe advance of the Bacha's forces, who\nhad by this time succeeded in breaking\nthrough the Verdak tribes, and were marching\non Ghazni.\nThe Bacha, it will be remembered, had\nafter occupying Kabul, concentrated his\nwhole attention on the east, where Ali Ahmad\nJan, his formidable rival, was busy in making\ngreat preparations for an attack on the\ncapital. He had nothing to fear from the\nex-King; he knew his weaknesses and the\ngeneral hatred of the people for him. Besides,\nKandahar was a month's journey from Kabul,\nand now that the snow was knee-deep,\nthe Kandahar-Kabul Road was blocked;\nthere was no reason to apprehend an\nattack from that quarter. So he was content\nto send small detachments towards Ghazni,\nand station the major portion of his army\nat But-Khak to meet the onslaught of Ali حمله\nAhmad Jan's men. After the collapse of\n\n63"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 95, "text": "Ali Ahmad Jan at Jagdilak, and till the\narrival of Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan,\nthe eastern tribes being involved in internal\nwarfare, could give little cause for anxiety,\nand he could afford to devote his whole\nattention to other sides.\n\nFor the conquest of Kandahar, he did\nnot deem it necessary to send a very strong\nforce. He knew that the ex-King would not\nbe warmly received even by members of\nhis own tribe. Sher Jan knew the ways\nof frustrating Amanullah Khan's plans. In\naddition to the treacherous courtiers, who were\nSher Jan's friends in disguise, all the powerful\ntribes living between Ghazni and Kandahar\nwere won over by the clever Chamberlain.\nBut he had a powerful enemy to crush\nbefore his forces could co-operate with\nthose tribes and march on Kandahar. The\nland between Ghazni and Sheikhabad is the\nhome of the brave and warlike Verdaks.\nLed by Karim Khan, Lala Abdullah Khan,\nand his brother, Abdul Ahad Khan, the\nVerdaks were in no way prepared to accept\nBacha as their King, or to give him free\npassage through their territory. Money or\nforce could not influence them. Several\n\n64"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 96, "text": "times the Bacha tried to break through their ranks, but his attacks were repulsed with heavy losses. Many a time this small band of heroes succeeded in utterly routing the Bacha's regiments, and capturing large quantities of arms and ammunition. Once or twice the Bacha and his brother had narrowly escaped capture and death at their hands. Bribes, promises of high rewards and good posts could not deter the brave Verdaks from their determination. But unfortunately after a heroic resistance of some three months, Karim Khan, their leader, fell a prisoner in Bacha's hands, who had him killed. The loss of this able leader was a great blow to his followers and the Bacha's men were at last able to march through their territory and occupy Ghazni, before Abdul Ahad Khan who was sent from Kandahar had time to arrive at the scene.\n\nOn the 26th March, Amanullah Khan left Kandahar at the head of a large army. He encamped at Manzil Bagh about three miles from the City on the Kabul-Kandahar Road. Full four days were spent here in organizing and equipping his men. It was here that he got the sad news of an\n\n65 E"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 97, "text": "insurrection at Herat, and of the deaths of his Governor and the Military Commander.\n\nOn the morning of 30th March, he began his march and by stages reached Ghazni in sixteen days. All along the way the King had met with some resistance from the local tribes which he had easily overcome. But the royal army was extremely undisciplined and sacked some of the villages on the road. This greatly incensed the other tribes who were anxiously waiting for an opportunity to avenge themselves. They kept a close watch on this army and any one who lost his way or was left behind soon found himself in the hands of enemies, who did not show him any mercy.\n\nThe Hazaras did not fail to send in their levies. Large numbers of them joined the royal standard with the result that when Amanullah Khan reached Ghazni, he found himself at the head of a host of about thirty thousand. But it was a heterogeneous army utterly lacking in cohesion and not to be easily controlled by a few unprincipled officers.\n\nThe treacherous courtiers watched the movements of Amanullah Khan very closely.\n\n66"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 98, "text": "Wherever he went he was followed by one of\nthem. No real well-wisher of the King was\nallowed to approach his person, and if by\nchance some one succeeded in his attempt to\nmeet him, doubts were cast upon his loyalty\nand his words were discredited. بی اعتبار شد\n\nThe fort of Ghazni was easily besieged,\nthe enemy was cut off from Kabul, and it\nseemed probable that Ghazni would open its\ngates in a day or two. But every day that\npassed helped towards the demoralization of\nthis vast host. Important strategical posts\ncaptured after heavy sacrifices were soon\nafter deserted, clearly showing evidences of\ntreachery. Some of the loyal and experienced\nofficers and tribal chiefs such as Abdul Ahad\nKhan and Lala Abdullah Khan advised\nAmanullah Khan to quit the siege of Ghazni\nand march straight on Kabul through the terri-\ntory of the Verdaks, who were impatiently\nwaiting for his arrival. But the King did\nnot trust ; on the contrary, he sometimes openly\naccused them of secretly planning to hand\nhim over to the Bacha. These officers being شکست فاحش\nbitterly disappointed and checkmated every- خوردن\nwhere found it worse than useless to\nco-operate. The favourites now found\n\n67"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 99, "text": "themselves free to carry out their plans; urging on the King the futility of continuing the campaign, and advising him to seek his safety in flight, they soon prevailed upon him, and all of a sudden on the 26th of April at about 9 in the night, the order for immediate retreat was given.\nThis unexpected turn was a great shock to the well-wishers of the country. They implored the King to stick to his guns, but all in vain. The royal army was soon marching on the Kandahar Road in a very disorderly manner closely pursued by the Bacha's men and by some of the local tribes. At every stage they were attacked and fired at and large numbers were killed. Once or twice the King found himself encompassed by these tribal lashkars and could only make his escape after a severe engagement. With great difficulty he reached Mohmand, the last post on the Kandahar Road. He did not enter the city, but calling the members of his family, he left for Chaman in cars. From Chaman, he proceeded to Bombay, where after a short stay at the Taj Mahal Hotel, necessitated by the birth of his daughter, he left for Rome, where he has been living since.\n68"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 100, "text": "After his departure Ali Ahmad Jan who\nwas then at Kandahar once more declared\nhimself King. But he was not to enjoy\nhis kingship for long. The Saqaoists were on\ntheir way to Kandahar. The city was soon\nbesieged and Ali Ahmad Jan found himself\nsurrounded by the enemy and deserted by\nhis soldiers. The terrified citizens at once\nopened the gates. Ali Ahmad Jan with a\nfew of his faithful followers tried to force\nhis way through one of the city gates, but\nmost of his men lost their lives in the\nattempt and he himself escaped narrowly.\nHe took shelter in one of the private houses,\nbut was soon discovered, taken to Kabul, and\nkept in the Arg for a few days. He was\nparaded through the streets of the city in the\nmost ignominious way, taken to the aero- فضیحت\ndrome, and finally blown from cannon's\nmouth (July 9, 1929).\n\n69"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 101, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 102, "text": "CHAPTER VII\nGLIMPSES OF HOPE\n\nThe fall of Kabul into the hands of brigands and bandits and the inauguration of the Reign of Terror was everywhere received with feelings of sorrow and grief, but it told most heavily on one, who was at this time lying on the sick-bed thousands of miles away in a villa in France, pale and emaciated لاغر و ناتوان, and in a very delicate state of health. The doctors considered it essential for him to have perfect rest, and had ordered that no disturbing news should reach him. Yet his burning desire, to know how his motherland was faring, overcame the resistance of his brothers who attended on him and who were persuaded to read out the news to him constantly. For the frail خسته exterior concealed a patriot's heart which was bleeding at the sufferings of the unfortunate Afghans, and every now and then the spirit would feel restless and long to be by the side of the unhappy victims of bloodshed and oppression, but finding the flesh too weak would wait and brood and strengthen its\n\n71"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 103, "text": "H.M. KING MOHD NADIR SHAH AND HIS BROTHERS.\n\nThe late Sardar H. M. the King. H. R. H. Sardar\nMohd Aziz Khan Mohd Hashim Khan\n\nH. R. H. Sardar H. R. H. Sardar\nShah Wali Khan Shah Mahmud Khan"}
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{"book": "adl0973", "page": 105, "text": "determination a thousand-fold for the time\nto come. This noble being was none other\nthan Marshal Mohammad Nadir Khan, the\npresent ruler of Afghanistan, and with him\nwere his brothers, Sardar Mohammad Aziz\nKhan, Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan\nand Sardar Shah Wali Khan. On his sick-\nbed he had been watching the course of\nevents in Afghanistan. Finally when the\nnews of Bacha's success reached him, he\ncould no longer suffer his state of enforced\ninaction and asked to be taken to Afghan-\nistan. Neither the doctors' warning nor the\npersuasion of the brothers was of any avail.\nHe was told that the constant anxiety in\nwhich he was living had done him no good and\nthat the strain of a long journey might imperil\nhis very life. But nothing could shake his\ndetermination. All that he knew was that\nhis motherland called him and he dared not\ndisobey. On a stretcher they carried him\nto the railway station. People shook their\nheads dubiously and very few hoped that he\nwould manage to reach his destination. But\nGod had ordained that through him Afghan-\nistan should be saved. In the following pages\nwe shall read how this bold and courageous\n72"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 106, "text": "patriot rose, as it were, from his sick-bed and\nafter months of hard labour and innumerable\nsacrifices succeeded at last in restoring peace\nand order in Afghanistan ; but before we do\nthat, let us glance at his early life and his\npast career, for the man, who was soon to\nhold the reins of Government and prove to\nbe the Saviour of his country, had never\nlacked those qualities which later proved to\nbe his best equipment in the service of his\nmotherland.\nH. M. King Mohammad Nadir Shah-i-\nAfghan, the second son of the late Sardar\nMohammad Yusuf Khan, was born on April\n9, 1883. In him are united the two royal\nhouses of Mohammadzais and Sadozais. On\nhis father’s side, he is the great-grandson of\nSardar Sultan Mohammad Khan, son of Sardar\nPayindah Khan, the founder of Mohammad-\nzais ; and on his mother’s side he descends\nfrom Ahmad Shah Abdali (1747—1773 A.D.),\nthe founder of modern Afghanistan.\nEven in his early life, he was distin-\nguished for his prudence, determination,\nbravery and liberality shown on many a\nmemorable occasion and in the cause of the\nnation, which he has been assiduously serving\n\nبا سعی زیاد 73"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 107, "text": "since 1904. The value of his last and greatest act yet remains to be truly evaluated, although it is of course universally acknowledged that, but for the part played by him in the last phase of Afghan History, Afghanistan would probably have ceased to be an independent country.\n\nAfter completing his education, he joined the Afghan Army at the early age of 20, when he was appointed a Colonel of the Royal Body-Guards. But he soon showed uncommon ability and H. M. Amir Habibullah Khan was so pleased with his work that he was promoted to Brigadier-Generalship (1906). Three years later, in 1909, a rising broke out in the Southern Province and within a short time the rebels gathered so much force that they began to prepare for an attack on Kabul. Amir Habibullah Khan was at his wits' end and it was Sardar Mohammad Nadir Khan who saved ذکاوت the situation, and through his sagacity and bravery succeeded not only in rounding up the rebels, but in winning these tribes over to the Amir's side. The Amir was so pleased with his tact and generalship that he immediately appointed him to the post of\n\n74"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 108, "text": "Commander-in-Chief. During the remaining\ndays of Amir Habibullah Khan's reign,\nSardar Mohammad Nadir Khan and members\nof his family, all men of great ability and\nexceptional administrative capacity, did their\nbest for the advancement of their motherland.\nIt was chiefly through their efforts that pro-\ngressive measures were adopted by H. M.\nAmir Habibullah Khan, and so wisely and\nconscientiously did this noble family work\nانجام دادن in the discharge of their duties that wherever\nthey went, and whatever offices they held,\nمحبوب they endeared themselves to the people and\nعزیز شد won a high place in their esteem.\nThe family continued to serve the\ncountry in the reign of King Amanullah\nKhan and never willingly withdrew its co-\noperation. It was due to their heroic actions\nin the Third Afghan War (1919) that the\ncountry gained its independence. Had it not\nbeen for the military achievements of Marshal\nMohammad Nadir Khan at Thal and those of\nhis brothers Shah Wali Khan and General\nShah Mahmud Khan at Wana in Waziristan\nand Paiwar Pass, the Amaniyyah Government\nwould long have ceased to exist. H. M. King\nAmanullah Khan was not slow in realizing\n\n75"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 109, "text": "پایگاه دایمی و یادگار استقلال\nکه بدست اعلیحضرت غازی\nامیر امان الله خان پادشاه\nافغانستان تاسیس یافت"}
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{"book": "adl0973", "page": 111, "text": "the value of this historic success, and he\nerected a pillar near the Ministry of War to\ncommemorate this brilliant achievement of\nthe Commander-in-Chief. The words on this\npillar are :\nIn memory of the unique success and entry\nof the patriotic and national hero, Sardar\nMohammad Nadir Khan, Commander-in-Chief,\nby the valour of whose sword the Afghan\nNation won its independence from the British\nin the year 1298 (Solar Era), the pillar has\nbeen erected.\nBut the brilliant career of Sardar Moham-\nmad Nadir Khan and his brothers stimulated\nthe jealousies of the Court. Their long and\nlaborious services which had made them the\nidols of the nation, raised a host of enemies,\nwho were determined by every means in\ntheir power to bring about their downfall.\nThese worthless and selfish courtiers seized\nevery opportunity to poison the mind of King\nAmanullah against them. What they wanted\nwas that no honest man should be allowed to\nretain office under the Government, so that\nthey might be able to fatten themselves on\nbribes, and embezzle public money to their\nheart's content. They fully knew that so\n\n76"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 112, "text": "long as Sardar Mohammad Nadir Khan or\nany one of his family was among them, they\nwould not be able to carry out their mis-\nchievous plans.\n\nThe King, too, being young and raw, could\nnot see through their destructive designs. He\nsoon forgot the meritorious services of this\nnoble family and began to depend upon the\nadvice of those incapable and selfish courtiers,\nwho made him promulgate those unpopular\nlaws, which the nation was not prepared to\naccept and ultimately brought about the\nRevolution of 1924. Sardar Mohammad\nNadir Khan, then Commander-in-Chief,\nwanted to settle the matter amicably by calling\na Jirgah, but the King, led astray by his\ncourtiers who had absolutely no knowledge of\nthe military superiority of the insurgents,\ndeclared war, with what disastrous results\nwe have already reviewed (vide Chapter I).\nMarshal Nadir Khan knew the futility of\nsuch an action and in protest resigned his\npost. He was then appointed Afghan Minister\nat Paris, but even there differences with\nKing Amanullah Khan and his Government\nobliged him to resign and retire to private life\nin a quiet French villa. But though no longer\n\n77"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 113, "text": "connected officially with his motherland, he\nneither forgot it nor ceased to send his protests\nagainst the unwise steps that were being\ntaken. On their part his countrymen never\nforgot him and his long series of sincere and\nunselfish services. Thus we find that from\nthe very first day of the Bacha's rule, all\neyes were turned on him and his brothers, on\nwhom alone rested the hopes of the oppressed\n[خلاصی / = نجات] for their deliverance ; and on the other side\nwe observe that this national out-cry was\nnot left unheard. Though quite unable to\nmove, the Marshal determined to reach his\nmotherland at all costs. He could not keep\nhimself away when his countrymen were in\nthe grip of the brigand chief and undergoing\nthe oppression and cruelty of the Reign of\nTerror.\n\n78"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 114, "text": "CHAPTER VIII\n\nTHE JOURNEY\n\nMarshal Nadir Khan with his two brothers, Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan and Sardar Shah Wali Khan left Nice on the 25th January 1929. He was taken to the S. S. \"Kaiser-i-Hind\" on a stretcher. For the first few days of the voyage he was very weak [ل بیماری] and had repeated attacks of delirium [ن هذیان]. But even then he could not forget his motherland, and would not consent to discontinuing the voyage. Several times his brothers requested him to take a little rest in one of the ports en route, but the brave Marshal would answer, \"You know my destination. There is no rest for me till I reach there, dead or alive.\"\n\nFortunately, after crossing the Suez Canal, his health began to show signs of improvement, so much so that when the boat reached Bombay (10th February), the Marshal though still very weak, was able to walk a few steps unaided, and the attacks of delirium recurred no more.\n\nHe was given a hearty reception at\n\n79"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 115, "text": "Marshal Mohd Nadir Khan at Bombay."}
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{"book": "adl0973", "page": 117, "text": "the port, where a large gathering of notables had come out to meet him. Thence he was taken to the Afghan Consulate where a grand meeting was held in his honour. He was requested to give his opinion about the future of Afghanistan. His reply was brief and to the point. After expressing his deepest sorrow for the national catastrophe caused by the unwise and misguided actions of its ruler, he said, \"I am proceeding to Afghanistan solely with the object of doing my best to restore peace and order and to unite the different tribes now at war with one another. I cannot foretell the result, but this much I can assure you that I will either achieve my object or lay down my life in the attempt.\" His health did not permit him to stay long in the meeting, so he proceeded to the Taj Mahal Hotel, where he stayed for a few days, during which time, contrary to the advice of his doctors, he took no rest, but continued to study the Afghan problem and the ways and means of coping with the situation.\nMany newspaper correspondents asked him to give his opinion on the situation in Kabul. To all he would make this brief\n80"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 118, "text": "answer, \"Myself and the members of my\nfamily have resolved to serve the mother-\nland at this critical moment. Our only aim\nis to re-establish peace and to extinguish\nthe fire of civil war now ablaze, which if\nit last longer, will, we are quite sure, ulti-\nmately ruin it and deprive it of its prestige\nand independence.\"\n\nDuring his short stay at Bombay, the\nMarshal had a very busy time. He published\nsome pamphlets containing his views on the\nAfghan problem and sent these to different\nquarters of Afghanistan, asking his country-\nmen to abstain from the bloodshed and civil\nwar and to settle their differences by calling\na Jirgah, to which representatives from all\nparts of the country should be invited. In\na certain meeting at Bombay, he openly\ndeclared his policy in the following words:\n\"My object in going to Afghanistan is to\nask my countrymen to give up this inter-\nnecine warfare and settle their differences\namicably by means of a Jirgah, in which\nthey might elect a wise and energetic man\nfrom among themselves as their King. I\nam neither against King Amanullah Khan\n\n81\nF"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 119, "text": "nor Ali Ahmad Jan, nor would I take\nany steps against them. I will do whatever is\nbest in the interest of my country; and\nwill only take sides with that party or indivi-\ndual whose aim is to render sincere service\nto the country, and has the people's sym-\npathies.\" When some of the Indians\npersisted in their demand that he should\nwork for the ex-King and do his best to\nget back the throne for him, he would reply,\n\"I have the deepest feelings of sympathy\nfor King Amanullah Khan, and am extremely\nsorry for all the calamities that by his rash\nand misguided steps, he has brought upon\nhimself and his country, but as for his\nدوباره جلوس reinstatement I cannot promise anything, as\nit is not in my power to make the people\naccept him as their King. The election\nof a king is the right of the people them-\nselves and whoever has their love and\nconfidence and is a true well-wisher of the\ncountry will naturally be elected for this\nسخت و صعب onerous duty.\"\n\nFrom Bombay to Peshawar the Marshal\nwas everywhere received very heartily. Large\nnumbers of people came to the railway stations\n\n82"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 120, "text": "to catch a glimpse of the famous Afghan\nCommander-in-Chief on whom alone, it was\nwhispered, rested the fate of the country.\nThey would put to him various questions on\nthe topic and his answers were always in the\nstrain shown in the above extracts.\n\nPeshawar.—The Marshal and his brothers\nreached Peshawar on the 19th February. A\nlarge number of people and many influential\ntribal chiefs had come to meet him at the\nrailway station. During his short stay at\nPeshawar, he knew no rest, engrossed as he مشغول. مجذوب\nwas in a minute study of the problems lying\nahead. Ali Ahmad Jan and some other\nAfghans who were at this time in Peshawar\ncame to see him and supplied him with\nthe information they possessed and the local\nchiefs insisted that he should go to Kandahar\nand help the ex-King, being, strangely\nenough unaware, even then of the general\nhatred of the Afghans for Amanullah Khan.\nIn their blind and over-zealous sympathy\nfor a Muslim State, they wanted to force\nupon the people a king who had been tried\nfor several years and found wanting. Marshal\nNadir Khan, who knew his fellow-countrymen\n\n83"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 121, "text": "far better than these people, tried his\nbest to bring home to them the real situation.\nHe told them plainly that he was not against\nthe ex-King, for whom he had every sympa-\nthy; but that he himself had neither the right\nnor the power to force the people to accept\nhim as their king. He refused to proceed\nto Kandahar where the ex-King was making\npreparations for an attack on Kabul, telling\nthem plainly that he would not be able\nto do anything there. We have already\nobserved (Chapter VI) how Ali Ahmad Jan,\nاندرز who led away by the exhortations of these\nmen went to Kandahar, was unable to do\nanything useful and had ultimately to pay\nwith his life.\n\nMarshal Nadir Khan was too wise to\nbe led astray by these people, who had\nabsolutely no knowledge of the Afghan\nmentality and who in their religious fervour\nwanted that the affairs of a foreign country\nshould follow the trend of their desires.\nبیهوده Their abortive efforts relative to the Turkish\nquestion and the Caliphate problem had\nshown at once their earnestness and their\nsympathy for their brethren-in-faith, and\ntheir ignorance of practical politics.\n\n84"}
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{"book": "adl0973", "page": 123, "text": "most honourably and requested Sardar Shah Mahmud Khan to go to the Southern Province, and to use his family influence in winning the tribes to his side. Another letter was sent through Sardar Ahmad Shah Khan to the Marshal and his brothers in France asking them to return to their motherland, promising them the highest positions that they cared to have. But even Sher Jan, clever as he was, could not foresee that though all the members of this noble family had been ill-treated by the ex-King they were in no way ready to throw in their lot with robbers and brigands, whose rule was a national disgrace and, if prolonged, would prove fatal to the existence of Afghanistan as a free country.\nSardar Shah Mahmud Khan, who was on the look-out for an opportunity to serve his countrymen, was not slow to take advantage of this opportunity. He left Kabul with a few of his friends, and by way of Khushi and Dobandi, reached the Southern Province. He went from place to place holding Jirgahs and telling the people all about the Reign of Terror and the wretched\n86"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 124, "text": "and helpless condition of the people in general\nand the capital in particular. He tried to\nmake them understand the impending national\ncalamity and asked them to join hands in\nگم کرده / exterminating the cruel regime. He emphasiz-\ned the fact that within the short period of\nSaqao's rule Afghanistan had been nearly\nruined; her trade was crippled, her credit\ndead and her prestige gone. She was on the بسیار نزدیک\nbrink of complete annihilation and nothing\nbut a united effort could save them.\n\nIt was here that General Shah Mahmud\nKhan got the happy news of his brothers'\narrival in India. He was impatient to meet\nthem and to know of the health of Marshal\nNadir Khan. He, therefore, left for India,\nbut he had not to go very far. In\nParachinar, he met his brothers. The three\nhad a long talk wherein the General gave\nall the details of the revolution, with its\nattendant horrors. Needless to say, the\nsad story of Afghanistan's pitiable plight was\na long and a sorrowful one and the Marshal's\neyes grew dim as one by one the terrible\nimplications of the situation were unfolded\nbefore him.\n\n87"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 125, "text": "There was no time to lose. He resolved\nto enter his native land, to save his brethren\nfrom the cruel grip of the brigand chief.\nHe knew he had neither men nor money,\nnor good health. The enemy was in possession\nof the capital and the public treasury; and\nhad a formidable standing army well armed\nand well equipped. He also knew that any\naction on his part would lead the cruel and\nrelentless autocrat خود مطلق to arrest the remaining\nmembers of his family then in Kabul, and\nput them to indescribable وصف ناپذیر tortures. But\nnothing could deter him from his purpose. He\nimmediately despatched General Shah\nMahmud Khan with necessary instructions to\nJaji, and himself with Sardar Shah Wali Khan\nleft for Khost.\n\nKhost.—The Marshal and his brother\naccompanied by Sayed Sharif Khan and\nNawab Khan reached Khost on the 9th March.\nA large number of tribal chiefs and Govern-\nment officials had come out to meet their\nrenowned Commander-in-Chief on the Afghan\nborder. Noor Mohammad Khan's regiment\npaid its respect with a salute of 31 guns.\nMilitary bands, national dances and other\n\n88"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 126, "text": "واضحاً\nceremonies indicated explicitly the high esteem of the people for their well-wisher, who in spite of his ill-health had come to save them once more from destruction and ruin. Everyone sincerely hoped that they would soon see the end of their dark days. To them it was a day of national festivity and happiness. The Marshal, though still extremely weak in body, went round from place to place and embraced all the chiefs and officers who were anxiously waiting for him. Then he made a brief speech telling them how at a time when, due to his long illness he was confined to bed, he had heard the sad news of the revolution, and of the coming of the Bacha to the throne. The news had had no little effect upon his already weak constitution. But he could have no peace of mind. He could not bear to see his countrymen involved in a bloody civil war and undergoing the hardships and oppression of the Bacha and his partisans. On reaching Peshawar he had sent his brother Mohammad Hashim Khan to the Eastern Province, and himself with Shah Wali Khan had come to them to work together\n\n89"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 127, "text": "against the common enemy of the nation,\nwho through the treachery of the Court and\nthe misguided steps of the ruler had succeeded\nin usurping the throne and was heading for\nnational destruction and ruin. He finished\nhis speech by declaring that he meant to\nconvene a jirgah after Id, in which a\nprogramme of action would be drawn up\nwhich, with their help, he would try to carry\nout. After this he left for the Cantonment,\nwhere necessary arrangements had been made\nfor his lodging.\n\nThe general condition of the country at\nthis time.—Before narrating the activities of\nSardar Mohammad Nadir Khan and his bro-\nthers in this drama of national salvation, let\nus consider the condition of the different\nprovinces at the time of their arrival.\n\nKabul, the most unfortunate of all the\nprovinces, was, as we have already observed, in\nthe cruel clutches of the Bacha and his men,\nand people were living in unholy terror of\nthem. Thousands had lost their lives on\nmere suspicion, and many were still undergo-\ning various kinds of tortures in the dungeons\nand prison houses.\n\n90"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 128, "text": "In Kandahar Amanullah Khan had once\nmore declared himself King. But he had\nentirely lost his prestige and was held in\nextreme contempt. There was also a\ngeneral hatred for the Bacha, and all were\ndesirous of seeing the end of his cruel regime.\nHerat, though nominally under the\nKandahar Government, and governed by\nMohammad Ghaus Khan and Mohammad\nIbrahim Khan, was not in favour of Amanullah\nKhan, and was in no way prepared to help\nhim in recapturing the capital.\nIn the north the Bacha had succeeded\nin occupying Mizar-i-Sharif ; but there was\na general hatred against his high-handedness\nand cruelty, and every one was anxiously\nwaiting for an opportunity to avenge his\ngrievances.\nThe Eastern Province was involved in\nan inter-tribal civil war, and only the greedy\namong the influential chiefs, anxious to share\nthe spoils, had sent their allegiance to the\nBacha.\nThe Hazaras, like the Verdaks, were\nmaking a bold stand against the ingression\nof Bacha's forces, and had several times\nsucceeded in routing them.\n91"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 129, "text": "The province of Qatghan, though com-pletely under Bacha's sway, was groaning under his maladministration and tyrrany.\n\nThe Southern Province was yet un-decided. The people had many grievances against the ex-King, who had very cruelly treated them during the Revolution of 1924. Gratified at his abdication, they were yet in no way prepared to accept Bacha as their king. Unfortunately, there was no co-opera-tion between them, and their inter-tribal jealousies taught Mohammad Siddiq, Sher Jan's brother, who was then commanding the Gardez Regiment, to avail himself of the opportunity. He bribed some of the chiefs and thus succeeded in winning them over to his side. The result was that a sort of civil war had broken out, and the people had fallen upon Government buildings and cantonments, pillaging and burning wherever they went. Only three cantonments, those of Khost, Gardez and Urgoon, had escaped this general destruction. But even in these places the situation was very critical; the garrisons were beseiged and\n\n92"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 130, "text": "Government magazines were threatened.\nWhen the happy news of the Marshal's arrival\nreached Khost, the garrison turned out to\nwelcome him and for the first time in three\nmonths saw anything like a gleam of hope\nin the distant horizon.\n\n93"}
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{"book": "adl0973", "page": 132, "text": "CHAPTER IX\nDIFFICULTIES\nIn order to make a correct estimate of the true worth of the Marshal's achievements and to understand the full value of the part that he and his energetic brothers played in this drama of national deliverance, let us make a brief study of the various difficulties which they had to face at every step. Their courage and heroism were frequently put to severe tests; and they were called upon to make many sacrifices during the period of six long months at the end of which they at last succeeded in bringing about the fall of that cruel autocrat, the Bacha, and restoring peace and order in a country torn to shreds by the incessant civil war of nearly a year's duration. Several times were they repulsed, and strong military posts were lost. More than once were they nearly deserted by their followers. To the outside world—nay even to the Afghans themselves—at times it appeared probable that ere long they would give up the apparently\n95"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 133, "text": "unequal struggle and leave their country-\nmen to their fate. But Marshal Nadir Khan\nand his brothers were of sterner stuff than\nto leave their country and take refuge in\nforeign lands. They were resolved to win\nor die.\n\nOne of their greatest difficulties was\nmoney. The Marshal and his brothers, even\nin the earlier days of prosperity were by\nno means affluent. All the members of their ثروت\nfamily, throughout their careers, had held\nhigh and responsible posts, but they had\nthe expenses of a large family to defray, پرداختن\nand what they could spare was spent in\nacts of charity and benevolence of a national\ncharacter. The Marshal when he was Com-\nmandar-in-Chief had founded the National\nSchool—Maktab-i-Milli—and nearly half of\nhis pay and more than half of the income\nfrom his estate went to meet its expenses, by\nno means a small drain on his meagre income.\nNo member of this family had ever attempted اندوختن\nto amass wealth by the usual unfair means.\nWhen they entered the Southern Province\nthey were penniless and could not even\nfeed those who had hastened to flock round\n\n96"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 134, "text": "them. And unfortunately they had stepped into the poorest province of the country. In Kabul, Herat, Kandahar, or any other important town, they would have had no difficulty in obtaining money. But they were far away from these trade centres; and in place of money had to put to the best use they could the influence and the prestige won in the days when they had worked there as officers. Without any means of transport, with no commissariat مخزن قشون and insufficient arms and ammunition, they boldly stepped into the arena and trusted to luck. میدان مبارزه\n\nOn the other hand, we find that the enemy was in possession of the capital and the public treasury. The whole of Koh Daman in the north—that land of fine and غیور dauntless soldiers—was at his back. The wealthiest parts of the country and the best magazines were in his power. He also had in his iron grip the richest people in the land whom he could squeeze to the last farthing whenever it pleased him. Due to his resources, he had easily succeeded in maintaining a large standing army, well disciplined and well organized, whose number\n\n97 G"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 135, "text": "at the time exceeded fifty thousand. The\nmajor portion of this formidable army with\nthe best officers to command them was\nstationed in the strong military posts facing\nthe Southern Province. The Bacha seems\nto have studied the situation thoroughly and\nhad nothing to fear from other quarters.\nOnly two thousand men sufficed for the\nKandahar front; a few thousand rupees had\nfrustrated the plans of Wali Ali Ahmad Jan,\nand with only a handful of men his agents\nMohammad Qasim and Abdur Rahim Khan\nhad marched straight up to Mizar-i-Sharif\nwithout meeting the slightest resistance. But\nخواب گران the southern problem was a nightmare to\nthe Bacha and his counsellors, for they\nknew the general popularity of the Marshal\nand his brothers. They were not ignorant\nof their military skill. They also knew\nfully the warlike character of the southern\ntribes. But with their vast resources they\nfelt hopeful of ultimately bringing the\nتسلط Southern Province under their sway. The\nbest soldiers and most experienced officers—\nthe pick of Bacha's army—were despatched\nto the south. Mohammad Siddiq, Sher Jan's\nbrother, a general of no ordinary capacity,\n\n98"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 136, "text": "was appointed commander of these regiments. He succeeded in buying over some of the local tribes, who greatly multiplied the Marshal's difficulties by opposing his advance at every step. Among these tribes the Dari Khel stands out too prominently to be overlooked. Sardar Nadir Khan, while proceeding to Gardez, had to pass through their territory. The narrow valleys, the rugged خشن ناهموار mountains and the desperate opposition of the treacherous people, made his passage through this land next to impossible, and it was only after much difficulty and timely use of his diplomatic skill that he was ultimately able to cross that portion and proceed to Gardez.\nAnother difficulty, and no less harassing, was the false rumours concerning the Marshal's aim. By virulent سخت شدید propaganda the Bacha was trying to keep the tribes away from Marshal Nadir Khan. The only plausi- صورت حق بجانب ble charge that Saqao could find against him was the fact that he had been the ex-King's Commander-in-Chief and could thus be supposed to be working in his interest, to re-establish him on the throne. At every step the Marshal had to make it clear\n99"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 137, "text": "to the people that his sole aim was to\nrelease his country from the cruel grip of the\nبد بخت شقی ignorant miscreant and that he himself\nbelonged to no party. He had to tell them\nthat if he succeeded in driving out the Bacha,\nhe would leave the election of the king to\nthe nation itself to be discussed in a Grand\nAssembly, in which representatives from all\nparts of the country should take part. He\nhad no desire to become a dictator—he\nنفرت داشتن loathed the idea—or to force a king upon\nthem. Then the people would insist that if\nhe was not fighting for the ex-King he should\nhimself make a bid for the throne. This\nthe Marshal was not willing to do. He\nopenly declared that he had no desire to\nbecome king and that if the question of\nkingship was settled except by the Grand\nAssembly, there was no chance of a perma-\nnent peace in the country. It was not easy\nto make the illiterate people, who from cen-\nturies were accustomed to autocratic rulers,\nعادات comprehend these democratic notions and\nrealize their true value. The tribes still\nbelieved that the Marshal was fighting for\nAmanullah Khan and so bitter was the\nfeeling against the ex-King that some of them,\n\n100"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 138, "text": "preferring even Bacha's rule, began to oppose the Marshal. In spite of his repeated declarations and pamphlets explaining his object and his attitude towards this question, some of the powerful tribes such as the Sulaiman Khel and Dari Khel sided with the Bacha.\nAnother difficulty—and of a different nature—which the Marshal and his brothers had to face very often was due to the diversity اختلاف of opinions among the various tribes assembled round them. Some of these had long-standing jealousies and animosities among themselves and were always on the look-out for a chance to avenge their grievances. To settle their differences was not an easy job, because no side would give way; each would insist on deciding the question by use of arms. Thus at every step there was danger of a civil war, bringing into clash these tribes. It required all the Marshal's sagacity and diplomacy to keep this heterogeneous mass together.\nIn spite of all these obstacles and hindrances, the Marshal and his brothers decided to push on and to fight to the last, either to win or to lay down their lives in the\n101"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 139, "text": "MAP SHOWING THE\nLINE OF ACTION OF H. M. KING MOHD. NADIR SHAH\nFROM KHOST TO KABUL.\n\nROADS\nRIVERS\nVILLAGES\nTOWNS\n\nLINE OF ACTION\nHALTING STATION\nFIELDS OF BATTLE\nDURAND LINE"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 140, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 141, "text": "attempt. They knew they were fighting for\nthe national cause. For them it was a war\nbetween right and wrong, where the goal on\none side was peace, progress and prosperity,\nand on the other side cruelty, oppression and\ntyranny. And in their faith they found\nstrength, and hope inspired their actions and\nproved to be their greatest equipment.\n\n102"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 142, "text": "CHAPTER X\nLINE OF ACTION\n\nSoon after his arrival in Khost, Marshal Mohammad Nadir Khan sent letters to the tribal chiefs telling them that he had come to work with them in turning out the Bacha, and to do his best in restoring peace and order and thus saving Afghanistan from ruin and destruction. He asked them to assemble in a certain place and hold a meeting where these problems and the future line of action should be discussed.\n\nOn the 13th March—the 1st day of Id—all the tribes went to the golf links to توپ زنده say their prayers. After the ceremony, the Marshal got up and made a very pathetic رقت بار speech, telling them that that Id was the most unlucky day for the nation; a day of lamentation rather than of festivities. He explained to them all that had come to pass and the annihilation that threatened the nation. He asked them to lay aside their tribal jealousies so that they might be able to turn out the brigand whose very name was a disgrace to the nation, and had already lowered the\n\n103"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 143, "text": "prestige of the country to a great extent.\nSuch was the effect of this speech on the\naudience that there was general lamentation\nin Khost, and the happy day of Id actually\nbecame a day of mourning.\nIn Khost not a single day passed without\nseeing a large number of the tribal men\nanswering the call of help. On the second\nday of Id a batch of 1,000 men made its\nappearance. The Marshal with his brothers\nwent out to meet them. Such was their\nenthusiasm at seeing him that they danced\nand sang for joy. Their number daily\nincreased and everybody began to hope that\nthis tribal lashkar would soon be able to\nextirpate the cruel regime. But unfortunately\nthe many difficulties, some of which we have\nalready discussed in the previous chapter,\nmade immediate action nearly impossible.\nDispute between the Wazir Refugees\nand the Southern Tribes.—It was at this\ntime that the news reached the Marshal\nthat there was imminent danger of a\nserious fight between the Wazir Refugees\nand the Southern Tribes. These Waziris,\nwhose real home was in Waziristan, had left\ntheir territory and taken refuge in the\n104"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 144, "text": "Southern Province during the reigns of Amir\nHabibullah Khan and King Amanullah Khan.\nThey had been given some lands in the Khost\nDistrict, but the southern tribes did not like\nto see them on their soil, and waited for an\nopportunity to drive them out. Now, when\nthe chance came, they surrounded these\nWazir refugees and asked them to leave their\nlands or be prepared for war. The Waziris\nwere not willing to give up their rights and\nthe danger of a civil war was hourly\nincreasing. When the Marshal was informed\nof this, he despatched a few of the influential\nchiefs to settle the matter amicably. This\nmission at last prevailed upon the Waziris\nto give up their rights and the contending\nparties took a solemn oath that thenceforth\nthey would co-operate with each other and\nwould relinquish their tribal jealousies.\nThere was a general rejoicing on all sides,\nfor every one was fully aware of the ugly\nturn that the affair might have taken. If a\nsingle bullet had been fired from either side,\nthe matter would have been beyond control\nand the Waziris of the Trans-border would\nhave felt obliged to assist their brethren.\n\nAhmadzais' Lashkar.—On the 21st of\n\n105"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 145, "text": "March, Mir Ghaus-ud-Din Khan, son of Jahandad Khan, the well-known Khan of Ahmadzais with some other tribal chiefs and six hundred men reached Khost. The Marshal according to the Afghan custom went out to meet them.\n\nThe Jirgah.—On the 22nd March a Jirgah was held in which all elders and tribal chiefs took part. The Marshal opened the proceedings. He briefly described the revolution and the object of his arrival in Afghanistan. Then he threw open to them for discussion his suggestions for action and for coping with the difficulties. After much discussion the tribes unanimously proposed as follows:—\"Realizing the dangerous aspect of our country and with a view of relieving the nation from this catastrophe, we all propose that you should be our leader. We demand that before leaving this place you should accept our allegiance and give us full assurance that in case of success none but yourself would be our king. Specially we ask you to promise that you will have no connection whatsoever with Amanullah Khan who, as we have come to know, is now in Kandahar and is making preparations for an attack on Kabul, for we\n\n106"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 146, "text": "have lost all faith and trust in him, and any connection with him is regarded by us as a great offence.\" But the Marshal would not accept kingship. He said, \"My aim is not to take the throne, but I desire to settle the dispute that has arisen regarding the kingship. I advise you and those who are not present here that you should never pay allegiance to any one who has not been universally elected by the people. Otherwise civil war and disunion will never end. My sole object is the removal of these differences and the establishment, with your help and approval, of a Government on a firm and sound basis.\"\nThe refusal to accept the throne was not received without a murmur. But the Marshal was at last able to convince them and make them accept his view-point and it was unanimously agreed that they should proceed to Gardez and there invite the chiefs of all the tribes to a general assembly to discuss these problems.\nDifficulty in the Distribution of Arms and Ammunition.—Within a fortnight of his arrival, the Marshal had easily succeeded in having round him a large lashkar consisting of various tribes who, in view\n107"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 147, "text": "of the national catastrophe, were bent\nupon fighting to the last. But their old\njealousies and rivalries would often create\ndifficulties. And the first problem to be\nsolved after the close of this Jirgah was\nhow to distribute arms among these tribes,\nbecause every one of them insisted upon having\nthe lion's share. Moreover, the behaviour of\na few clearly indicated that they had some-\nthing up their sleeve and were probably\nbribed by Mohammad Siddiq to delay the\ndeparture of this lashkar.\nBut the personal influence of the\nMarshal once more prevailed and the arms\nwere distributed in such a way that all parties\nwere satisfied with it. The next problem\nwas the line of action—how to proceed and\nby what route. Nobody doubted that the\nlashkar would reach Gardez without difficulty,\nbut the Marshal knew that some of the\ntribes en route would try to put obstacles\nin his way, so he proposed to take a route\nwhereby he could avoid their territory. Finally\nit was decided that the Marshal himself\nwith the Jadrani Lashkar should proceed\nvia Jadran, Sardar Shah Wali Khan at the\nhead of Manglis via Mangal and Shah\n108"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 148, "text": "Mahmud Khan who had recently returned should advance via Jaji.\nNext day, when all was ready for departure, news arrived that a lashkar of some six thousand Mangals was coming to their help. The Marshal as usual went out to receive them. As soon as he appeared on the scene, the Mangals overjoyed at seeing him, fired a volley in air and a light shower of rain and peals of thunder added a note مسرت of jubilance to the scene. The Marshal, in spite of the rain, went round and met their leaders, and addressed them for 20 minutes, explaining his intentions and his plan of action.\nAfter he had finished his speech, a man from among the new-comers stepped forward and having expressed the heartiest welcome to the Marshal and his brothers narrated the causes that had brought about the revolution and the national catastrophe, emphasizing that all was due to the maladministration, luxury and negligence of the ruler and his immoral and irreligious steps towards the so-called reforms. He, therefore, requested that the Marshal should give them a solemn\n\n109"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 149, "text": "assurance that he would in no way side with or work for him. Once more the Marshal was obliged to reiterate his views. As for the throne, he repeated, that whosoever occupied it should be duly elected by the representatives of the nation who should meet for this purpose in a Grand Assembly. In the end he told them that according to the decision of the last Jirgah, he was proceeding to Gardez, in order to hold a general Jirgah there, and that he would abide by the decision of that assembly, and carry out its behests to the best of his ability. A few hours later, the Sabari Lashkar also came to their help.\n\nTribal Clash—At half past four every one was alarmed at the sound of rapid firing on all sides. The Ahmadzais who were inside the camp took the usual precautionary measures of defence. A few men were sent to find out the cause of the disturbance and discovered that the Mangals and Sabari tribes who had long-standing enmity were now bent upon avenging their grievances. But the Marshal\n\n110"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 150, "text": "was again successful in settling the matter\namicably.\nAnother dispute arose between the two\nJadran clans, but the matter was again settled\nwithout recourse to arms.\n\n111"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 151, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 152, "text": "CHAPTER XI\nPREPARATIONS—I\nTo Gardez.—The Marshal at the head of his lashkar left Khost for Gardez on the 27th March, but this distance of only fifty miles took him more than a fortnight—17 days, to be exact—because he had to pass through the lands of some hostile tribes, who would not let him cross their territory, offering as a plea for their hostility the fear that the Marshal was working on behalf of the ex-King. It, therefore, became necessary for the Marshal at every step to enter into explanations in order to allay fears and doubts. The first day's march lay through the lands of the Dari Khels, who were not slow in showing their animosity and offered stubborn resistance. It was proved beyond all doubt that this tribe was instigated by Mohammad Siddiq and that a passage through their land could not be effected without danger. The Marshal was thus obliged to call a halt and encamp in the strong fort of Babrak Khan. A few elders were sent to the tribal chiefs to explain to them the aims and objects of the Marshal\n113\nH"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 153, "text": "and his lashkar. But the Dari-Khels were\nobstinate and refused passage. They were\nunder the influence of a dervish, Levannai\nby name, who was in the Bacha's pay, and\nsuch was his hold over the tribes that none\ndared oppose him.\n\nDuring this time the Marshal was busy\nday and night in publishing pamphlets\nexplaining his objects and asking the tribes\nto co-operate and join hands against their\ncommon enemy, and thus save their country\nfrom utter annihilation.\n\nThe negotiation with the Dari-Khels\ncontinued for full three days. The only\nargument they offered for their opposition to\nthe Marshal was that he was a partisan of\nthe ex-King and was working on his behalf.\nWhen it was found that these people would\nnot listen to reason and could not be prevailed\nupon to accept even the assurances of a\nJirgah, the Marshal was obliged to use force,\nmuch against his will. After a few hours of\nhot and contested fighting, the Dari Khels\nwere beaten and the Marshal was able to\nproceed towards Gardez. Nothing of any\nimportance occurred for the next few days.\nThe lashkar found no difficulty in reaching\n\n114"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 154, "text": "Chankhawah via Orgoon and Zirak. At Chankhawah the Marshal was informed that all the tribes of Zurmat and Sari Roza had held a Jirgah in which they had resolved to oppose his advance putting forward the hackneyed معمولی plea that he was fighting for the ex-King. The strength of these tribes was well-known and it was impossible to force a march through them in the face of their combined resistance. The Marshal, therefore, despatched a few chiefs to remove misapprehensions. Negotiations dragged on for days but finally they were satisfied and not only repented of their rash action but promised to help the Marshal with men and money.\n\nOn the 5th April, he reached the military post of Orgoon. The local military force had come out to meet him, and as he passed through their ranks, he was greeted and welcomed with loud cheers. Large companies of tribal men also came to show their devotion for him. Some of their leaders went up to him and kissed his hands after the Afghan custom. His appearance was hailed with gun-fires, loud cheers and national dances. Wherever he went he found crowds awaiting to receive him. The Marshal was pleased to\n\n115"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 155, "text": "know that the military force of Orgoon had\nheld out in spite of severe threats from the\ntribes and had not surrendered their arms\nand ammunition. He promised to reward\nthem handsomely for their sincere services\nand their brave resistance against such heavy\nodds.\n\nNext day the lashkar left for Sari Roza.\nRumours were heard that the Sulaiman Khel\ntribes meant to oppose their advance. The\nMarshal did not like the idea of effecting a\npassage through them by force, for that meant\nwaste of time and energy, and dissipation of\nforces. Negotiations per proxy,he knew, could\nnot solve the problem. He, therefore, invited\nsome of their leaders and personally talked\nover the matter with them. He had to\ndeclare his policy once more. He said,\n\"At such a critical time when the welfare,\nprestige and honour of our nation are in\ndanger, how is it possible for any one of\nus to think of his personal welfare or\nindividual interests. The present deplorable\nstate of the nation demands that all of us\nshould sacrifice our personal interests for\nthe national cause. Let me tell you plainly\nthat I am working neither for myself nor\n\n116"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 156, "text": "for anybody else. My sole object is to serve my motherland, and to see it once more in perfect peace and order. Regarding the question of the future king of the country, I have to repeat my previous declarations that it entirely rests with the people. I have no right, nor am I willing to force any one upon you as your king. The election of a king is the right of the nation itself. Let the representatives from all parts consider this problem after the peace is restored. Till then let us work together and co-operate in bringing about the fall of our enemy. It was simply with this view that I left my sick-bed far away in France and have come to do my duty to my native land.\"\nThe speech had the desired effect upon the audience. All of them were won over and most of them repented of their rash and unwise actions and promised that not only they would allow him a free passage through their lands but would assist him with men and money to the best of their resources.\nThe next day's march lay through Zurmat. The local tribes began to show signs of hostilities. It was at first decided that the lashkar should proceed straight\n117"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 157, "text": "through their lands to the famous fort of\nNeknams, situated in the heart of the district,\nbut Mohammad Rafique Khan, its owner,\nrealizing his dangerous position, informed\nthe Marshal about the evil intentions of\nthe people, telling him that his advance in\nthat direction would be strongly opposed\nby the local tribes, and requesting him\nto avoid the route and proceed by some\nother way. The same evening the lashkar,\nafter so many hardships, reached the village\nof Ibrahimkhel—at a distance of some eight\nmiles from Gardez. It was here that\nLevannai, the notorious Dari Khel dervish,\nwith a few of his disciples came to meet\nthe Marshal. He expressed sorrow at his\npast hostilities and promised to help him\nwith his men in return for some money and a\nsufficient quantity of arms and ammunition.\n\nNext day the lashkar left for Baladeh,\nthe chief village of the Ahmadzai tribe,\nat a distance of some three miles from\nGardez. There the Marshal called a halt\nand determined to make this village his\nheadquarters for the time being. He did\nnot choose Gardez, because it was then held\nby Mohammad Siddiq and his men, most\n\n118"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 158, "text": "of whom were Kohdaminies, who were the\nBacha's partisans. In Baladeh, the Marshal\ncalled a Jirgah of the southern tribes. All their\nchiefs were invited to this meeting. Invitations\nwere also sent to Mohammad Siddiq, to the\nGovernor of Gardez and to other influential\nlocal chiefs, all of whom responded except\nMohammad Siddiq, who had no desire to\ndiscuss such matters. But it was at this\ntime that Allah Nawaz Khan somehow\nsucceeded in making his entry into the\nGardez fort. He won over some of the\nchiefs to his side, and asked them to compel\nMohammad Siddiq to take part in the meeting\nand if he refused, to threaten him that they\nwould withdraw their help. They at last\nprevailed upon Mohammad Siddiq who was\nobliged to leave for Baladeh, but he took with\nhim some three hundred men fully armed.\n\nOn the 15th April, S. Shah Wali Khan,\nwho had left Khost by a different route, also\nreached Baladeh, where this heterogeneous\nhost manned from widely divergent and\nmutually inimical tribes was massed together.\nMohammad Siddiq, not slow to realize the\npossibilities of such a mixed army, succeeded\nat last in bringing about a clash among\n\n119\n\nمخالف"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 159, "text": "the various rival tribes. In the evening, all\nof a sudden, there was rapid firing all round\nwith fatal results. Who the enemy was,\nno one could definitely make out. It was, how-\never, generally believed that Mohammad Sid-\ndiq was at the root of all this disturbance,\nbecause soon after the outbreak his three\nhundred men had secretly left for their\nheadquarters. But in a state of panic every-\nbody suspected everybody else. The dis-\nturbance did not last more than thirty\nminutes, but even in this short space of\ntjme many had lost their lives. When night\nfell, quiet was restored. Suspicion having\nrested very strongly on Mohammad Siddiq,\nand the Governor of Gardez, they were\nحفاظت taken into custody, and the next day the\nMarshal appointed Sayed Mohammad Khan\nand Abdul Ghani Khan to be the Governor\nand the Military Commander of Gardez\nrespectively.\n\n120"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 160, "text": "CHAPTER XII\nPREPARATIONS—II\n\nGardez and the East.—We have already\nnoticed that on entering Afghanistan the\nMarshal had sent Sardar Mohammad Hashim\nKhan to the Eastern Province. It will be\nremembered that this province was the first\nthat took up arms against the ex-King and\nthat it was mainly through their activities\nthat Amanullah Khan finally lost his throne.\nBut once the war lust حرص و جوش of the Afghan is\nroused, he cannot easily subdue it. After\nthe expulsion اخراج of Amanullah Khan, the tribes\nremembered their old jealousies and rivalries\nand began to fight against one another,\nmaking the prospect of peace very uncertain.\nIt was at a time like this that the Marshal's\nbrother made his appearance among them.\nHe went from place to place, advising them\nto give up this internecine warfare and to\ncombine their forces against the common\nenemy of the nation. Most of the tribes\nwithdrew from the civil war, but some had\nbeen bribed by the Bacha and continued to\nfight and thus obstruct the plans of Sardar\n\n121"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 161, "text": "Mohammad Hashim Khan, whose task was,\ntherefore, made extremely difficult. However,\nafter incessant efforts on his part, their\nleaders at last agreed to send a mission\nto the Marshal with offer of help. This\nmission from the east consisting of 130\nelders under the command of Mohammad\nGul Khan, the well-known Mohmand chief,\nmet the Marshal in Baladeh on the 19th\nApril. People from all sides flocked to see\nthem and learn their views on the question\nof the day. It was for the first time in\nthe history of the country that representa-\ntives from the two rival provinces forget-\nting their tribal feuds منازعات قومی had come together\nwith the object of combining their forces\nagainst a common foe. The southerners were\ngreatly pleased to see their allies and there\nwas great rejoicing on all sides. A jirgah\nwas held in which the mission submitted\na written document containing the views\nof the eastern tribes. The first few items\ndealt with the causes of the revolution, and\ntheir justification for taking up arms against\nthe ex-King. Then the situation of the day\nwas fully discussed. The document declared\n\n122"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 162, "text": "the Bacha to be an outlaw and a public enemy, one who was bent upon the destruction of the country and its people, and, therefore, considered it necessary that all the tribes should work together in expelling him and preserving national integrity. They suggested that the two provinces should, as a first step, send a joint mission to the Bacha informing him of their views and of the destruction that he had brought about and asking him to vacate the throne immediately, failing which he should be prepared for a combined attack from both the provinces.\n\nAll the eastern tribes had solemnly promised to ignore their mutual jealousies and enmities for the time being and to work unitedly towards the achievement of their common object, the turning out of the Bacha and his men. And finally the representatives from the Eastern Province keeping in view the past national services of the Marshal requested him to lead them in the field of battle in case of a war, as in their opinion no other person had the capacity for this respons- ible office. All the proposals were literally\n\n123"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 163, "text": "accepted by the representatives of the southern tribes and the meeting ended.\n\nCopies of the proceedings of this meeting were sent round to all the tribes. All except the Sulaiman Khel tribes answered the call. They would not agree and said they were busy. Furthermore, they demanded that if the Marshal was not working for the ex-King, he should send one of his brothers to them to lead them in their march towards Ghazni, where the ex-King was at the time busy in making preparations. This demand the Marshal was not willing to accept. His aim was to see the fall of the usurper غاصب and to restore peace and order; he was neither for nor against the ex-King; and on the very first day of his arrival he had openly and emphatically declared his policy. But the Sulaiman Khels would not agree. Their reply was astounding حیران کننده. They sent word that in their eyes Amanullah Khan was more dangerous than the Bacha and that only after they had succeeded in turning him out, would they turn their attention to the Bacha; and if in their opinion he was undesirable, there would be no difficulty in\n\n124"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 164, "text": "bringing about his fall. The Marshal felt\ndisappointed at the receipt of such a foolish\nreply and decided to proceed without\nthem.\n\nThe Bacha on his side was not slow\nin realizing the danger from the south. He\nknew that every day that passed lessened\nhis chances and lowered his prestige in the\npublic eye. He could not bear to see the\nMarshal and his brothers working in the\nsouth. True, Amanullah Khan was advanc-\ning towards Ghazni, but he had no apprehen-\nsion from that quarter, as he was aware\nof the waning prestige of the ex-King and\nalso counted on the timely help of his\npowerful allies—the Sulaiman Khels. In the\nsouth, too, he had allies and powerful ones,\nbut here he had to face an experienced general\n—a man of exceptional ability and held in\ngreat esteem. He was, therefore, compelled\nto devote his immediate attention to this\nside. An army about ten thousand strong,\nwell equipped and well supplied with arms,\nwas ordered to proceed straight towards\nGardez and take the Marshal and his men\nby surprise. Another was sent via Khushi\n\n125"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 165, "text": "to march towards Jaji where Sardar Shah\nMahmud Khan was busy in collecting a\nlashkar.\n\nThere was no time to be lost. The\nBacha had at his disposal motor cars and\nlorries and Gardez was only a day's journey\nfrom Kabul. The Marshal left Shah Wali\nKhan in Gardez and himself at the head\nof his lashkar marched towards Logar. He\nhad with him only two guns, four machine-\nguns and eleven boxes of cartridges. The\nfirst night he passed at Safed Qillah—the\nWhite Fort—at the entrance of the Tirah\nPass. In the morning Zalmae Khan, at the\nhead of his Mangali lashkar, left for Logar.\n\nOn the 24th of April at 9-30 in the\nmorning the Marshal and his brother left\nfor Charkh, a well-known place in Logar.\nHe reached the top of the pass at about\ntwo in the afternoon. Here he was informed\nthat some of the Bacha's men were encamped\nin Darvesh and more could be found in\nthe suburbs of Bedak or Charkh. At about\nseven in the evening he reached Charkh. Mir\nGhaus-ud-Din, the commander of the\nvanguard, on the pretext that he was not\n\nبهانه - عذر\n\n126"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 166, "text": "on good terms with the people of Charkh had gone to another village, Dabar, to pass the night. The Marshal did not favour hasty action. He wanted first of all to inform the Bacha of the resolutions passed in the last jirgah where representatives from the Eastern Province also had taken part and secondly he wished in the meantime to see the chiefs of Logar and discuss the situation with them. Next morning all the elders of Charkh came to see him. The Marshal gave them a cordial reception and then made a speech enumerating the various calamities of the nation and explaining his object in coming to his motherland. Then the resolutions of the last jirgah were read out, and the elders unanimously agreed to carry them out to the letter, and in testimony thereof put their seals and signatures on the document. A copy of the resolutions passed at this meeting was sent through Turrah Baz Khan to Pinin Beg, the Bacha's commander at Darvesh.\n\nThe Battle.—At this time the Marshal got word from Mir Ghaus-ud-Din who was then at Dabar, about two miles ahead of the lashkar, that the Bacha's men were on\n\n127"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 167, "text": "him and that he was running short of ammunition. The Marshal was greatly annoyed to receive this news. He did not like fighting to commence so soon. He had sent a protest to the Bacha and his men and had so far received no reply. This behaviour of Mir Ghaus-ud-Din clearly showed that he was not to be relied upon. He had not put up at Charkh as desired by the Marshal, and had commenced fighting without waiting for orders from him. But the present situation left the Marshal no choice. He proceeded to Dabar to join in the fighting which lasted the whole day, and did not cease even at night. On the 26th April in the morning the Marshal himself entered the field of battle and began to fire from one of the guns at the enemy's forts. After a few well-aimed shots one of the forts was totally demolished. By midday the Saqaoists were everywhere repulsed, and all the important places had been occupied. But at noon the enemy got sufficient reinforcements, their artillery fire increased and they began to assume the offensive from many directions. For one hour they continued their advance, but after this there was a pause, and then\n\n128"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 168, "text": "the lashkar made an assault and succeeded in re-occupying the lost places. Unfortunately they ran short of ammunition at this time. The demand was insistent and the Marshal was hard put to it to meet it. He managed at last to purchase a small quantity from the local people. Next morning there was a strong rumour that the Ahmadzai lashkar under Ghaus-ud-Din was dispersing in all directions and some of them had already crossed the Tirah Pass on the way to their respective homes. This treachery on the part of the Ahmadzai chief discouraged the lashkar very much. It began to retreat pell-mell in all directions. Some of the nomadic tribes who had been mere spectators of the scene now fell upon the retreating lashkar, slaying and looting whoever they could lay their hands upon. The Marshal did not lose heart. He tried to make a stand against the formidable hosts but in vain. He was almost deserted and with only a handful of men forced his way through the enemy, now in overwhelming majority. It was more by luck than anything else that he succeeded in reaching safely the Altamoor Pass, whence he proceeded to Sijinak.\n\n129\n175"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 169, "text": "Before leaving for Logar, the Marshal had sent word to general Shah Mahmud Khan in Jaji asking him to proceed via Dobandi and attack the enemy from the Khushi side. This was admirably carried out by the General. He succeeded in taking Khushi, where a large quantity of arms and ammunition, so badly needed, fell into his hands. From there he advanced on Zarghoon Shehr via Barg and Surkhab. After a few hours' fight, the Saqaoists were compelled to vacate the place and the General was planning an attack on the Wagha-Jan Pass at night, when he received the sad news that the Saqaoists had succeeded in taking Khushi and thus cutting off his retreat, and that the Marshal, owing to the treachery of Ghaus-ud-Din, had been obliged to retreat and was then at Sijinak. This was a very shocking news. The General saw that he was surrounded on all sides and even a retreat was well-nigh impossible. He became desperate and with a handful of men attacked the enemy at Khushi. But the lashkar was so disheartened that they had no desire to fight any longer; so the General was, like his brother,\n\n130"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 170, "text": "obliged to fall back and it was after many\nhardships and forced marches that at last\nhe succeeded in meeting the Marshal at\nSijinak.\n\nThe Marshal was in no way dismayed به هراس و خوف افتادن\nor disheartened. Even at this time in spite\nof the discouraging rumours that all was lost,\nhe kept his head. He would say, \"I cannot\nlose heart by such ordinary repulses. I have\ndetermined to fight to the last. Even if\nthere be nobody to help me, I, with my\nrifle, will continue single-handed to fight\nthe enemy, with the idea of doing my duty\nand averting باز داشتن from my nation this catastrophe.\nEither I will achieve my object or lay down\nmy life in the attempt to secure national\npeace and prosperity.\" Once more he\ninvited the tribal chiefs to a jirgah, telling\nthem that the repulse was not due to smaller\nnumbers or military skill but to the treachery\nof Ghaus-ud-Din, who was secretly in the\nBacha's pay; and that they should not\nthink of giving up this fight for the noble\ncause of national deliverance, for he was\nsure success would crown their efforts in\nthe long run.\n\n131"}
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{"book": "adl0973", "page": 172, "text": "CHAPTER XIII\nPREPARATIONS—III\n\nSijinak.—The repulse at Charkh so much\ndisheartened the tribal lashkar that the\nsituation appeared desperate and hopeless.\nTo make a fresh attack seemed impossible.\nStories of the overwhelming strength of the\nenemy were circulating everywhere. Every-\none was in a panic and disinclined to continue\na losing fight. But the old veteran and\nhis brave and faithful brothers were full\nof hope and courage. Marshal Mohammad\nNadir Khan had foreseen that the usurper\nand his blood-thirsty followers were no match\nagainst an organized and united offensive\nfrom the south. The discomfited lashkars شکست خورده\nwere encouraged to rally once more. They\nwere made to understand the importance\nof a sustained effort and were also shown\nthe dark future that awaited the nation in\ncase of their delay in taking immediate and\nbold action. Their confidence was once more\ngained and they were prevailed upon to make\na fresh attack. Every one vowed to expel\n\n133"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 173, "text": "جاسوس ها - قاصد ها\nthe usurper at all costs. Emissaries were\ndespatched to all the southern tribes inviting\ntheir representatives to assemble in Sijinak\nto attend a jirgah on the 12th May. The\nresponse was encouraging. The jirgah, how-\never, sat for several days without arriving\nat a definite decision. They were divided\nin opinion, some holding that renewal of\nhostilities would be heading for disaster.\nBut on the last day of the jirgah the\nMarshal stood up to make his momentous\nand epoch-making speech. He depicted the\nhorrors of the day and the untold miseries\nof the people who were starving and suffering\nat the hands of the bandits. He called upon\nthe audience in stirring language to stand\nup for the national emancipation. Every آزادی\none was moved, fresh enthusiasm was infused\nin them and they promised to do their best\nin raising a fresh lashkar for the common\ncause.\n\nMohammad Siddiq Commanding the\nتوطئه سازی  Southern Division.—Due to his machinations\nدسییه  and intrigues Mohammad Siddiq, as we have\nalready observed, had been imprisoned. In\nthe confusion that followed the discomfiture\nشکست - هزیمت\n134"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 174, "text": "at Charkh he made good his escape. He\nsoon joined the Bacha and advised him to\npursue the retreating lashkar, allowing it no\ntime to rally again. The Bacha and his\ncounsellors lost no time in turning this\nopportunity to their advantage. Mohammad\nSiddiq was at once put at the head of the\nSouthern Division, 15,000 strong. The army\nproceeded at a rapid pace towards Gardez.\nPassing the Altamoor they soon occupied\nthe White Fort facing Gardez, thus gaining\nan important strategic position. Mohammad\nSiddiq was himself a trained and experienced\nsoldier. When the revolution broke out,\nhe was at Gardez where he had been in\ncommand of the southern force for the\nlast five years. He knew all the southern\ntribes very well. He was not ignorant of\ntheir military skill, but he was also aware\nof their weak points, of their tribal jealousies\nand long-standing enmities, which he wanted\nto use to his advantage. He tried to find\nfriends and allies amongst them, and his\nefforts in that direction were to a large\nextent fruitful. The Sulaiman Khels and\nthe Dari Khels promised him full support.\n\n135"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 175, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 176, "text": "fell into the hands of the Bacha, he came\nto Kabul and entered the service of the\nbandit. He soon gained the Bacha's confi-\ndence and became one of his favourites.)\nThe contents of the letter were interesting\nindeed. The Marshal was asked to give up\nthe fight and to send his allegiance. He was\npromised in return any post that he would\nlike to have, and the full benefits of his\nproperty. Failing this, it was threatened\nthat all the members of his family, sixty-\none in number, who were then in Kabul,\nwould be at once put to death. Besides\nthis, Abdul Latif also brought the message,\nthat if the Marshal had any ambition for\nthe throne, the Bacha agreed to decide the\nmatter by drawing lots on the Marshal's\narrival at Kabul. The Marshal in the\npresence of all read out the letter, and the\naudience could not help bursting into\nlaughter, specially at the strange concession\nthat the Bacha was ready to offer. The\nMarshal's reply was in the following terms :—\n\nTo, Habibullah, the son of a water-\ncarrier,\n\nI got your message and the offer it\n\n137"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 177, "text": "contained. It seems to me that so far you are quite ignorant of my purpose and intention, and that your counsellors too have misguided you in this respect. My object in returning to my motherland at such a time is neither to have the throne, nor to share it with you. I have come here simply to do away with internal unrest, and put an end to this bloody civil war, which is corroding [فاسد کرده] the foundation of the nation. This national catastrophe has been brought about by you. Although due to your ignorance you do not realize the damage you have done to the nation, yet the sensible world lays all the blame at your door, and the day of reckoning is not far. Myself and my companions wish to see Afghanistan enjoying peace and prosperity, and on the path of progress. This is my goal and whosoever crosses my path, I would look upon him as a national enemy and would do my best to remove him from my way.\n\nA few days ago I sent you a message duly signed by the representatives of the east and the south. It was clearly pointed out to you that so long as you held the\n\n138"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 178, "text": "reins of the Government, it was impossible to\nsee peace in the country. You were, therefore,\ncalled upon to retire. You had the audacity جسارت گستاخی\nto refuse. Even now I am willing to give\nyou a chance, for I have come for peace,\nand have no desire to shed blood. Nothing\nwould give me greater pleasure than to\nrestore peace in the country, without recourse\nto arms. But I am sure that so long as\nan ignorant person like you remains on the\nthrone, the nation cannot enjoy peace or\nhappiness. You are not fit for the respons-\nibility that you have assumed, and no one\nis willing to accept you as king. I, therefore,\nonce more advise you to vacate the throne\nand to let the people have a king of their\nown choice. If, however, you are obstinate\nand crazy about the throne, you will be only\naggravating the existing troubles of the\ncountry, and I will be compelled to fight\nyou to the last. I am going to hold a\nsecond jirgah in the course of a day or two\nand the decision arrived at will be communi-\ncated to you at once.\nRegarding your threats to kill my relatives\nwho are now in Kabul, in case I refuse to\n\n139"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 179, "text": "accept your sovereignty, let me tell you frankly that you again misjudge me. If in the cause of national welfare I were to lose all my relatives or even myself, I will feel proud of such a noble sacrifice. Remember, O tyrant! that these threats cannot deter me from my determination.\n\n. . . . .\n\nOn the 17th May, the tribal representatives assembled again. All the tribes promised to send in their levies after a month as they were at the time busy cultivating their lands. But the Marshal could not wait, as Mohammad Siddiq was already on his way to Gardez. Something had to be done to check his advance. He, therefore, sent necessary instructions to Sardar Shah Wali Khan, who was then in charge of the Gardez garrison, and promised to send him help soon. Sardar Shah Mahmud Khan moved towards Jaji in order to divert the Bacha's attention. It was at a critical time like this that the Bacha sent another message to the Marshal through Sardar Ali Shah Khan and the notorious Abdul Latif. Ali Shah Khan, a cousin of the Marshal, did not hesitate to tell the truth and related the manifold atrocities of the Bacha\nمتعدد\n140"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 180, "text": "and his men in the presence of a full audience\nincluding Abdul Latif. He told the Marshal\nthat although all their relatives in Kabul\nmight perish at the hands of the tyrant yet\nthis should in no way affect his programme.\nHe added that they would all prefer death to\nan ignominious agreement, detrimental to\nthe general welfare. The Marshal had once\nmore to repeat his previous message, which\nenraged the brigand ruler to such an extent\nthat all the members of his family were\nthrown into dungeons.\n\nAttack on Gardez.—Mohammad Siddiq,\nrealizing the weakness of the Gardez garrison,\nadvanced rapidly. Before beginning bom-\nbardment, he gave the garrison the\nchoice of unconditional surrender by 3 P.M.\nThe few men who were inside the fort\nwere in no way prepared to meet the\nonslaught of this formidable host. Sardar\nShah Wali Khan was at his wit's end.\nHe knew that there was no time to lose, the\nenemy was already knocking at the door. He\nheld a hurried meeting to discuss the problem,\nbut few agreed to fight. All hope was lost,\nwhen suddenly Abdul Ghani Khan, a brave\n\n141"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 181, "text": "and energetic man, got up and made a short speech, telling them that he would in no case submit to the Bacha whose very name was a national disgrace, the blackest spot on the history of the Afghans. He said that he was determined to fight to the last, and if none joined him, he would face the enemy single-handed. Saying this he took up his rifle and left for the front. His brave words and bold example worked a miracle. He was at once followed by sixty men. The overwhelming host of the invaders now began to press on all sides, but these sixty men put up a heroic fight. Much blood was shed and the defenders in spite of heavy losses held on. They were hourly reinforced but at no time did their number exceed six hundred. At this critical time, the Ahmadzai lashkar arrived to the rescue of the beseiged. Fortunately, a cavalry of Totakhels and Mangals of Mirzaka sent by the Marshal appeared on the scene. The tables were now turned and the Saqaoists were dispersed. At nine in the evening the rout was complete. The enemy could not keep themselves even in the White Fort and had to cross the Altamoor\n\n142"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 182, "text": "Pass. Large quantities of ammunition and hundreds of prisoners fell into the hands of the victorious lashkar. Mohammad Siddiq, the commander, who was severely wounded in the thigh, managed to escape. He, with four hundred men, took shelter in Sahak—six miles from Gardez.\n\nThe victory was complete; but the danger was not yet over. When the Marshal learnt of the outcome, he, apprehensive as he was of a counter-attack from Kabul, sent about eighty men to watch the Altamoor Pass and a message was sent to Jaji asking Sardar Shah Mahmud Khan, either to attack Logar pesonally via Dobandi or to send a detachment there with necessary instructions and come to Sijinak himself. As foreseen, the Bacha, on hearing of the plight of his army, collected a large force immediately, and himself at its head, marched towards Gardez. It was in the Altamoor Pass that he was fired at by the eighty men already stationed there as a precautionary measure. The neighbouring tribes also came to their help, and the Bacha soon found himself hemmed in. It was with great difficulty that he managed to reach\n\n143"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 183, "text": "Kabul in his car. Once more large quantities of arms and ammunition fell into the hands of the lashkar.\n\nSardar Shah Wali Khan held a jirgah at Gardez in order to discuss the immediate line of action. Some were in favour of an attack on Kabul via Logar; others suggested that so long as Mohammad Siddiq was at Sahak, such a step could not be taken without danger. They proposed to send an ultimatum to the Sahak tribes asking them to hand over the Saqaoist general or to turn him out. To this the Sardar would not agree; he knew it was rather dangerous to send such a message. This would make these and the other local tribes take up arms against him. But very much against his wishes he was obliged to comply with their request. The Sahakis on receiving the message bluntly refused either to hand over Mohammad Siddiq and his men or to turn them out. A battle was now unavoidable. Both parties made preparations and soon afterwards the battle commenced. At first the Sahaki lashkar was beaten back and they were willing to sign an agreement, and to turn out the Saqaoists. But as ill-luck\n\n144"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 184, "text": "would have it, just at this time they got\nreinforcements from Kabul and the Sulaiman\nKhel tribes and immediately assumed the\noffensive. Gardez was soon in danger and the\ninhabitants began to vacate, flying for shelter\nto the far off villages. Sardar Shah Wali Khan\nheld out till the end. He sent a touching\nletter to the Marshal telling him that he would\nsoon be obliged to bid good-bye to the Gardez\nFort. He was already surrounded by foes on\nall sides, but even so he did not leave the\nfort till its residents who had so faithfully\nstood by him were carried to safety.\n\n145\nJ"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 185, "text": "His Majesty King Mohd Nadir Shah\nwith H.R.H. Prince Mohd Zahir Khan."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 186, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 187, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 188, "text": "CHAPTER XIV\nTHE FALL OF KABUL\n\nWith the disastrous مصیبت آور fate of Gardez due mainly to the unwise and rash actions of the tribes and their mutual discord, the مخالفت greatest stronghold of the south was lost. The Bacha was now in possession of nearly the whole country. Very little hope was left. From Gardez, the heart of the province, the Bacha could easily extend his tentacles شاخ حشرات in all directions. He would have no difficulty in establishing direct contact with the tribes. He would first try to bribe them and if that device proved useless he could use force, and would have little difficulty in bringing them to their knees.\nThe Marshal, however, contrary to the apprehensions خوف of everybody, was still hopeful of success. With the remaining few men, he repaired to Jaji, where Sardar Shah Mahmud Khan was busy in collecting a lashkar. The journey lay through a very wild and desolate ویرانه و متروک tract of land. It took the Marshal full two days to reach his\n\n147"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 189, "text": "destination. During these days he could hardly take any rest. Once only on the way, at a place called Hazar Darakht, \"One Thousand Trees\", he stopped to take food. The elders of Jaji had come out to receive him at Shiga, where he was given a cordial reception. Great rejoicings with tribal dances and beating of drums soon made them forget the hardships of the journey.\nImmediately a meeting was held. The Marshal was the first to speak and explain the causes that brought him to Jaji. He briefly dealt with the situation of the day, his aims and objects and the causes of the fall of Gardez. In the end he asked them to give up internal discord and work unitedly otherwise there was no hope of national salvation. Then one of the chiefs, representing the tribes, made a speech. He said, \"All the Jaji tribes are extremely thankful for all the troubles that you have undergone for the sake of this country and appreciate very much your past services to the nation. They express their deep sorrow on the behaviour of some of the tribes who, due to their ignorance, failed to realize the true\n148"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 190, "text": "value of your sacrifices. We consider ourselves fortunate to see you amongst us. This is the happiest day of our life and we will never fail to commemorate the anniversary of this day. We promise to abide by your orders and carry out your commands. Our lashkar is quite prepared and only awaits your instructions. We wish that under your guidance we may be able to rescue the nation.\" The Marshal thanked them for their sincere wishes and said that he was not in favour of hsaty steps. He would first try to bring about, the union of the various tribes, for in his opinion that was more important at the time than bringing about the fall of the usurper, and unless that was brought about, there could not be any permanent peace in the country, and all their efforts would be frustrated. بیهوده He, therefore, asked them to do their best to unite the various tribes at war with one another. He suggested that missions be sent to them explaining the urgent need of giving up their tribal jealousies and of making a united effort for the extirpation of the cruel بربادی کامل regime, and the restoration of peace.\n149"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 191, "text": "Consequently two missions were sent, one to Gardez and the other to the Eastern Province. A lashkar of some 2,500 Jajis under the command of Sardar Shah Mahmud Khan was sent to watch the Dobandi Pass, leading to Logar and to try to win over some of the local chiefs to their side. On the 30th June, the two missions left for their respective destinations. During this interval the Marshal kept himself busy with propaganda work. A cyclostyle was procured and a weekly paper Islah—the Reformation— was published which in the course of a few weeks began to prove very useful.\n\nThe mission sent to Gardez met the representatives of the tribes in the village of Totakhel. The tribes repented of their past behaviour, their selfishness and rash actions. They expressed their deepest sorrow on the departure of the Marshal and his brothers. They entered into a solemn contract promising to give up their mutual jealousies and rivalries and exert themselves under the guidance of the Marshal.\n\nThe General Condition of the Country at this Time.—Kabul, the seat of government,\n\n150"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 192, "text": "for the last eight months had been groaning\nunder various oppressive measures. The\nnobles and the high officials were either\nshot dead or were suffering tortures in\ndungeons and prisons. Most of the people\nwere unemployed and did not know how\nto procure their daily bread. Shops were\ngenerally closed and trade was at a stand\nstill. Afghanistan was entirely cut off from\nthe outside world. The Bacha and his men\nthinking themselves now masters of the\ncountry with none to dispute their rights\nhad increased their atrocities. Independence\nDay arrived and was celebrated at Deh\nMozang near Kabul with great ceremony\nand rejoicing.\n\nKandahar had submitted to the Bacha\nand was governed by one Abdul Qadeer.\nAbdul Latif, the notorious Kohati and the\nmessenger of Bacha, was in charge of the\nPolice Department. The whole of the\nKandahar Province was now part of Bacha's\ndominion. But the Kandaharis had by this\ntime realized their folly. During the days of\nKing Amanullah Khan they wanted a change\nof Government; but the change, when achieved,\n\n151"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 193, "text": "proved to be for the worse. Some of the\npamphlets and a few copies of the Islah found\ntheir way to Kandahar and had a salutary effect مفید\nin rousing the people. One of the Achakzai\nقوی ۔ فوری leaders, Mehr Dil Khan, was strenuously\nexerting himself to shake off Bacha's yoke.\nGradually he won a large number of\nadherents from amongst the tribes and the\nBacha's military posts were taken and the\ngarrison massacred. Feeling the general\nweakness of the Bacha's Government and\nthe universal hatred of the people for him,\nhe determined to march on Kandahar.\n\nIn the north the Bacha was very\nsuccessful. His agents Mohammad Qasim\nKhan and Abdur Rahim Khan took the\nwhole province without having an army\nat their command. Such was the general\nhatred of the people for the ex-King and\nhis officials that the soldiers everywhere\nشورش کردن mutinied, killed their officers and sent their\nallegiance to the Bacha. Abdul Aziz Khan,\nthe Governor of Mazar-i-Sharif, had to flee\nfor his life. But soon the tables were turned.\nGhulam Nabi Khan, a brother of Abdul\nAziz Khan, with a handful of Turkomans\n\n152"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 194, "text": "and other Muslim tribes of Central Asia\nswooped down upon the country from the\nnorth and within a few days was able to\ntake Mazar-i-Sharif and other important\nplaces as far as the Hindu Kush. Even\nSayed Hussain who was sent to oppose\nhis advance had to take shelter in Qataghan.\nBut at this time Ghulam Nabi Khan heard\nof the flight of the ex-King, and was so\ndisappointed that he at once made up his\nmind to give up the struggle. Collecting\neverything that he could lay his hands on,\nhe repaired secretly to Russia, leaving the\nnorth once more to the mercy of Sayed\nHussain, who did not fail to avenge his\npast grievances. The whole of the north\nfrom the Zulfiqar Pass in the west right\nup to Sar-i-Kul in the east was now in the\ngrip of the Bacha and his men.\n\nIn the east, Sardar Mohammad Hashim\nKhan was going from place to place asking\nthe tribes to give up their internecine warfare.\nHe had been able to restore order and\nto form a temporary Government whose\nseat was at Kajja. At last he collected\na small lashkar. It was sent to attack\n\n153"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 195, "text": "Kabul from the east simultaneously with\nthe attack of the lashkar from the south.\nBut unfortunately the southern lashkar had\nto fall back and the Bacha had time to\ncontrol the situation; and the eastern\nexpedition failed to do anything. The Bacha\nبلندترین was at this time at the zenith of his power.\nHe was now the master of the whole country.\nEven Gardez, the strongest military post of\nthe south, was in his possession. Yet he\ncould not feel at ease. The Marshal with\nhis brothers was still in Jaji busy with his\nwork in uniting the tribes and organizing\na lashkar. The Bacha managed to collect\na large army, about 50,000 strong, with the\nintention of attacking Jaji from different\nشروع کرد points. But before he was able to embark\non his expedition at the head of this\nformidable force, the Marshal thought of\na plan of dividing his forces. Sardar Shah\nMahmud Khan commenced his advance on\nGardez, thus keeping busy the Bacha's\ngarrison there. The enemy was obliged to\nstation an army of about 10,000 at Karez-i-\nDarvesh on the Kabul-Gardez Road.\n\nIn the east Sardar Mohammad Hashim\n\n154"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 196, "text": "Khan was asked to prepare another lashkar\nand to threaten the Bacha's eastern flank,\nwith the result that the Bacha had to send\na large portion of his army to the east.\nHamidullah, Bacha's younger brother, was\nmade the commander of this section. After\na short resistance, Sardar Mohammad Hashim\nKhan began to retreat and the enemy thinking\nthemselves victorious made a hot pursuit.\nBut their difficulties increased daily. Every\nday brought new troubles. If one tribe was\nsubjugated, another in a different quarter\nwould rise and more reinforcements had to be\nsent from the capital.\n\nThe Marshal, on the other hand, watched\nthe course of events very carefully. He\nalso made preparations on a larger scale.\nInvitations were sent to some trans-border\nAfghan tribes. The Orakzais were the first\nto respond. But as their way lay through\nBritish territory, they could not come to Jaji\nwithout the consent of that Government.\nH. Mohammad Akbar Khan was sent to\nconsult the Political Officer at Parachinar.\nBut the Government of India declaring its\nstrict neutrality refused passage. The\n\n155"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 197, "text": "Waziris were next approached. A mission consisting of Allah Nawaz Khan, Nawab Khan, Jan Gul Khan and Abdul Rahim Khan left Ali Khel on the 5th August. Meanwhile, the Marshal collected stores of provisions at different places for the expected lashkar and at the same time worked busily with the cyclostyle. Soon lashkars from all sides began to pour in Ali Khel. The Chamkani lashkar under the command of General Shah Mahmud Khan left for Mirzaka. This journey took him three days. On reaching the place, the General began to win over the local tribes to his side, with a view to attack Gardez. The Ahmadzais and Totakhels sent in their men. The Saqaoists, annoyed to see such a state of affairs so close to Gardez, fell upon them, but after a contested fight of two days, took to their heels. They were closely pursued by the lashkar. But due to rapid artillery fire and the strong position of the fort, Gardez could not be taken. The next day, the Saqaoists were greatly reinforced. They once more came out to meet the lashkar in the open field. A fight took place\n\n156"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 198, "text": "in the suburbs of Tor and Speen, and\nlasted for two days. Both sides suffered\nheavy casualties. The Saqaoists were again\nbeaten, leaving a large number of prisoners,\nand plenty of arms and ammunition.\n\nThe Dash for the Capital.—At this junc-\nture the Waziri lashkar arrived, and the\nMarshal thought of making a dash for the\ncapital from a direction which the Bacha\ncould have little imagined. Sardar Shah\nWali Khan was ordered to proceed via\nDobandi to the Logar Valley. He com-\nmenced his memorable march on the 29th\nSeptember. His first objective was the post\nof Khushi, which he had little difficulty in\noccupying. From this place as his head-\nquarters he sent a detachment of some 1,000\nmen to attack the Wagho-Jan Pass—the key\nto Kabul. In the evening the lashkar reached\nthe pass, and attacked the enemy. The\nbattle lasted all through the night, and when\nthe dawn broke, the Saqaoists found them-\nselves surrounded, and had to yield. Besides\nprisoners, a large quantity of arms and\nammunition fell into the hands of the victors.\nThe lashkar returned to Khushi with the\n\n157"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 199, "text": "booty. The Sardar was highly pleased to\nlearn of their success but immediately sent\nتعداد another batch to guard the pass, which had,\nhowever, been reoccupied by the enemy in\nthe interval. A second fight had to be fought.\nAt the same time another lashkar under\nAllah Nawaz Khan was sent to attack the\nSaqaoists at Mohammad Agha. The place\nwas stormed; large quantity of arms and\nammunition were taken. Another detach-\nment proceeded to the help of those who\nwere fighting for Wagho-Jan Pass, and\nattacked the enemy from the other side.\nThe Saqaoists lost heart and dispersed. The\npass was occupied and a guard posted there.\n\nFor the last forty-eight hours since the\ncommencement of the battle, the Sardar\nhad no rest. He was busy in sending men,\nammunition and provisions wherever needed.\nBut he was hopeful of his success as he\nwas aware of the growing hatred of the\npeople for the Bacha and his reign, and\nthe demoralized condition of his army.\nKabul was 20 miles to the north—a\ndistance of five hours' march. He knew it\nwas the right time to strike. After his initial\n\n158"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 200, "text": "successes at Mohammad Agha, Allah Nawaz\nKhan was ordered to proceed towards Char\nAsia, which he occupied the next day, and\nhe was soon joined by the Sardar with all his\nmen. The Sardar now divided his lashkar into\ntwo parts. One batch under Allah Nawaz Khan\nand Mohammad Gul Khan was ordered to pro-\nceed via Sang-i-Navishta and Bini Hisar and\nhe himself at the head of the other division\nadvanced on Kabul by way of Char-Deh.\nHe had no difficulty in reaching Chehl-Stoon,\nabout two miles to the south of Kabul. All\nthe points of strategic importance near Kabul\nwere taken. The Bacha in the meantime\nwas not idle. He fortified the Asmai, Sher\nDarwaza and the Maranjan Hills, command-\ning the Arg and the city of Kabul; and\nall the members of the Marshal's family\nwere taken to the Arg and put into dungeons.\n\nاز گرسنگی تلف شده The Night of Suspense.-The panic-\nstricken and famished people of the capital\nwere too excited to sleep that night. Impa-\ntiently they peered into the darkness, intently\nlistening for the first sounds of the invading\narmy's approach; the consternation of the وحشت\nBacha and his men adding to their secret joy.\n\n159"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 201, "text": "The Dawn of Hope.—The day dawned and the lashkar from the Bini Hisar began to advance. The Bacha himself went to Maranjan Hill and offered resistance. Thrice the lashkar attempted to enter the city but each time the heavy artillery fire from the enemy compelled them to retreat. The following night the lashkar again made an attempt and after a few hours' fighting succeeded in breaking their lines and reached the Chaman-i-Hazoori, the playgrounds on the outskirts of the city. At the same time Sardar Shah Wali Khan also entered the city in the face of heavy artillery fire (October 9th, 1929). The Saqaoists were beaten at every point and most of them left for Koh Daman, while a few took shelter in the Arg where the Bacha was making his last stand. There was general rejoicing in the city. The Bacha's officials decamped and the Sardar had no difficulty in restoring order and peace. Everywhere the citizens came out to meet him, and congratulated him on his success. Bands were played, drums beaten and songs sung in his honour. But the Sardar knew that\n\n160"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 202, "text": "the danger was not yet over. The most\ncritical time had yet to come. The Bacha\nwith his chosen adherents was inside the\nArg, and all the members of the Marshal's\nfamily were kept there to be put to death\nas soon as the Arg was bombarded. The\nBacha sent word that each bullet fired in\nthat direction would find one of his relatives\nas its victim. Sardar Shah Wali Khan had\nto communicate with the Marshal on this\npoint. In the evening, Purdil, the Bacha's\nCommander-in-Chief with all the men at\nhis command, attacked the city from the\nPaghman side. Sardar Shah Wali Khan\nand General Shah Mahmud Khan with a\nhandful of men went out to meet him.\nNear Shehr Ara, the old Habibia College\nbuilding, a decisive battle was fought, and\nfortune once more favoured the heroes;\nPurdil himself was mortally wounded.\nOn the 11th October, the Sardar received\na reply to his letter sent to the Marshal.\nThis letter showed how the Marshal was ready\nto make the heaviest sacrifice for the sake\nof his motherland. He ordered his brother\nto commence bombardment immediately.\n161\nK"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 203, "text": "منظره کابل"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 204, "text": "The Marshal in the Balahissar, Kabul."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 205, "text": "The letter ran thus :-\" At this crisis when the choice lies between the safety of my relatives and the safety of the nation, I do not hesitate to sacrifice the former. I, therefore, command you to begin bombardment of the Arg immediately without the slightest consideration for our dear ones.\" The Sardar on receiving the order did not flinch for a moment. With tears in his eyes, he began to bombard the Arg. During the night a fruitless assault was made, for the artillery fire of the enemy held them back. Next day the bombardment was resumed. The magazine inside the castle caught fire. The garrison soon lost heart. Even the Bacha realized that his days were numbered. Under cover of darkness he made good his escape. The lashkar now entered the burning Arg and were relieved to find all the members of the Marshal's family safe. But the major portion of the beautiful Arg was burnt to ashes. The news of this success was at once communicated to the Marshal in Ali Khel. People from all parts of the country flocked to the capital. On the 16th October, the Marshal reached Chehl Stoon and at 10 the\n\n162"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 206, "text": "next morning he entered the city. Thousands\nof the people of all tribes stood on either\nside of the road to greet him. He was\nreceived with the shouts of \"Long live the\nSaviour of the Nation.\"\n\nThe Marshal proceeded straight to the\nSalam Khana-the Hall of Reception.\nRepresentatives from every part of the\ncountry had gathered there. One of them\ngot up and thanked the Marshal and his\nbrothers for their innumerable services. The\nMarshal made a brief speech, telling them\nthat they should realize the national losses\nand do their best to recoup them. All جبران خسارت\nthe representatives earnestly implored the\nMarshal to accept the throne, but the Marshal\nwas unwilling to go so far. He said that his\naim had been achieved and his duty was\ndone. He wanted to return to private life at\nAliabad-two miles from Kabul. But the\npeople who had realized the true worth of\nthe Marshal would on no account leave him.\nHis remonstrances were in vain. He was\ntheir saviour and so he must be their king.\nThe hall resounded with the repeated shouts\nof \"Long live King Mohammad Nadir Shah.\"\n\n163"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 207, "text": "The Marshal wanted to speak but for a long\ntime he was given no opportunity to do so.\nتخفیف دادن At last when the enthusiasm abated a little\nthe Marshal stood up. To an audience that\nwas respectfully hushed, he addressed these\nwords, \"Gentlemen,\" he said, \"my object\nwas only to free you from the cruel hold of\nthe Bacha and to put an end to the Reign\nof Terror, and this by the grace of God and\nby your co-operation has been achieved.\nNow, I hope, you will kindly permit me to\nretire and take rest. It is for you now to\nchoose a king. Let your choice fall on\nsome worthy person who is in your opinion\nfit for this task. As for myself, to tell you\nthe truth, I am not in a position, nor am I\nسخت willing, to take up this onerous duty. Long\nere this I made my aims and objects clear to\nyou.\" On this the chiefs were all the more\nپر غوغا clamorous in their demand. All of them\nwith one voice declared that no one was\nworthier to be their king; and that his\nrefusal would plunge the country into worse\ntroubles. In the name of the love and\nhonour of the country, that was so dear to\nhim, they requested the Marshal to accept.\n\n164"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 208, "text": "Taking advantage of the Marshal's hesitation\nthe people again shouted, \"Long live\nKing Mohammad Nadir Shah, the Saviour\nof the Afghans and the Liberator of the\ncountry.\" Although aware of the poor\ncondition of the country and the heavy task\nthat lay before the Government, the Marshal\nwas so much pressed that he had to yield.\nThe audience were overjoyed to hear his\nacceptance and for a long time the hall rang\nwith shouts of :-\n\"Long live King Mohammad Nadir\nShah\"\n\"Long live the Saviour of the Nation\"\n\"Long live the Independence of the\nCountry.\"\n\n165"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 209, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 210, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 211, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 212, "text": "CHAPTER XV\nRECONSTRUCTION\n\nIt is not by his military genius and his crowning achievement in saving his country from the iron grip of the cruel and relentless tyrant or by his innumerable national services in the past alone that we should estimate the greatness of this august per- [همایون] sonality. As later events have shown, this sovereign of the Afghans deserves our esteem and commands our admiration from another point of view also, viz. as a brilliant administrator and a highly talented organizer. To appreciate to the fullest extent the wonderful achievements of His Majesty, it is necessary to compare the state of affairs on the day when he was obliged to assume the responsibilities of Government with the situation to-day. At the age of 45, he embarked on a task that might have daunted the bravest and wisest of diplomats. In the history of no other nation do we find a sovereign so financially handicapped at the start. It was probably the first case\n\n167"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 213, "text": "of a national exchequer خزانه being absolutely\nbankrupt, unlined with even a silver coin.\nThe finances of the state, therefore, demanded\nthe first and the most vigilant care of the\nKing. Though every measure of injustice\nand extortion, which could bring the last\nخزینه farthing of his subjects into the coffers of\nthe state, had been adopted by the Bacha,\nyet upon his explusion from the Arg, the\npublic treasury was totally exhausted, so much\nso that King Mohammad Nadir Shah had\nno means to defray even the current expenses\nof the Government. It was literally the case\nof a monarch ruling at Kabul without\npossessing so much as even the price of a\nmeal for himself. Even under these dis-\ntressed and difficult circumstances he had\nبلند همتی the magnanimity to remit all the oppress-\nive rates and taxes which had told so\nheavily upon the poor classes and also\nپس مانده to cancel the arrears due from people and\nforego the unjust claims of the treasury,\ndeclaring in a royal decree that he was\nbetter satisfied to govern and administer a\npoor country with justice and equity than\nto acquire riches by means of tyranny and\n\n168"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 214, "text": "oppression. Economy and industry he con-\nsiders as the true sources of wealth. The\nexpenses of the royal household were\nimmediately reduced to a minimum, that\nis, to less than one-fourth of the budgets\nof the previous kings. All the estates, that\nhad been considered the property of the\ncrown and whose revenue went directly to\nthe king's purse, were declared to be public\nproperty. The royal firman to the effect\nreads thus:-\n\nTo,\n\nThe Minister of Finance.\n\nWHEREAS according to information\nreceived, the royal private property of\nAfghanistan is not personal in the real sense\nof the word, in other words, the private\nproperty has been so altered that from the\nbeginning uptil now a great deal has every\nnow and then been taken from the public\ntreasury and added to it; and as it stands\nto-day, the area of lands, the number of\nshops and factories, etc., requires for its\ncorrect upkeep an office as big as the Ministry\nof Finance, and the whole affair has assumed\n\n169"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 215, "text": "Hockey Match, Military Club v. British Legation, Independence Day, 1932."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 216, "text": "Hockey Winners, Independence Day Celebrations, 1932\nH.R.H. Sardar Shah Mahmud Khan, Minister for Defence (centre) takes a keen interest in all sports."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 217, "text": "معلق\nsuch an intricate form that it is impossible to distinguish the real property from that added afterwards. We, therefore, considering all such properties as rightly belonging to the public treasury, ordain that all such lands, shops, etc., which now are included in the private royal assets be transferred to the public treasury of the nation and the office relative to the private property be abolished.\n(Sd.) H. M. THE KING.\n\n2 Aqrab 1308.\n(25th October 1929).\n\nقناعت In addition to this frugality and the reduction of the expenses of the royal house-hold, the King had the generosity to issue\nمدر معاش another firman granting liberal stipends to the brothers and relatives of the ex-King. Another noteworthy proclamation of the King known as the Khat-i-Mashi deals with the future programme of his Government. The previous kings of the country did not work under any definite programme; one day one thing was done, and the next day another; and the will of the king could undo either. There was no goal or aim to be achieved.\n\n170"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 218, "text": "But King Mohammad Nadir Shah on the very day of his coronation issued a proclamation which contained briefly his aims and objects, and the line he proposed for the conduct of the Government. This firman is the foundation-stone of a constitution for the country. It runs thus :—\n(1) —The present Government shall direct and conduct the affairs of state in strict accordance with اساسات دولتی the tenets of the holy and sacred religion of Islam, according to the Hanafi School; and the Shoora-i-Milli (The Afghan Parliament) and Ministry of Justice shall be responsible for the enforcement of Islamic Law in the country. The department of Ihtsab shall be an essential feature of the Government, and shall be conducted in a systematic way in accordance with the articles of faith. The in-habitants of Afghanistan shall without distinction of race or creed have equal rights and shall be as brothers to one another. Purdah\n171"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 219, "text": "shall be observed in accordance with the Islamic Law.\n(2) Prohibition of Bribery and Intoxicants.—All the employees of whatever grade or rank shall, in the Ministry of Justice, swear by the Holy Koran and promise that they will not accept bribes or presents from the people and shall conduct themselves in the discharge of their duties with clean minds; and from now onwards shall never give way to dishonesty, but will carry out their duties honestly and sincerely. Punishment for drinking shall be according to the Islamic Law. Sale of liquor, public or private, is prohibited in the whole country, and the inhabitants are not allowed to brew liquors. If liquors are manufactured in any house, or offered for sale in any shop and this fact be proved to a certainty, the articles used for the purpose shall be confiscated and the persons\n172"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 220, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 221, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 222, "text": "A Military Review by H. M. King Mohd Nadir Shah."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 223, "text": "foreign countries as they were in the reign of H. M. King Amanullah Khan. The present Government wishes to establish relations of goodwill with adjacent countries and is prepared to make treaties of friendship in order to maintain and strengthen the Independence of the country.\n\n(5) Home affairs.—The Home Ministry shall devote its full attention to the appointment of governors and subordinates for the various provinces and districts, so that the work of Government may be entrusted to suitable hands. It shall present a list of candidates before a selection committee for approval and sanction. It shall also try to make satisfactory telephone, telegraph and postal arrangements and shall give early attention to the construction of bridges and roads for motors and other vehicles.\n\n174"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 224, "text": "(6) The Ministry of Finance.—The Ministry of Finance shall control revenues efficiently and shall try to collect instalments from the various provinces as previously. Custom duties shall be charged as before, and the dues that have accrued shall be collected; but facilities shall be provided for making payments so that the people may not be burdened unnecessarily and the Government may not suffer any loss. Remissions عفو و تخفیف granted by previous governments shall be recognized.\n\n(7) Trade and Agriculture.—Afghanistan feels the need of these departments more than ever before; and, therefore, desires to establish commercial relations with Persia, Italy, France, Britain, Russia, America, Belgium, Germany, Japan and other countries, and Afghanistan would take advantage of the improvements made in all the civilized countries. The\n\n175"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 225, "text": "present Government wishes to start railways, work mines and construct canals for irrigating lands, and also wishes to introduce into the country modern methods of agriculture as used in the civilized countries of the world.\n\n(8) Education and Arts.—Education and arts for religious and secular دنیوی advancement are considered very essential; and as soon as the Shoora-i-Milli (Parliament) is inaugurated and representatives from different provinces gather, ways and means shall be discussed, so that the nation may be educationally equipped for its safety and defence.\n\n(9) The Parliament.—Representatives from all parts shall assemble at the centre, the people selecting them from among those who are learned, wise, faithful and have the good of the country at heart, and in whom the nation can fully put their trust. The ministers and\n\n176"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 226, "text": "governors shall be responsible to the representatives; and the President of the Parliament shall have rights of scrutiny or investigation, and shall be elected by the representatives.\n\n(10) The Prime Minister shall be selected and appointed by the King, and he shall organize a Cabinet of Ministers and submit its constitution to the King for approval and sanction.\n\nDuring the short space of nine months the terrible Saqaoists had spread devastation and ruin all over the country; from the سرحدات confines of Herat in the west right up to the Indian border in the east, pestilence ناخوشی ها and famines, robbery and dacoity were the order of the day. There was no order, no law, save that might was right. When the present King took Kabul, he found the whole country in a chaos, بی نظمی tribal wars raging on all sides, trade and agriculture badly crippled, people half starving and diseased, and many dressed in rags with their skin showing through the rents and imploring for food,\n\n177\nL"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 227, "text": "نمای از عمارت [ILL]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 228, "text": "Fawaid-i-Ama (P.W.D) Ministry, Kabul."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 229, "text": "villages deserted, houses burnt, thousands\nof people rendered homeless, schools and\ncolleges entirely closed, some of them burnt\nand demolished, the students having taken\nshelter in far off and remote places to avoid\nthe wrath of this ignorant tyrant, who\nخارجي regarded them as renegades. Kabul, like\nall the other cities, was scarred and eaten\naway with fire. On all sides blackened ruins\nتنفر آور gaped as if in horror and the loathsome\nremains of public executions were to be\nانبار غله found everywhere. The granaries were\nempty, and the grain fields had been neglected\nمدهش for reaping the gruesome harvest of human\nlives. To add to these even the elements\nseemed to be bent upon destruction. The\ncold winter—the coldest during a period of\nsome thirty years—threatened to last for\never.\nTo heal as far as possible the wounds\nدردناک inflicted by the hands of tyranny was the\nmelancholy task of this King, who took it\nup with the earnestness and solicitude\nof the humblest of workers. The innocent\nvictims who yet survived were recalled\nfrom exile, or released from the prison,\n\n178"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 230, "text": "and were restored to the full enjoyment\nof their previous honours and fortunes.\nUnburied corpses of the unhappy victims\nof the tyrant were taken out from the\nditches round the Arg, and buried in\nthe grave-yards of their ancestors, and every\nconsideration was shown to the bereaved and محروم شده گان\nafflicted families. Within the space of a\nfew months he was able to quell all the\ninternal disturbances, to punish the robbers\nand outlaws, and to restore peace and order\nin a country that was on the brink of total لبه\nannihilation.\nAfter the tyrant's death his formidable\narmy acknowledged the authority of the\nKing from necessity rather than from choice.\nNevertheless, as soon as he received their\noath of fidelity, he issued a proclamation\nordering his lashkar to give up the pursuits\nand addressing the Saqaoists in terms of\nmildness and moderation, lamenting rather\nthan arraigning the wildest disorders of the\ntime and assuring them that they would\nenjoy the full benefits of their property and\nthat they need not have any apprehension\nof chastisement for their past conduct. But\n179"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 231, "text": "متکبر مغرور\nnothing could reconcile the haughty spirit\nof the Saqaoists. They still lived in the\ninfamous past when the Bacha was at their\nhead and they were in full possession\nof the public treasury, which they could\nenjoy to their hearts' content. They ignored\nthe King's clemency and broke out in an\nopen rebellion at a time when the King\nhad little regular army and insufficient arms\nand ammunition. But they had soon to\nlearn that those, who were now masters\nof the capital, were not ordinary men—\nthey were masters of the art of governing\nand administration. Within a week the\ninsurrection was beaten down, and the ring-\nleaders of the insurgents were caught and\ncourt-martialled. The rest were once more\nallowed to settle down in their respective\nplaces,and encouraged to follow some honest\npursuit. King Mohammad Nadir Shah on\nthe very day that he entered the capital\nturned his attention to internal reforms. But\nmuch had yet to be done to return even\nto normal conditions. There were evils\nenough to be eradicated before reconstruction\ncould begin. He soon made it known that\n\n180\nمرحم\nبیخکن کردن"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 232, "text": "he would not shirk from the onerous task\nof leading his people towards civilization\nand progress, and would do his best to\neliminate the plague of corruption and\nbribery. His desire has always been for\npermanent peace, to enable his people to\ncontinue in paths of industrial progress and\nthus preserve the national honour and\nprestige. He and his brothers applied them-\nselves vigorously to reconcile the warring\nchiefs. The tribes, who thought once more\nof securing deliverance from the Central\nGovernment, learnt for the first time that\nthey could no longer continue their once\nprofitable occupation of looting and plunder-\ning neighbouring villages. The most pressing\nneed of the country was to unite different par-\nties and factions. Through the incessant [مخالفین]\nefforts of these national heroes, we find that to-\nday the provinces are once more united under\none constitution and are making steady\nprogress. They might occasionally suffer\nfrom the partial abuse of delegated authority,\nbut the general principle of Government\nis wise, simple and beneficent. Every body\nenjoys freedom of speech. All have\n\n181"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 233, "text": "An Afghan Lancer."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 234, "text": "An Afghan Soldier."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 235, "text": "equal rights and enjoy equal chances of being exalted by just degrees to posts they deserve.\n\nREFORMS.\n\nThe Army.—After pacification and unification of the tribes, the first great field for reorganization was the army. Due to lack of funds the Government at first was unable to make any progress in that direction. It was therefore that the army, which must always come first in importance in such a country, could not for many months be organized. But it was the first item that claimed the immediate attention of the newly formed Government. There were still bandits and opportunists who might imitate the example of the Bacha and with their men swoop down upon the capital at any time. Indeed, for the time being, King Mohammad Nadir Shah, though he could rely on the loyalty of the lashkar and on his own general popularity, had little organized protection against such dreaded foes. In the first chapter the readers were given an idea of the wretched condition of Amanullah Khan's army. They were ill-kept and ill-fed.\n\n182"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 236, "text": "The cantonments were no better than stables. Sanitation was in a deplorable condition. There were no military parades. The military school existed in name only. We have also seen the results of this state of affairs. When the revolution broke out none was willing to offer his services, and the few, who were forced to go to the front, were so demoralized and dissatisfied that they did not offer strong resistance. King Nadir Shah knew all this. He had himself been a Commander-in-Chief. He was fully aware of the wide-spread corruption among officers, and the various grievances of the soldiers. He had more than once protested in vain against the unwise steps of the ex-King's Government. He was not in favour of the Makoolat system, by which the Government supplied food to soldiers and deducted expenses from their salaries. He knew that this would go to enrich those who were in charge of the supply. He wanted that the soldiers should be paid their full salaries in hard cash. But the misguided ruler had not accepted these friendly counsels.\n\n183"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 237, "text": "H. M. King Nadir Shah, now that he was at the head of the state, benefited by his personal knowledge and experience. He enhanced the salary of the soldier to twenty-five rupees a month, besides granting him جیره ration allowance. He is paid regularly on the first of every month. In addition to the Central Military Hospital, every cantonment is provided with a dispensary and a qualified doctor. The old and ruined cantonments are repaired and the new ones on the latest models are being built all over the country. Every cantonment is supplied with وسیع spacious playgrounds, and great impetus is given to sports. A large club has been opened for the soldiers who are now better dressed and decently equipped. They undergo regular training. Punctuality is strictly observed. Military laws and regulations are strictly carried out. There is a military school and a military college, besides special arrangements for the instruction under experienced European experts on modern lines of officers already in service. Recently the foundation-stone of a military college has been laid in the historic fort of Bala\n\n184"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 238, "text": "Hisar. When completed, this will be one\nof the grandest buildings of its kind. Nor\nis this all that has been done for the army.\nThe soldiers are contented and satisfied, a\nspirit of brotherly comradeship has been\ncreated among them and there is far great\ncohesion amongst them than had ever been\nachieved before.\n\nEducation.—Side by side with the\ndevelopment of the army, the King devotes\nmuch of his attention to the education of his\ncountrymen. He considers that the true\nhappiness of his people can only be achieved\nthrough education and peace. He himslef\nis a man of great learning and is a great\nlinguist, commanding considerable fluency in فصاحت\nsix languages. Though the major portion of his\nlife has been spent in the army and diplomatic\nservice, he does not lack the genius of a great\nman of letters.\n\nOne of his first acts after taking Kabul\nwas the re-opening of schools and colleges,\nand each year witnesses the establishment\nof new educational institutions. One of the\nlatest is the Faculty of Medicine (the first\nmedical college of the country), where the\n\n185"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 239, "text": "Medical College Students, with their Principal in the centre."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 240, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 241, "text": "medium of instruction is Persian. A medical\nschool was started in the second year of\nH. M.'s reign providing junior medical\ninstruction to many young men of the\ncountry. All the expenses of the various\ninstitutions are borne by the Government.\nNo fees are charged and nearly 20% of the\nstudents, besides getting the benefits of\nfree tuition, free books and other materials,\nare paid handsome stipends. Every Habibya\nCollege student without exception gets 20\nAfghanis per mensem for the first year, 30 for\nthe second and 40 for the third year. Faculty\nstudents, in addition to their monthly stipends\nof 50 Afghanis each, get free meals and\nclothing. Great care is taken of the health\nof the students. The Ministry of Education\nhas a well-equipped dispensary and a qualified\ndoctor. The students are properly examined\nand treated; no charge is made either for\nconsultation or for treatment. In serious\ncases students are sent abroad on Government\nexpense. While writing about the medical\naid for the students, it will not be out of\nplace to mention the medical arrangements\nmade for the general public. Many hospitals\n\n186"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 242, "text": "including hospitals for mental diseases have been opened in various parts of the country. A tuberculosis sanatorium on modern lines, epuipped with all modern conveniences, has been erected at Ali Abad. The Government maintains an orphanage where children are carefully looked after, fed and clothed and adequate arrangements have been made for their education.\n\nGovernment lends a very sympathetic ear to the directors of sports. Every school and college is provided with playgrounds, and supplied with all the materials without any charge. Competitions and tournaments are held, where members of the Royal Family and sometimes the King himself attends and distributes prizes. The Scout movement, the latest novelty for the Afghans, has been introduced in the country. The annual prize distribution is held under the auspices of the King himself. Promising students after passing the final local examination are sent abroad to U. S. A., England, France, Germany and Turkey on state expense.\n\nAnother club has been started for the\n\n187"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 243, "text": "students, which, besides being equipped with arrangements for all sorts of indoor and out-door games, possesses a fine, free and well-equipped reading-room. All the expenses are borne by the Government.\n\nTechnical education to fit students for various walks of public life and different branches of industry is also fully provided for, and there is no career in which even the humblest of H. M.'s subject cannot hope to enter, equipped with a complete training entirely at state expense. A great stimulus is given to literary research and production by the establishment of a special department, Darul Talif—Bureau of Education, under qualified professors of different nationalities, helped by the Afghan graduates themselves. Due to this encouragement many journals have come into being in different cities of the country. In Kabul alone there are about half a dozen, of which \"The Kabul\" issued by the Anjuman-i-Adabi deserves special mention. \"The Iqtisad\" or the Economic Journal is another, and deals with various economic problems and provides information about home industries. In all the colleges\n\n188"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 244, "text": "there have been started 'Debating societies' which have produced a very healthy effect on the student community. Historical meetings to commemorate important events of Islamic history in general and national in particular have been occasionally held and greatly appreciated by the Government.\n\nIn order to offer facilities to people desirous of learning foreign languages, evening classes have been started, in which free instruction is given in German, French and English and have proved very popular.\n\nThe King himself is a connoisseur of ماهر متخصص تمیز art and gives it every encouragement, as in his opinion, it contributes to the happiness of the people.\n\nLegal.-The King has from the begin-ning set himself about legal reforms and تأدیبی punitive measures. Tortures and all forms of cruel punishments formerly in vogue have been totally abolished. The old dungeons and insanitary prison-houses have been demolished, and new ones are being built on modern lines. Slavery is no longer allowed مجاز and a transgresser متجاوز is severely dealt with. One of the most recent proclamations made by\n\n189"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 245, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 246, "text": "His Majesty's Guard of Honour,\nwith the Commandant, Sardar Asadullah Khan in the centre."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 247, "text": "خلاصه کردن the King epitomizes the new spirit. It\nمثبت ـ صریحاً categorically details the freedom of the\nsubjects, the liberty of vote and the democracy\nof the new system of the Government.\nA new department—Jamiat-ul-Ulama, the\nAssembly of the Learned, has been established\nto look into legal problems and submit their\nopinions on the new laws that are being\npassed from time to time.\nConstitutional.—The constitutional re-\nforms introduced by His Majesty must be\nregarded as his most praiseworthy act, a\nmeasure by which he parted with his autocratic\npowers and transferred them to the representa-\ntives of the people. During the last days of\nKing Amanullah Khan's reign, we heard of a\nبازیچه، شوخی parliament, but it was a mere farce, more for\npurposes of show than any real utility. The\nKing was head-strong and obstinate, and did\nnot like to give it any real power.\nKing Mohammad Nadir Shah, realizing\nthat no people can in these days make any\nprogress without participating in the affairs\nof their own Government, established a regular\nCouncil of State. This Majlis, as the\nAfghan Parliament is called, consists of two\n190"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 248, "text": "houses, the House of Peers (Majlis-i-A'yan),\nand the House of Representatives, Majlis-i-\nShura-i-Milli. The former is composed of\nsixty members who hold their seats by right of\nbirth or by nomination by the King. Most\nof them are men who have rendered great and\nmeritorious services to the country. The شورای ملی\nHouse of Representatives consists of 120\nmembers elected by ballot from among the\nvoters in each constituency. Suffrage is not\nrestricted by any property qualification, and\nis extended to all people over twenty years of\nage, possessing sound moral character.\nA general meeting (Loya Jirgah) must be\nheld at least once in every three years. No\nnew taxes can be imposed or new laws framed\nwithout the consent of the Loya Jirgah. But\nlarge powers are reserved for the King ; this\nbeing an absolute necessity in a country\nwhere democratic institutions are yet in their\ninfancy and which has yet to learn the art of\nGovernment by experience. Only the King\ncan declare war or negotiate for peace with\nthe enemy or enter into treaties. No laws\npassed by the Majlis can become operative\nuntil his sanction has been obtained. He\n\n191"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 249, "text": "can, in times of emergency, issue an urgent ordinance which temporarily overrides any or all existing laws. In the constitutional law of the country, the independence of the state is put down as of primary importance and every King at the time of his coronation has to take a solemn oath to respect it and to preserve it at all costs. Immunity of the individual from unnecessary interference by state officials has been given emphasis. Indeed, it is for the first time in the history of the country that such freedom has been granted to the subjects. and they are allowed to choose their own representatives and be governed by them.\n\nWe give below His Majesty King Nadir Shah's inaugural address at the first sitting of the new Afghan Parliament (July 6th, 1931) :—\n\n\"I open this Assembly of Moslem Counsellors in the name of God, the Omnipotent, the Powerful, who is the dispenser of happiness in this world and the next. And I pray, for the guidance of the\n\n192"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 250, "text": "nation of Afghanistan unto God\nthe Great so that under the\nshadow of the holy Laws of the\nProphet Mohammad (may bless-\nings and peace be on him)\nthey may render high and\nespecial services to this holy\nland of Islam and once again\nglorify the religion of God and\nto assist in the advancement and\nprogress of Afghanistan.\nMy beloved people! may God be\npraised, that we see Afghanistan\nonce again emerging safe and\nsound from the difficulties and\ndistress born of dissensions and\ncivil wars. With mind at ease\nand heart full of hope I begin to\nlay the foundation of this In-\nstitution of National Counsellors\nand proceed to explain to you\nthe meaning of National\nAssembly. May God be praised\nthat you and I are Musalmans.\nConferences are the foundation\nof all our actions. By the in-\njunctions of the Holy Quran we\n\n193\nM"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 251, "text": "Military Cadets, 1922"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 252, "text": "H. M. King Mohd Nadir Shah at the new Military College Constructions, Bala Hisar\nKabul"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 253, "text": "were, and are, bound to hold\nconsultations and in future too\nit shall be incumbent on us\nto act accordingly. Prophet\nMohammad (may prayers and\npeace be on him) used to hold\nconsultations for the solutions\nof problems. The rightly-guided\nKhalifas (may God be pleased\nwith them) used to carry on their\naffairs by consultation. The\nKhalifas of the Bani Umayya\nDynasty also held consultations.\nBut it was the Khalifas of the\nHouse of Abbas who gave to\nsuch consultations a solid\nfoundation in the procedure of\ntheir affairs. The representa-\ntives of the people used to be\npresent at the Court of the day\nand held consultations with the\nrepresentatives of the Nation in\nall affairs relating to the State.\nSubsequent to the Abbassi\nKhalifas the rulers of Islam,\nconsidering consultations to be\nthe negation of their power and\n\n194\n\nواجب - لازم"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 254, "text": "prestige, paid less attention to\nthis institution. Consequently,\nmany periods of disruption of تفرقه ، جدائی\nchanges and convulsions took ناآرامی\nplace in the Moslem world.\n\nIn Afghanistan conferences were held\nfrom remote antiquity, since we قدیم الایام\ncan consider the Afghan Jirga\nas the just ruler of the Afghans.\nFor us consultation is no new\nthing. If the previous sovereigns\ndid not hold conferences, the\nnation in their tribes and clans\nat any rate have not abandoned\nto this day their Jirga system.\nAmanullah Khan formed the\nCouncil of State and the Repre-\nsentatives of the Nation used\nto be present at the centre of\nthe Government; but that\nCouncil or jirga of Afghanistan\ndid not prove to be advantage-\nous.\n\nI pray to God that such dark happen-\nings may not occur again in\nAfghanistan and that He may\n\n195"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 255, "text": "A portion of the New Bazaar"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 256, "text": "Darrah-i-Shikari Road."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 257, "text": "grant us opportunities and judgment so that we may be able to remove all the causes of complaints as between the Nation and the Government and contrary to the precedent the Nation may regard the Government as its own Government and as a true servant desirous of the progress of the country. The modern Consultative Assemblies, like the Assemblies of all the Nations, which in the course of time have acquired progress and improvement, are an example of the advanced nature of the Councils of our preceding ages. Although the Nation has upto now expressed no desire for any such things, since I considered, and still hold, a National Assembly to be the foundation of the prosperity and as a special instrument for the reform of the country and which I had declared in my programme on\n\n196"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 258, "text": "the very first day, by the grace\nof God on this occasion when\npeace prevails all over Afghan-\nistan I am enabled to inaugurate\nsuch an Assembly. When you\nread the little guide to the Nation-\nal Assembly you will know what\ndifference there is between an\nAssembly of to-day and the jirgas\nof old. If you exercise properly\nyour rights and watch the\nproceedings of the Government\nand make attempts at improving\nthe National Assembly of\nAfghanistan the same will be-\ncome the moulder of peace and\nthe foundation of the prosperity\nand the advancement of the\ncountry; and I have hopes in\nGod the High that civil wars\nand dissensions and disputes will\ndisappear for ever from this\nmotherland of ours and personal\nquestions will no longer be the\ncause of the downfall and the\nruin of this Islamic land. And\nthis country will ever remain\n\n197"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 259, "text": "happy, and the changes and\nrevolutions will not affect or be\nthe cause of shattering and ضایع کردن و شکستاندن\nuprooting the prosperity and\nadvancement of the country and\nthe Nation; and the miscreants دنی - پلید\nwill not have the chance again to\nbe at the helm of affairs. Able and جای\nrighteous rulers and benevolent\nagents of the country and the\nNation alone will be selected for\nthe betterment of Afghanistan\nand they will engage themselves\nin her service. Tyranny and\nthe worship of innovations and ابداع بدعت\ncorruption and bribery will\ndisappear altogether from this\ncountry.\n\nI am in a position to say that on\nthe day that the representatives\nof the Nation in the Consultative\nAssembly understood their rights\nand distinguished the harmful\nfrom the beneficial from the\npoint of view of the general\nhappiness, self-interest and\n\n198"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 260, "text": "dissensions will be removed and\njust from that day the epoch of\nhappiness of Afghanistan shall\ncommence. I pray to God that\nthat day of happiness of our\nbeloved country, the country\nbelonging to me and belonging\nto yourselves, may be just\nthis day, the first date of\nthe opening of the Consultative\nAssembly. God is Omnipotent.\nHe is merciful, he is gracious.\nAs He has granted release to\nAfghanistan from a civil revolu-\nارزانی داشت / tion and has vouchsafed peace\nto Afghanistan and bestowed on\nus honour, strength and unity,\nso in the same way I am not\nمایوس despondent regarding His further\nGrace. And we cherish the\nconfident hope that the past\nrevolution would be the last\nperiod of calamity and distress\nto our Nation, and I trust by\nthe Grace of God it will have\nended for ever. And this first\n\n199"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 261, "text": "day of the inauguration of the Consultative Assembly will be the first day of the period of happiness of Afghanistan which will last for ever.\n\nHonourable Reprensentatives! do not be despondent. Periods of darkness such as we have passed through, are to be found in the history of every nation of the world. After every difficulty there comes ease. After every down-fall there is a sure ascent provided only that the creatures of God do not turn away from the path of Righteousness and Humanity, and do not mistake defects for efficiency and the means of degradation for weapons of progess.\n\nMy dear children and my beloved people! what I wish to impart تفهیم کردن - اطلاع دادن to you with regard to this new period, is the present foreign policy of Afghanistan, so that you may be in touch and well-informed about the foreign policy\n\n200"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 262, "text": "of your Government of to-day. As to the remaining problems, which have arisen during this period of a year and a half and a few months, light will be thrown on the same by the Prime Minister and the other Ministers. I wish to place before you whatever correspondence and transactions have taken place with the friendly States from the very beginning of my arrival to this sacred scil of Afghanistan, so that my foreign policy may not remain undis-closed.\n\nWhen I set foot on the soil of Afghanistan, myself and Shah Wali Khan and Shah Mahmud Khan remained in the southern regions and Mohammad Hashim Khan and Mohammad Gul Khan were despatched to the East. At that time in the southern region there were no evidences of the influence of the followers of\n\n201"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 263, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 264, "text": "Boy Scouts, 1933"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 265, "text": "Bacha Saqqao and no one gave\nany importance or respect or\nplaced trust in the Saqqavi\nGovernment. But the moment\nAmanullah Khan with an army\nfrom Kandahar appeared in the\nboundary of Kalat and Muqar\nand announced to the people\nround about his intention of\ninvading Kabul, the people of\nthe southern region became\nsomewhat suspicious and they\nthought that I along with my\nbrothers was engaged in the\nservice for and on behalf of\nAmanullah Khan. I made it\nclear that my endeavour was\nput forth with reference to no\npersonality. Even myself and\nmy brothers had not come\nfor establishing ourselves. We\nwanted only that peace should\nreign in Afghanistan and that\nthe civil wars should vanish and\nthat that person whom the\nentire Afghan Nation selected\n\n202"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 266, "text": "as their King should be appointed to the position. However, in spite of all insistence from me, the people of the southern regions remained suspicious of my declaration and were not satisfied. I was, therefore, compelled in the absence of acknowledgment and confirmation of the entire Afghan Nation, not to take into consideration the declaration of my Kingship. In spite of all the pressure that was brought to bear upon me with every event of importance and occasions of defeat and failures, I always relied on the name of God than on the name of Sovereignty and always gave preference to the kindness and blessing of God over the help that I might have attained by the title of King, so much so that in most parts of the southern regions, confusion of thought prevailed and the followers of Bacha Saqqao acquired\n\n203"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 267, "text": "complete control in the southern\nregions. They captured Gardez\nand occupied many parts of\nKhost, Orgoon, etc. At that\ntime I thought to seek the\nhelp of the Afghan tribes in the\nindependent territory. I wanted\nto get support from the Orakzai\ntribe. At that time the path of\nnegotiations between me and\nthe Orakzais was in the hands\nof the British. Through Haji\nMohammad Akbar Khan I\nentered into negotiations with\nthe British Government. But\nthe latter did not agree. They\nadduced their neutrality as\ntheir excuse and pointed out\nthat to allow the Orakzais to\ngo over to me would be a\ncontravention of their declara-\ntion of neutrality and the British\nwrote to me a letter to this\neffect, which letter to this day\nis with me. I was not dis-\nheartened over all this. I\ndid not refrain from my\n\n204"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 268, "text": "undertakings. The brave tribe of Jaji and a section of the Mangals and Ahmadzais were in my hands. At last I decided to seek help from the Waziris whose pride in Islam and Afghanistan was touched and who were ready to support me and emancipate Afghanistan. The Waziris accepted my invitation and they presented themselves before me. The British Government became more rough towards me in this connection. They brought considerable pressure upon Haji Mirza Mahammad Akbar Khan in order to force me to send away back the Waziris from Jaji to Waziristan. The declaration and letters that I had addressed to the people of Kandahar and the tribes of those districts and had sent them through Abdul Ghani Khan via Chaman were all\n\n205"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 269, "text": "The Refigi Sanatorium (1933)"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 270, "text": "مطبعه عمومی کابل\nThe Orphanage"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 271, "text": "received by the tribes of Kandahar and the proud Achakzais. But the British Government prevented Abdul Ghani Khan himself and took strong measures against his proceeding further and did not allow him to enter Kandahar. The moment my declaratory letters were received by them the tribes and clans of the provinces of Kandahar stood by me and I received applications declaring their pleasure at my efforts and their readiness to oppose the followers of Saqqao and their preparedness to execute my orders in the south. In spite of the objection of the British Government as soon as I sent Haji Mirza Mohammad Akbar Khan again to Parachinar to explain the impossibility of sending back the Waziris, I despatched Shah Wali Khan, Shah Mahmud Khan and\n\n206"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 272, "text": "Mohammad Gul Khan with other Waziri chiefs and a section of the Jajis, Mangals and Ahmadzais, Jadrans, Totakhels and Gardezis to the front of Lohgar and Kabul. The British Government were not as yet satisfied with the reasons of impossibilities of sending back the Waziris when the news of the conquest of Kabul was received. In short, before the fall of Kabul there were considerable obscurity and complications between myself and the British on the question of the Waziris. I was compelled by fate to try and see as to the tribes and clans of Afghans from whom I could get help because there was left in me hardly a breath of life. The threats of the British Government with regard to the co-operation of the Waziris and the tyranny of Saqqao had no\n\n207"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 273, "text": "importance in my eyes, since\nthe period of my life was now\nvery limited. I had determined\nto live with self-respect or die\nalong with my family. Certain\ninterested parties after the\nconquest of Kabul set afoot a\npropaganda to the effect that\nwhile I was in the southern\nregions the British had lent me\nhelp and that I had in return\ngiven the British certain conces-\nsions. To-day, in the presence\nof you, the Representatives of\n(اقرار و اعتراف کردن) the Nation, I avow that I have\nreceived no help whatsoever\nfrom any foreign Power. Only\nthe kindness and help of God\nthe Powerful and the loyalty\nof the people of Afghanistan\nhave enabled me in capturing\nKabul. To support my efforts\nto free my country, only the\nespecial Divine Grace and the\nشجاعت - دلاوری valour and the spirit of the\ngeneral Afghan Nation were\n\n208"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 274, "text": "utilized. As for those persons\nand people who cherished\nhostility towards the Govern-\nment of Amanullah Khan, as\nwell as the Ministers and officers\nand the spiritual leaders and\nrespectable members of public,\nwho were not agreeable to the\npersonally harmful activities of\nAmanullah Khan, it is certain\nthat their want of agreement\nwith Amanullah Khan was for\nthe good of the motherland\nand the happiness of the nation.\nThey desired to keep him back\nfrom those thoughtless and\nبیهوده - vainglorious activities, which did\nnot take into consideration the\nsentiments of the Nation or of\nreligion since by the advice of\ncertain short-sighted people he\nhad disgusted the Nation and\nhad kept away from himself\nall the people of influence and\nfidelity whose services for the\nwelfare of the community would\n\n209\nN"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 275, "text": "The Arts School, Kabul."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 276, "text": "Hurdles Race.\nIndependence Day. 1932."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 277, "text": "have proved valuable to the\nNation.\nMy beloved people ! I was much im-\nسخنان بچه‌گان و ساده pressed when I heard the prattle\nof interested parties. My policy\nin Afghanistan is without any\nsecret or mystery. My policy\nin Afghanistan is open policy.\nI wish to make everything\nclear to you, so that you may\nbe acquainted with every cir-\ncumstances and may know your\nown affairs.\nWhen I reached Kabul and you my\ncountrymen pressed and impor-\ntuned me to be the chosen King\nof Afghanistan, the Foreign\nMinistry immediately announced\nthe event to the whole world.\nIn reply to the proclamation the\nForeign Ministries of all the\nfriendly States sent congratula-\ntions and recognition of the pre-\nsent Government and acknow-\nledgement and announcement\non their part of the same. The\n\n210"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 278, "text": "Turkish Ambassador was present\nin Kabul. The Ambassador of\nthe Soviet Government also\nwas the first to reach Kabul\nand the friendly nations oneafter\nanother sent their Ambassadors\nand accredited representatives\nto the Court of Afghanistan.\nIn accordance with the principles\nof International laws I recognized\nall the treaties which the preced-\ning Government had entered into\nwith the friendly States. I\nhave made no other treaty,\nsecret or open, at all. No\ndoubt, last year some of the\nStates rendered assistance to us.\nFor example the Government\nof Great Britain without any\ncondition rendered help to\nAfghanistan. This help consisted\nof a loan of £175,000 without\ninterest and 10,000 rifles and\nfive lakh cartridges. And\nsince this help is free from any\nلکه و بیماری kind of taint, secret or open,\n\n211"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 279, "text": "and is a gift without any stipulation, I have accepted it with gratefulness. Amanullah Khan, too, had accepted motors and telegraph wires and other things from the British Government and in the campaign against Mullah Abdullah 5,000 rifles and cartridges were accepted from the Government of India,-transactions which to this day have not been made public andeven when Amanullah Khan was in London, there were presented to him by the Government of His Britannic Majesty some amounts in cash, 10,000 rifles and sundry articles as gift, which Amanullah Khan accepted. I tell you plainly and clearly what I have effected in respect of foreign policy. And I give you assurance that my Government upto this day has given concessions or rights to no State, and so long as\n\n212"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 280, "text": "I am alive, God willing, no\nsuch transaction will receive\nmy signature. I do not at all\nwish that there should be any\nsecrecy or mystery in the Foreign\npolicy of Afghanistan. Similarly,\nI advise my Government and\nmy nation that the geographical\nposition of Afghanistan will\nunder no circumstances tolerate\nsecret diplomacy. It lies on\nus ever to eschew the ways of\nsecret diplomacy.\n\nBesides the weapons which the British\nGovernment gave us as help\nwe have contracted to purchase\n16,000 rifles and one crore and\neight lakhs cartridges from\nFrance. The price of nine\nthousand out of the same has\nbeen paid off in cash and the\nbalance will be paid in due\ncourse. The German Govern\nment too has assumed towards\nus an attitude of friendliness.\nFor it has transferred to us\n\n213"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 281, "text": "Ready for Gymnastics, Independence Day Celebrations, 1932."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 282, "text": "Gymnastics, Independence Day Celebrations, 1932."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 283, "text": "the balance of Amanullah\nKhan's loan and has extended\nthe period of repayment by\ninstalment from 6 to 8 years.\nThe German Government has\ngiven us 5,000 rifles and five\nlakhs of cartridges and has\nincluded the price thereof in\nthe loan, the repayment of which\nhas to be effected in 8 years.\nAt the same time, about 5,000\nrifles and 50,000 cartridges\nin addition to the weapons\nwhich I have mentioned above\nhave been purchased from\nEngland, the amount in respect\nof which has been paid in cash.\n\nSimilary, we have bought at a proper\nprice from other friendly States\nweapons for Afganistan. The\ntreaties which have recently been\nentered into and which are being\nexchanged or which are under\nnegotiations are as follows :—\nA treaty between Japan and Afghan-\n\n214"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 284, "text": "istan has been concluded and is being exchanged.\nA treaty of neutrality between Afghanistan and the Soviet Russia has been concluded de novo.\nAn agreement for boundary Commission between Afghanistan and Iran has been reached.\nWe are going to enter into negotiations with Soviet Russia in respect of a commercial treaty.\nWe shall enter into negotiations with Soviet Russia in respect of Postal Exchange.\nA treaty between Afghanistan and the Government of the Hedjaz will soon be negotiated.\nIn short, whatever has taken place and whatever is being done has been declared to you without any reservation. And I wish once more to aver to you that the most advantageous policy\n215"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 285, "text": "which can be imagined for\nAfghanistan,—and I always\nrecommend its continuance,—\nis this : that Afghanistan should\nobserve neutrality and with\nregard to her neighbours and\nall the friendly States should\nmaintain relations based on such\na process and method as may\nnot be inimical to the interest\nof Afghanistan and that she\nshould give practical assurance\nto her neighbours, that Afghan\nistan will hold the balance\nperfectly even with regard to the\nequal status of her neighbours\nand that she will hold on to\nthe same policy. And it is just\nthis policy which is the most\nwholesome, both for Afghanistan\nand for the neighbours of\nAfghanistan.\nAs regards the Independent Frontier\nTribes, let not this problem, too,\nremain untouched. For the\nquestion of Independent Terri\ntory is a question of equal\n\n216"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 286, "text": "importance to Afghanistan and\nthe British Government. Afghan-\nistan is not free from anxiety\nabout the border tribes with\nregard to the attitude of and\nconduct towards each other and\nthe Government of India. I\nmight say that the Frontier\nTribes and ourselves are one\nwith each other from the stand-\npoint of Islam and tribal relations.\nThe British Government has\nprobably had experience of and\nwitnessed this sympathy on the\npart of the Frontier Tribes\ntowards Afghanistan and vice\nversa for many a long year.\nانکار کردن - حاشا کردن We connot possibly repudiate\nthis fellow-feeling. For the dis-\ntress of the Independent Frontier\nTribes is sure to have repercus-\nsions in Afghanistan. From this\npoint of view the well-being and\nuplift of the Independent Tribes\nare always our desire and\naspiration.\n\n217"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 287, "text": "The Saracha Bridge. Jelalabad."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 288, "text": "The Surkhab Dam, Logar."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 289, "text": "Respected Deputies ! this is the policy\nof your Government to-day,\nwhich I have described to you,\nso that you may be acquainted\nwith facts without any reservation\nor exaggeration. Pray, be atten-\ntive to your duties. Ponder well\nover every problem and then\ngive your decision. Apathy\ntowards affairs of State is a\ngreat sin. In this very Assembly\nyou will be deciding the fate of\na great Nation. The mistakes\nand errors on your part will not\nbe considered as your personal\nerrors and mistakes. The harm\nبشره دادن resulting therefrom will accrue\nto a mighty Moslem nation and\nGovernment. Pray, apply con-\nsidered judgment and practical\nاحتیاط - ذکاوت circumspection in the solution\nof the problems before you.\nYou have had sufficient experi-\nence as to what amout of harm\nwas incurred by the preceding\nGovernment, on account of\n\n218"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 290, "text": "recklessness and the lack of\ndiscrimination between good and\nevil on the part of the Nation.\nTo put this country day by\nday into difficulties, —I do not\nتعبیر و ترجمه کردن know how to construe this except\nto describe it as the perpetration\nجنایت بزرگ of felony.\n\nSince your Government attaches great\nimportance to consultations and\ndesires that it should ever be\nthe source of such procedure\nthat it could attain acceptance\nin the sight of God and the\njoy of His creatures and should\nachieve every necessary reform\nin accordance with the public\nsentiments, now with perfect joy\nI open this exalted Assembly\nof National Counsellors, and I\nhave it in view that by Divine\nGrace as deliberative assistance\nto the Consultative Assembly\nand to attain other exalted aims\nI shall be able in future to\ninstitute an Assembly of Nobles.\n\n219"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 291, "text": "In conclusion, I entrust unto God, you as well as the Government, and the beloved Nation as a whole and pray unto God for your triumph and for the success of your sagacious deliberations.\"\n\nHis Majesty the King is within easy approach of the people. Thursday is a public Durbar day, and on that day any one of his subjects without distinction of birth or wealth can, without let or hindrance, see the King and lay before him his grievances.\n\nTrade and other developments.-The commercial reforms and developments of the last four years are highly important. In spite of the great financial crisis due to the fall in the price of silver and general economic depression, statistics clearly show a steady increase in exports and imports. Government lends a helping hand to all the promising merchants and enterprisers by supplying them with large sums of money without interest. Recently an Afghan student, in possession of a French diploma of\n\n220"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 292, "text": "Tanning, was given the sum of twenty\nthousand Afghanis to start a tanning factory\nat Kabul. His Royal Highness Prince\nMohammad Zahir Khan, with a view to help\nand encourage the industry, became a partner\nby lending him another hundred thou-\nsand Afghanis. Spinning and weaving\nmills, paper and sugar factories will shortly\ncommence work in different parts of the\ncountry. About half a dozen water-dams\nare being constructed under the supervision\nof Italian and German Engineers, which, when\ncompleted, would irrigate 95,000 acres of land.\nThe first Afghan Bank, Shirkat-i-Ashami,\nhas been established and steps are being\ntaken for the establishment of an Imperial\nBank with branches in some of the\nimportant trade centres inside and outside\nAfghanistan. مع ملحقات ان\n\nThe Postal system with its adjuncts, the\nTelegraph and the Telephone, is well\norganized and efficiently conducted.\n\nTo facilitate trade, new roads are being\nconstructed and the old ones are thoroughly\nrepaired. In 1928 there were 1,100 miles of\nroad open to traffic, now there are 1,800 miles\n\n221"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 293, "text": "The New Customs House, Kabul."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 294, "text": "The Dairy Farm, Aliabad."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 295, "text": "open, and nearly 500 miles more are in process of construction; it has now become possible to travel in a car from the remote north to the extreme south almost without a break. Mines of coal and other useful metals are being worked, and those who discover any useful mine are given suitable rewards. Besides the repairs done to the old buildings that had fallen to decay or were burnt to ashes during the revolution, and which are restored to their ancient decency and magnificence, great attention is being paid to the construction of new public buildings. All these works of the King bear the stamp of his genius. The public monuments with which he adorns the capital are executed not only by his orders but undergo frequent inspections by him. These monuments, it is generally believed, will bear permanent testimony to his taste and munificence, and will command the attention and admiration of the travellers.\n\nThe old and neglected gardens are attended to once more and new ones are being laid out for the recreation and enjoyment of the public.\n\n222"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 296, "text": "مرغ خانگی\nDairies and poultry farms on modern lines have been started, and are supplying the best milk and eggs to the people of Kabul. Efforts are being made to improve the breed of live-stock.\n\nOutside the city large fields are converted into playgrounds where can be heard the happy shouts of the citizens playing football, hockey and other games. The innumerable new buildings that enhance the splendour of the capital and other cities, the beautiful face of the country cultivated and adorned with immense gardens and playgrounds and the unbroken peace of the last four years enjoyed by so many tribes have made them forgetful of their acient animosities and relieved them from the apprehension of future danger.\n\nThe labours of this monarch are repaid many times over by the immense satisfaction resulting from his success and by the exquisite delight of beholding the general happiness of which he is the author.\n\nThe strength and clearness of his reasoning, and the breadth of his views have already given him the rank of the first and\n\n223"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 297, "text": "The Military Club, with the new Cantonment in the background."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 298, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 299, "text": "foremost of the Afghan diplomats and one\nof the greatest organizers that the East has\never produced. He is the idol of the\nEasterner. He possesses all the qualities\nof a strong and brave ruler combined with\nthe diplomatic skill of a modern statesman.\nHe is the wise general of the East and the\nexperienced diplomat of the West. Weigh\nhim as carefully as you like in the scale\nof historical criticism, he will always take\nrank with the greatest sovereigns and\nreformers of the East. He is always devoted\nto the advancement of public prosperity and\nis extremely careful of the interests of his\npeople. He never allows himself the smallest\nrespite in the discharge of his duties, and\nis always ready to remedy evils, to redress\nwrongs and to acquaint himself personally\nwith the condition of his people. The\nAfghans fully realize that they have now\na king who has proved his worth time and\nagain in war and in peace. He is called\nthe \"Saviour of the Nation\"—Naji-i-Millat.\nHis personality and his conduct have already\nsecured for him the highest reward that a\nsovereign can aspire to—the love and esteem\n\n224"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 300, "text": "of his people. Those who know these virtues\nof their king are happy to contemplate that\nvery soon they will find their motherland\non the path of real success and progress,\nand earnestly pray that they might long\nenjoy the benign influence of his wise and\njust administration.\n\n225 O"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 301, "text": "The Karghah Dam, near Kabul."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 302, "text": "The Kharwar Dam, Logar."}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 303, "text": "[BLANK PAGE]"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 304, "text": "INDEX\nA\nAbbas, House of, 194\nAbdul Ahad Khan, 54\nAbdul Aziz Khan, 30, 152\nAbdul Ghafoor, 42\nAbdul Ghani Khan, 141, 205\nAbdul Latif, 136, 137, 140, 151\nAbdul Majid, 47\nAbdul Qadir, 151\nAbdul Rahman Khan, 93\nAbdul Rasul Khan, 49\nAbdul Wakil Khan, 54\nAbdulla Khan, Lala, 64, 67\nAbdur Rahim Khan, 152, 156\nAchakzai, 152\nAchin, 15\nAfghan Bank, 221\nAfghan Parliament, 192\nAfghanistan, 1, 2, 6, 10, 15, 19, 72-74, 80-87, 169, 172-175, 193-202, 210, 213, 215-221\nAhmad Ali, 24\nAhmad Shah Abdali, 73\nAhmad Shah Khan, Sardar, 86\nAhmadzais, 34, 105, 110, 118, 129, 156, 207\nAli Abad, 187\nAli Ahmad Jan, 20, 27, 51-69, 82-84, 98\n\nAli Khel, 156, 162\nAli Shah Khan, Sardar, 140\nAliadad, 163\nAllah Nawaz Khan, 119, 156, 158, 159\nAltamoor, 129, 135, 142, 143\nAman Ullah Khan, H. M., 1, 2, 5, 10, 15-20, 24, 25, 36, 38, 39, 41, 47, 51-67, 75-77, 81-83, 91, 100, 105, 106, 121, 124, 125, 131, 182, 190, 195, 202, 209, 212, 214\nAmerica, 175\nAmir Habib Ullah, 42\nAmir Habib Ullah Khan. H. M., 74, 75, 105\nAnjuman-i-Adabi, 188\nArg, 12, 29, 31, 32, 37, 41, 43, 49, 52, 69, 159-162, 168, 129\nAsmai, 159\nAta-ul-Haq, 42\n\nB\nBabrak Khan, 113\nBacha Saqao (Saqaoists), 5, 12, 18, 21, 24-45, 47, 49, 53-101, 121-168, 180, 202, 207\n\n227"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 305, "text": "Bagh-i-Bala, 30, 32, 34\nBala Deh, 118, 119, 122\nBala Hisar, 184\nBani Umayya, 194\nBarg, 130\nBari Kow, 56\nBedak, 126\nBelgium, 175\nBini Hisar, 159, 160\nBombay, 29, 81\nBostan Serai, 47\nBritain, 175, 211\nBritish Government, 212, 213, 217\nBritish Legation, 34\nBut Khak, 55, 63\n\nC\nCaliphate, 84\nCaves of Mullah Omar, 55, 56\nCentral Asia, 153\nChahar-Asyah, 4\nChaman, 68, 205\nChaman-i-Hazoori, 160\nChamkani, 156\nChankhawah, 115\nChar Deh, 159\nCharkh, 126-128, 133\nChehl Satoon, 159, 162\n\nD\nDobandi Pass, 150, 157\nDobandi, 86, 130\nDakka, 16\nDarbar, 127, 128, 220\nDari Khel, 101, 114, 118, 135\nDarvesh, 126, 127\nDean's Hotel, 40\nDeh Mozang, 151\n\nDost Mohammad, Qari, 49\nDurrani, 62\n\nE\nEngland, 187\n\nF\nFaqir Mohammad, 136\nFarah, 63\nFrance, 117, 175, 187\n\nG\nGardez, 92, 99, 107-114, 118-126, 135, 140-156.\nGardezis, 207\nGerman Government, the, 214\nGermany, 175\nGhaus-ud-Din, 34, 106, 129-131\nGhaus-ud-Din, Mir, 126, 127, 128\nGhazi, 22\nGhazni, 59, 63-67, 125\nGhilzais, 30\nGhulam Nabi Khan, 152, 153\nGreat Britain, 175, 211\n\nH\nHabib Ullah, 137\nHabib Ullah, Amir, 42\nHabib Ullah Khan, 49\nHabib Ullah Khan, H. M. Amir, 74, 75, 105\nHabibia College, 29, 31, 161, 186\n\n228"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 306, "text": "Hamid Ullah, 38, 42, 154\nHanafi School, 171\nHayat Ullah Khan, Sardar, 47\nHazaras, 66, 91\nHazrat-i-Shor Bazar, 40\nHedjaz, 215\nHerat, 62, 66, 91, 97\nHindu Kush, 25\nHoly Quran, 193\nHome Minister, 42\n\nI\n\nId, 90, 103, 104\nInayat Ullah Khan, Sardar, 13, 39, 40, 60\nIndependence Day, 151\nIndia, 40\nIndian, 77\nIslah, 150, 152\nIslam, 29\nIslamic Law, 172\n\nJ\n\nJabl-us-Saraj, 25, 29\nJadran, 111, 207\nJagdilak, 55, 64,\nJahandad Khan, 106\nJaji, 109, 126, 140, 148, 154, 165, 205, 207\nJalalabad, 1, 16, 18, 52, 54\nJamiat-ul-Ulama, 190\nJan Gul Khan, 156\nJapan, 175, 214\nJehad, 14, 48\n\nK\n\nKabul, 1, 4, 5, 20, 23—29, 36, 38, 41, 45, 53—71, 74, 80, 85, 90, 97, 106, 137—142, 154, 178\nKafir Koh, 31, 35, 37\nKai, 15\nKaisar-i-Hind, S. S., 79\nKajja, 153\nKalakan, 20\nKalola Pushta, 31, 32\nKandahar, 40, 54, 57, 59, 61—70, 84, 91, 97, 106, 151, 205, 206\nKandaharis, 62, 63\nKarez-i-Darvesh, 154\nKarim Khan, 64, 65\nKatghan, 136\nKhairkhana Pass, 29\nKhogianis, 18, 56\nKhost, 88, 93, 104, 106, 204\nKhushi, 86, 125, 130, 157\nKhyber Pass, 15, 16\nKiran, 43\nKoh Daman, 97\nKohati, 151\n\nL\n\nLaghman Valley, 51\nLala Abdulla Khan, 64, 67\nLevannai, 114\nLogar (Lohgarh), 126, 127, 144, 207\nLogar (Lohgarh) Valley, 131\n\n229"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 307, "text": "M\nMahmand, 57, 122\nMahmud Khan Yawar, 17, 18\nMahmud Sami, 53\nMajlis, 190\nMajlis-i-Ayan, 191\nMajlis-i-Shura-i-Milli, 191\nMakoolat, 183\nMalik Mohammad Jan, 56\nMalik Mohsin, 42, 45\nMangalis, 108, 205\nMangals, 108, 109, 142\nManzil Bagh, 65\nMaranjan Hills, 159, 160\nMazar-i-Sharif, 62, 91, 152, 153\nMehr Dil Khan, 152\nMirza Mujtaba Khan, 42\nMirzaka, 142, 156\nMohammad Agha, 158, 159\nMohammad Akbar Khan, 155, 204-206\nMohammad Alam Khan, 19\nMohammad Aziz Khan, Sardar, 72\nMohammad Ghaus Khan, 91\nMohammad Gul Khan, 53, 122, 159, 201, 207\nMohammad Hashim Khan, Sardar, 57, 64, 72, 79, 89, 121, 122, 153, 201\nMohammad Ibrahim Khan, 91\nMohammad Nadir Khan, H. M., 3, 49, 72-90, 93-131, 133-225\n\nMohammad Qasim, 98, 152\nMohammad Rafiq Khan, 118\nMohammad Sadiq Khan, Hazrat, 39\nMohammad Shah, 56\nMohammad Siddiq, 42, 92, 98, 113, 118, 119, 134, 135, 140, 141\nMohammad Usman Khan, Sardar, 39, 47\nMohammad Yusuf Khan, Sardar, 73\nMohammad Zahir Khan, H. R. H. Prince, 221\nMohammadzais, 73\nMoin-us-Saltanah, 42\nMoslem World, 195\nMullah Abdulla, 212\nMullahs, 29\n\nN\nNaib-us-Saltanah, 42\nNaji-i-Millat, 224\nNasrullah Khan, Sardar, 1\nNational Assembly, 193\nNau Burjah, 34\nNawab Khan, 156\nNimla, 17, 18, 23\nNoor Mohammad Khan, 88\n\nO\nOmar Caves, 56\nOrakzai, 155, 204\nOrgoon, 115, 116\n\n230"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 308, "text": "P\nPaiwar Pass, 75\nParachinar, 20, 21\nParis, 77\nPayindah Khan, Sardar, 73\nPersia, 175, 186\nPeshawar, 17, 20, 57\nPinni Beg, 127\nPostal Exchange, 215\nProphet Mohammad, 193, 194\nPurdah 7, 171\n\nQ\nQatghan, 92, 153\nQita-i-Namuna, 20\n\nR\nRais Tanzimia, 24\nRome, 68\nRussia, 175\n\nS\nSabari, 110\nSadiq Khan, Hazrat Mohammad, 39\nSadozais, 73\nSahak, 144\nSalam Khana, 163\nSang-i-Navishta, 159\nSari Kul, 153\nSari Roza, 115, 116\nSayed Hussain, 25, 28, 29, 35, 42, 153\nSayed Sharif Khan, 88\n\nScout movement, 187\nSerai Khoja, 29\nShah Mahmud Khan, Sardar, 75, 86, 88, 109, 130, 140, 143, 147, 150, 154, 156, 161, 201, 206.\nShah Wali Khan, Sardar, 49, 72, 75, 79, 89, 108, 118-120, 140-145, 157, 160, 161, 201, 206\nShehr Ara, 29, 30, 161\nSheikhabad, 64\nSher Ahmad Khan, 18, 19\nSher Darwaza, 159\nSher Jan, 42, 43, 64, 86, 92, 98\nShiga, 148\nShinwaris, 15, 18, 19, 24, 28, 56\nShirkat-i-Ashami, 221\nShoora-i-Milli, 171, 176\nSijinak, 129-133, 143\nSlavery, 189\nSoviet Government, 211\nSoviet Russia, 215\nSpeen, 157\nSuez Canal, 79\nSulaiman Khel, 101, 116, 124, 135\nSultan Mohammad Khan, Sardar, 73\nSurkhab, 130\n\nT\nTaj Mahal Hotel, 68, 80\nTarzi, 19\nThal, 75\nTirah Pass, 129\n\n231"}
{"book": "adl0973", "page": 309, "text": "Tor, 157\nTotakhels, 156, 207\nTurkey, 187\nTurkish Ambassador, 211\nTurkomans, 152\nTurrah Baz Khan, 127\n\nU\nU. S. A., 187\nUlya Hazrat, 61\nUrgoon, 92\n\nV\nVerdak, 63-67, 91\n\nW\nWagho Jan Pass, 130, 157, 158\nWali Ali Ahmad Jan, 98\nWana, 75\nWazir Refugees, 104\nWaziristan, 75, 104, 205\nWazirs, 105, 205-207\nWestern Asia, 6\nWhite Fort, 142\n\nZ\nZalmae Khan, 126, 136\nZarghoon Shehr, 130, 136\nZirak, 115\nZulfiqar Pass, 153\nZurmat, 115, 117\n\n232"}
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