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258
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[BLANK PAGE]


268

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271

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A part of Shikari pass linking Kabul with Mazar Province.


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Art of Pre-Islamic Afghanistan. Kabul Museum.


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Thornburn
Thornburn (S.S.)

Thornton (Mr. &
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Tichy (Herbert)

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Trench
Trinkler (Emil)

Tromp (S.W.)

Trotter (Capt.)

Trump

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275
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From the Black Mountain to Waziristan.
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Essay on the External Policy of India.
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Northern Afghanistan
London, 1888
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Khurasan and Seistan.
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The Story of the Guides
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Yudin (G.L.)
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Youngs (F.U.)
Report on Five Years of Agricultural Work
in Afghan Qandahar
Mimeographed.


276

APPENDIX I
Geological Tables

(1) The Dynasty of the Durranis (The Sadozai Family)
Ahmad Shah-i-Durrani
(1747-1773)
|
Timur Shah
(1773-1793)

|
Humayun

|
Shah Zaman
(1793-1800)

|
Shah Mahmud
(1800-1803)
Again 1809-1818

|
Shah Shuja
(1803-1809)
Again (1839-42)

|
Ayub Shah
|
Shazada Bahadur
Ali Ahmad Khan
|
Daughter
(Mother of King
Mohd. Nadir Shah)

|
Timur

|
Fatehjang

|
Safdarjang

|
Shapur

(2) The Reigning House (Mohammedzais)
Sardar Payanda Khan

|
Sardar Sultan Mohd. Khan

|
Amir Dost Mohammed Khan
(1826-1863)

|
Wazir Akbar Khan

|
Amir Azam Khan
1867-68

|
Amir Sher Ali Khan
(1863-1879)

|
Amir Afzal Khan
1866-1867
|
Amir Abdur Rahman
(1880-1901)
|
Amir Habibullah
(1901-1919)
|
King Amanullah
(1919-1929)

Sardar Yahya Khan — m — Daughter

|
Sardar Mohammed Asif Khan

|
Sardar Mohd. Yusif Khan
(married a princess of Sadozai)

|
Amir Yakub Khan
(1879-79)

|
Ayub Khan

|
Sardar Ahmad Shah Khan
|
Daughter — m — King Mohamed Zahir Shah (From 1933)

|
Daughter — m — King Mohd. Nadir Shah (1929-33)
|
Sardar Mohd. Daud
(Prime Minister)

|
Sardar Mohd. Aziz Khan

|
Sardar Mohd. Hashim Khan

|
Sardar Shah Wali Khan

|
Sardar Shah Mahmud Khan

|
Sardar Mohd. Naim
(Foreign Minister)

|
Princess Bilqis
d 17.4.1932

|
Prince Ahmad Shah
23.9.1934

|
Princess Maryam
31.11.1936

|
Prince Mohd. Nadir Khan
21.5.1941

|
Prince Shah Mahmud Khan
15.10.1946

|
Prince Mohd. Daud Khan
14.4.1948

|
Prince Mir Vais
7.1.1957


277

APPENDIX II

Weights & Measures

Weights and measures are not uniform throughout the country. The Government is, therefore, trying to introduce the metric system
Measures of length :
1. Gaz-i-Shah (Kabul yard)..........1.065 meters
2. Girah-i-Gaz-i-Shah ... .066 ,,
3. Gaz-i-Memar (Mason's yard) ... .838 ,,
4. Gaz-i-Jareeb (this is mostly used for measuring land) ... .736 ,,
5. Side of a Jareeb ...44.183 ,,
6. Side of a Biswah ... 9.879 ,,
7. Side of a Biswasah ... 2.209 ,,
8. 1 Koroh (used for distances of roads)
4,000 Jareeb yds.

Weight Measures :
1. One Makhud ... .19 grams
One Misqal ... 4.4 ,,
One Khurd ... 110.4 ,,
One Pao ... 441.6 ,,
(approximately an English pound)
One Charak ... 1766.4 grams
One Seer ... 7066.0 ,,
One Kharwar 565280.0 ,,


278

APPENDIX III
Afghan Calendar

The Calendar of the country is based upon the Hijra Era.
All Government letters and documents usually bear two dates—
solar and lunar. For financial and revenue purposes the solar
year, which begins from the 21st of March, is followed.
The Afghan solar months are :—

Number of days First day falls on
1. Hama (Aries) ... 31 21st of March
2. Thaur (Taurus) ... 31 21st of April
3. Jawza (Gemini) ... 32 22nd of May
4. Saratan (Cancer) ... 31 23rd of June
5. Asad (Leo) ... 31 24th of July
6. Sunbula (Virgo) ... 31 24th of August
7. Mizan (Libra) ... 30 24th of September
8. Aqrab (Scorpio) ... 30 24th of October
9. Qaus (Sagittarius) ... 29 24th of November
10. Jaddi (Capricornus) 29 23rd of December
11. Dalv (Aquarius) ... 30 21st of January
12. Hoot (Pisces) ... 30 20th of February

Afghanistan Government Holidays
First of Hamal (March 21st) ... Nihalshani (plantation).
Sixth of Jawza (May 26th) ... Independence day. (King
Mohd. Nadir Shah took Thal on that day)
Asad, one week for Independence Celebrations. One day
for Pashtunistan.
First of Ramazan month.
Three days on account of Id-ul-Fitr.
18th of Sunbula ... opening of the Afghan National
Assembly


279
23rd of Mizan (October 16th). Nijat-i-Watan (deliverance
celebrations)
Four days on account of Iduz-Zuha
10th of Muharram (Ashura day)
One day on account of the Prophet's birthday (Id-i-Mild-i-
Nabi)
Schools and Colleges and all Government Departments
remain closed on Fridays.
Note:—22nd of Mizan, that is the 15th of October, is the King's
birthday and 16th of Aqrab (November 8th) is the King's
accession to the throne, but these are not observed as
holidays on which Government offices are closed.


280

APPENDIX IV

Banking & Currency

The remodelling of the currency in 1927 introduced the Afghani as the unit of the monetary system, as distinct from the old coin, Kabuli. An Afghani is a silver piece, weighing 10 Grams, 90 being fine. It is divided into 100 puls. The 50 puls pieces, called Kirans, are now mostly of nickel. Smaller pieces of 25 puls, 10 puls, and 5 puls are also used. Paper currency was introduced in 1936, and since then has proved to be extremely popular.

Before the reign of King Mohammed Nadir Shah Afghanistan had no bank of its own, and the currency and other banking business were carried on by private bankers and moneylenders, mostly foreigners. There were no firms or trading concerns in the country : each trader used to take his goods on his own responsibility to foreign markets and dispose of them at the price ruling on the day or at the price offered. Being always short of funds and in a hurry to go back, he could not wait for better opportunities to sell his merchandise. Usually the foreign traders or business companies which were fully aware of his shortcomings and financial difficulties would join hands against him, making him accept the price offered, however low it might be.

Representatives of foreign firms would enter Afghanistan and offer money in advance to local producers on condition that they would sell their goods to them alone at the stipulated prices, which were usually far below the market rates. The Government could not interfere, for they themselves had bound their hands by formal agreements and legal contracts. Moreover the Government had no control over foreign exchange and


imports and exports of the country. Generally imports exceeded
exports, thereby greatly affecting the exchange value of the
Afghan currency. It was to meet this great demand that King
Mohammed Nadir Shah established (in 1930) a Joint-Stock
Company-Shirkat-i-Ashami-the forerunner of the present
Afghan National Bank. The exchange rate of the currency was
fixed, private bankings was disallowed, local traders were en-
couraged to do all foreign business through the bank and to keep
the value of their exports and imports at par. In cases of financial
difficulties the bank was to advance money at low interest,
thus enabling them to withstand a dull market.

Funds were required for launching various development
schemes to make the country selfsufficient in certain commodities
for which it has adequate supply of raw materials or what could
be acquired by further development. So the need for establishing
new banks and business concerns arose with the development of
natural resources and ever increasing demand of the country for
consumers' goods.
At present Afghanistan has five banks-(1) Da Afghanistan Bank,
(2) Bank-i-Millie (Afghan National Bank), (3) Pashtanay Tijarati
Bank (Afghan Commercial Bank), (4) Construction Bank, and (5)
Agriculture and Handicrafts Bank. There are no branches of
any foreign bank in the country.
Da Afghanistan Bank founded in 1938 is a Government
concern which performs the function of a Central Bank. It is in
reality the old Government treasury put on modern lines and is
mainly concerned with issuing currency notes, transacting financial
affairs of the State and controlling the exchange rate of the
currency.
The most important commercial bank in the country is the
Bank-i-Millie, located in Kabul and founded in 1935. It has now


282

branches or agencies in London, New York, Munich, Bombay, Karachi, Peshawar and Chaman. Next comes the Afghan Commercial Bank (Pashtany Tejaraty Bank), established in 1955 on the basis of a Joint Stock Company for the purpose of developing the commerce of the country. It has at present a branch at Amritsar (India). The initial capital of the Bank is 1,20,000,000 Afghanis divided into 120,000 shares of 1,000 Afghanis each.

The purpose of the new bank is to provide short and long term credits to businessmen and merchants ; to issue bonds and securities, and to open'saving and demand deposits.

The Bank of Construction and Mortgages was established in 1948. Among the designated purposes of the bank on the promotion of house-building and of building materials, the financing of hotels and the financing of low-cost Community housing projects. This bank specially serves government employees in need of long-term credits for house building.


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APPENDIX V

Periodicals

Name Place of Issue Particulars

Islah Kabul Daily, Pashto-Persian.
Anis Kabul " "
Hewad Kabul " Pashto
Zerai Kabul Weekly, Pashto
Zirma Kabul Weekly, Pashto-Persian
Iqtisad Kabul Weekly, Persian English.
Deals with ecommic problems.
Pamir Kabul Biweekly, Pashto-Persian.
Habibiana Kabul (Habibia Weekly, English.
College)
Zhwandoon Kabul Weekly, Pashto-Persian
Literary Magazine.
Bakhtar Bulletin. Kabul Daily, English.
Kabul. Kabul Fortnightly, Pashto Literary
Magazine.
Aryana Kabul Monthly, Persian, deals with
historical topics.
Afghanistan Kabul Quarterly, English-French,
Organ of Afghan Society of
Historical Research.
Irfan Kabul Monthly, Pashto-Persian.
Sponsored by the Ministry of
Education.
Bikhwan wa Kabul Monthly, Pashto-Persian.
Bidan Providing reading material for
those who follow the adult
educational courses


284
Name Place of Issue Particulars
Adab. Kabul Quarterly, Persian-Pashto. Faculty of Letters.
Huqooq Kabul Monthly, Persian. Law College.
Urdu Kabul Monthly, Persian-Pashto. Ministry of Defence.
Payam-i-Haq Kabul Monthly, Pashto-Persian.
Barg-i-Sabz Kabul Monthly, Pashto-Persian. Literary Magazine.
Pashtun Zhagh Kabul Fortnightly, Pashto-Persian. Kabul Radio.
Ta'lim wa Tarbia Kabul Monthly, Pashto-Persian. Educational Institute.
Merman Kabul Quarterly, Pashto-Persian. Organ of Women's welfare Society.
Roghtiya Kabul Monthly, Pashto-Persian. Health Magazine.
Shura Kabul Quarterly Pashto-Persian. Publication of the National Assembly.
Sera Miyasht Kabul Quarterly, Pashto-Persian, English-French. Afghan Red Crescent Society.
Kerhanai Kabul Quarterly, Persian-Pashto, Agricultural Magazine.
Bareed Kabul Quarterly, Persian.
Tulu-i-Afghan Kandahar Daily, Pashto.
Ithiad-i-Mash-raqi. Jalalabad Daily, Pashto.


Name Place of Issue Particulars
Woranga Gardez Daily, Pashto.
Ithihad Baghlan Daily, Persian.
Bedar Mazar-i-Sharif Daily, Persian.
Sanaii Ghazni Daily, Persian.
Itifaq-i-Islam Herat Daily, Pashto-Persian.
Perwan Charikar Daily, Pashto-Persian.
Badakhshan Faizabad Daily, Pashto-Persian.
Storai Maimanah Biweekly, Persian.
Seistan Farah Biweekly, Pashto-Persian.
Helmand Girishk Weekly, Pashto-Persian.
Adabi Herat Monthly Pashto-Persian
Literary Magazine.
Balkh Balkh Monthly, Pashto-Persian.


286

APPENDIX VI

A Brief Introduction to Colloquial Kabul Farsi*

The following is a brief introduction to Farsi as it is spoken in the capital city of Kabul. This differs from the literary language, which though highly respected, is used only rarely in speaking. A studied attempt has been made to capture the living colloquial which is best understood and used in common conversation.

These few pages are simply to help you to speak and understand modern Kabul Farsi. Reading and writing the actual script can be learned through the primers used in the Afghan schools or with Dr. Frank Laubach's readers for illiterates published by the Royal Afghan Ministry of Education.

Since sounds differ in various languages, the best way to illustrate these accurately is by using a simple phonetic alphabet. For this reason, seven new symbols besides those which we have in the regular English alphabet have been used. With very little practice these become familiar.

The eight vowel sounds in Kabul Farsi will be written thus:
/i/ as in "peel"
/a/ as in "pal"
/au/ as in "pole"
/i/ as in "pill"
/u/ as in "pool"
/au/ as in "Paul"
/e/ as in "pail"
/u/ as in "pull"

The twenty-three consonant sounds will be written thus:
/p/ as in "pill"
/f/ as in "fill"
/l/ as in "Lil"
/b/ as in "bill"
/t/ as in "till"
/s/ as in "sill"
/m/ as in "mill"
/d/ as in "dill"
/z/ as in "zeal"
/w/ as in "will"
/n/ as in "nil"
/ch/ as in "chill"

*Compiled by Dr. Rev. J. Christy Wilson, formerly Professor of English Habibia College, Kabul.


287

/j/ as in "jill"
/r/ as in "rill"
/y/ as in "yell"
/s/ as in "shell"

/z/ as in "pleasure"
/k/ as in "kill"
/g/ as in "gill"
/ng/ as in "fling"

/g/ (see below)
/x/ (see below)
/q/ (see below)

There are also four diphthongs as follows :

/ai/ (not in English)
/au/ as in "pound"

/aui/ as in "poison"
/aui/ as in "pie"

The following are some hints in pronouncing some of the above sounds which are slightly or completely different from those in English. /t/ /d/ and /n/ are made by placing the tip of the tongue behind the upper teeth, not on the upper gum ridge as in English.
/l/ is made with the top part of the tongue closer to the roof of the mouth than it is in English.
/r/ is pronounced by trilling the tip of the tongue.
/ng/ is made like the English in "sang", but the final "g" is also pronounced.
/x/ is like the sound one makes in clearing the upper part of the throat.
/g/ is made like /x/ but also has voice from the throat.
/q/ is a backward /k/ made by pressing the back part of the tongue against the back part of the palate, and then releasing a small explosion of air.

The stressed parts of words and phrases will be underlined.

GREETING AND COMMON EXPRESSIONS :

"Hello" salom olekum
"Are you well?" xub asti?
"How are you?" ci tor asti?
"How is your health" ci yol dauri?

Responses to these greetings are :

"Be alive" zinda bausi
"Be in peace" salaumat bausi


[BLANK PAGE]


Mussala and Gumbad-i-Sabz (the Green Dome) at Herat.


288

Expressions of farewell:
"God be your protector"
xudau aufiz
"Be in God's safety" bau maunt
xudau

General expressions:
"Don't get tired" maunda nabaushi
"Go ahead" (polite form) bufer-mauyen
"If God wills" inshaulau
"It doesn't matter" parwau nes
"Please" merabauni kada (or) lutfan
"Thank you" tashakur
"Sir" sauib
"Mister" (at end of names) xaun
"Yes" balé
"No" ne

The Present and Future Tense of the Verb:
"I do, I shall do" mekonum
"We do, we shall do" mekonem
"You do, you will do" mekoni
"You do, you will do" mekonen
"He, she, it does, will do" mekona
"They do, they will do" mekonan

The verb "to be" with personal pronouns is as follows:
"I am" ma astum
"We are" mau astem
"You are" tu asti
"You are" sumau asten
"He, she, it is" u as
"They are" uau astan

The following are some useful question and answer patterns:
"What is this?" i cis?
"This is bread." i naun as.
"What do you want?" ci mexaui?
"I want water." au mexauyum.
"Where is the hotel?" otal kojaus?
"The hotel is there." otal ujaus.

The following are the numbers:
(1) yak
(2) du
(3) se
(4) cor
(5) panj
(6) sas
(7) aft
(8) ast


289

(9) no
(10) da
(11) yauzda
(12) duauzda
(13) sezda
(14) chorda
(15) ponzda
(16) shonzda
(17) abda
(18) azhda
(19) nozda
(20) bist
(21) bist-u-yak
(30) si
(40) chil
(50) pinjau
(60) shast
(70) aftaud
(80) ashtaud
(90) nawad
(100) yak-sad
(101 yak-sad-u-yak
(1,000) yag-azor
(100,000) yak-lak

Telling Time :
"What time is it?" chan bajas? "It's 3." se bajas. "It's 9 : 10." no u das.

The days of the week are:
"Sunday" yakshambe, "Monday" dushambe, "Tuesday" seshambe, "Wednesday" chorshambe, "Thursday" panshambe, "Friday" juma, "Saturday" shambe.

The seasons are:
"spring" awali baur, "summer" baur, "fall" tirmau, "winter" zimistaun.

The directions are expressed in this way :
"north" shamaul, "south" junub, "east" mashriq, "west" magrib. "to the right" tarafi raus, "straight ahead" ru ba ru, "to the left" tarafi chap.

The following are imperative commands :
"Bring tea." caui biaur. "Buy sugar" bura bixar. "Take the tea." cauia bubar. "Bring the coffee." kofira biaur. "Fill the cup". piaulara pur ko. "Wait." sabir ko. "Go to the bazaar." bauzaur buro. "Don't go to the bazaar." bauzaur naro. "Don't empty the cup." piaulara xauli nako. "Come here." ijabiau.

The simple past tense is as follows :
"I did" kadum, "You did" kadi, "He, she, it did" kad, "We did" kadem, "You did" kaden, "They did" kadan. "I did not do." nakadum.


291

An English To Kabul Faris Word List

"able, to be" taunis-tan
"airport" maidauni taiaura
"almond" bodaum
"answer, to" juaub daudan
"any appliance" maushin
"apple" seu, seb
"apricot" Zardaulu
"ask" purson kadan
"ask for" xaustan
"asked the value" bai kadan
"bank" baung
"bath" amaum
"bathroom" tashnaub
"bazaar" bauzaur
"beans" lobiau
"be, to" budan
"become, to" shudan
"bed" bistara
"beef" goshtigau
"beet" lablabu
"blanket" kampal
"black" siau
"blue" auboz
"boil, to" josh dodan

"boiled" water awijoshdauda
"bolt" qulfak
"bottle" botal
"brass" birinj
"bread" naun
"breakfast" noshtau
"bridge" pul
"bring, to" auwurdan
"broom" jaru
"brown" naswaurz
"bulb" gurup
"bus" sarwez
"butter" maska
"button" tukma
"cabbage" karam
"cake" kek
"candle" sham
"candy" shirni
"car" motar
"carpet" qaulin
"carrot" zardak
"cauliflower" gulikaram
"chair" chauki
"charcoal" zogal
"cheese" paner
"cherry" gelaus

"chicken" murg
"church" kalisau
"city" shaur
"clothescloset" anwauri
"coal" sangizogaul
"coat hanger" kotband
"coffee" kaufi
"cold" yax
"color" rang
"comb" shauna
"come, to" aumadan
"cook, to" puxta kadan
"cook" aushpaz
"cookie" kulcha
"couch" kauch
"cream" gaimaug
"cup" piaula
"cupboard" anwauri
"cucumber" baudrang
"curtain" parda
"custom" audat
"customs" gumruk
"dam" band
"date" xurmo
"day" roz


292

"dessert" shirni
"ditch" joi
"do, to" kadan
"dog" sag
"door" darwauza
"drugstore" dawau-
xauna
"eat, to" xordan
"east" mashriq
"egg" toxum
"eggplant" baunjau-
nisiau
"eight" asht
"eighteen" ashda
"eighty" ashtaud
"electricity" barq
"eleven" yauzda
"embassy" sifaurat
"enough" bas
"autumn" tirmau
"faucet" shirdon
"fifteen" ponzda
"fifty" pinjo
"fig" anjir
"finished, to be"
xalau shudan
"fish" maui
"five" panj
"floor" farsh
"flour" aurd
"flower" gul

"fly" magas
"food" naun
"foot" paui
"fork" panja
"four" chaur
"fourteen" chorda
"forty" chil
"fruit" mewa
"full" ser
"garage" garauch
"garden" baug
"give, to" daudan
"glass" gelaus
"glasses" auinak
"go, to" raftan
"gold" tilau
"grape" angur
"green" sabz
"ground meat"
kofta
"hall" daulez
"have, to" daushtan
"head" sar
"hear, to" shunidan
"he" u
"hello" salaum
"horse" asp
"hotel" otal
"hot water" awidaug
"hour" saut
"house" xauna

howmuch" chand
"hundred" sad
"hundred thou-
sand" lak
"I" ma
"ice" yax
"icecream" shiryax
"if" aga
"it" u
"iron,' auin
"iron, to"
utu kadan
"jam" murabo
"karakul" qaraqul
"key" kili
"kerosene" telixauk
"knife" kaurd
"lamp" chiraug
"lapis luzuli"
laujaward
"large" kalon
"later on" pason
laundryman" dobi
"left" chap
"lemon" limu
"letter" maktub
"lettuce" kauu
"light, to" dar
daudan
"lip" lab
"little" kam


293

"lock" qulf
"lock, to" qulf kadan
"lunch" naunichosht
"make, to" sauxtan
"matches" gogird
"mattres" toshak
"meat" gosht
"milk" shir
"ministry" wizaurat
"minute" daqa
"mirror" auina
"money" paisa
"morning" sob
"mosque" maujit
"mosquito" pasha
"mountain" ko
"mouse" mush
"movie" sinumau
"mulberry" tut
"museum" muziam
"muskmelon" xarbuza
"mutton" gostigosfan
"napkin" dismaul
"needle" sozan
"night" shau
"nine" no
"nineteen" nozda
"ninety" nawad

"no" ne
"noon" chosht
"north" shamaul
"now" auli
"office" daftar
"oil" tel
"one" yak
"onion" piauz
"open, to" wauz kadan
"orange" maulta
"pea" mushung
"peach" saftaulu
"pear" nauk
"pepper" murch
"pickles" turshi
"pitcure" aks
"pillow" bolisht
"pin" sinjoq
"pine nut" jalgoza
"pistachio" pista
"plate" bishqaub
"plum" aulu
"pomegranate" anaur
"post office" postaxauna
"potato" kachaulu
"pound" pau
"pudding" pudin
"quilt" liauf

"raison" kishmish
"restaurant" ristoraun
"read, to" xaundan
"red" surx
"rice" birinj
"rice, plain cooked" chalau
"rice, spiced" palau
"right" raus
"river" daryau
"road" rau
"roast" kabaub
"rock sugar" qand
"room" xauna
"rug" gilam
"safety pin" ping
"salad" salauta
"salt" namak
"saucer" nolbaki
"say, to" guftan
"school" maktab
"scissors" qaichi
"screen" jauli
"see, to" didan
"send, to" roi kadan
"servant" nokar
"seven" aft
"seventeen" abda
"seventy" aftaud
"silver" nuqra


294

"sit, to" shishtan
"six" shash
"sixteen" shonzda
"sixty" shast
"she" u
"sheet" ruijaui
"shop" dokaun
"sky" ausmaun
"sleep, to" xau
  kadan
"snake" maur
"soap" saubun
"south" junub
"spinach" paulak
"spoon" qaushuq
"spring" awali baur
"stairs" zina
"stone" sang
"store" dokon
"street" sarak
"string"
  respaunitauri
"study, to" xaundan
"sugar" bura
"summer" baur
"supper" naunisau
"table" mez
"tangerine" sangtara
"tea" choi
"teapot" chauinak

"telegram" teligirom
"telephone" telifun
"ten" da
"they" uau
"thirteen" sezda
"thirty" si
"thousand" azor
"thread" tor
"three" se
"today" imroz"
"tomato"
  baunjaunirumi
"tomorrow" sabau
"tooth" dandaun
"toothbrush"
  bursidandaun
"tooth paste"
  kirimidandaun
"take, to" giriftan
"talk, to" gap zadan
"trap" talak
"tray" patnus
"tree" daraxt
"trip" safar
"truck" lauri
"twelve" duauzda
"twenty" bist
"two" du
"umbrella" chatri
"understand, to"

faumidan
"very" bisyaur
"village" de
"wall" dewaul
"walnut" chaurmagz
"warm, to" garm
  kadan
"wash, to" shushtan
"wash basin" tasht
"water" au
'watermelon"
  tarbuz
"we" mo
"west" magrib
"wheat" gandum
"when" kai
"white" safed
"window" kilkin
"winter" zimistaun
"wire" sim
"wood" chob
'work" kaur
"work, to" kaur
  kaudan
"write, to" nuista
  kadan
"yellow" zard
"yes" bale
"yesterday" diroz
"you" tu (or) shumau


295

APPENDIX VII

The five-year plan for Development of National Economy

In August 1956, on the occasion of the Independence Celebrations, His Majesty the King of Afghanistan and Sardar Mohammad Daud, the Prime Minister, announced that as the result of long and careful studies and research carried out by specialists, a five-year plan with a view to secure a rapid growth of national economy was drawn up.

This plan is of vital importance in the nation's history. It seeks to translate into practical action the aspirations and ideals of the 12 million people in the country and gives to each of them the opportunity of service in the common cause of eliminating poverty and ignorance and raising the standards of living. It is a plan of peaceful economic construction and cultural development and has been formulated with reference to the following principal objectives:—

(a) a sizeable increase in national income so as to raise the level of living in the country;

(b) tapping the natural resources of the country and making it self-sufficient in commodities for which it is best suited;

(c) a large expansion of employment opportunity; and

(d) attaining the largest measure of social justice and more even distribution of income and wealth.

In this plan high priority has been given to expansion of agriculture and irrigation on which nearly 85% of the population depends. Industrial development along modern lines, as everybody knows, requires a great deal of capital but it absorbs comparatively little manpower. The Plan therefore attaches


296

greater importance to agriculture for it will provide employment
for a greater number of people. At the same time it envisages
a considerable increase in the capacity of electric power by
construction of dams and control of flood water.

The responsibility of the Government in the matter of pro-
moting, assisting and regulating the development of industry
in the national interest cannot be emphasized too strongly.
A country like Afghanistan which starts late on industrialization
has to encompass within a relative brief period processes of
development which took several generations in countries which
had an early start. To this end resources have to be mobilized
and deployed effectively and purposefully. A plan not only
draws on existing resources, it develops and enlarges on them
in the process. Resources are not a fixed or static quantity;
they lie unknown or partially known unless conscious and
organized efforts are made to locate them and develop them.
In this connection intensive and systematic surveys and explo-
rations, especially in the field of mineral resources, are of vital
importance. Every effort has to be made to train up a corp
of scientists and technicians for the purpose.

Sardar Mohammad Daud, the Prime Minister, referring
to the five year plan in the National Assembly said. "The
purpose of this Plan is to pursue a clear economic policy with
a view to utilize to the best advantage available natural
resources, capital and manpower. Every effort will be made
to increase production, train technical personnel, practice strict
economy and eliminate waste of every kind in the use of
manpower, material resources and funds. The implementation
of this Plan will enable us in achieving security of social justice,
raising the living standard of all the classes and finally
guaranteeing the general welfare of the people."


297

The Prime Minister further said, "Afghanistan's social and geographical conditions demand the economic developments to be sought more through the expansion of agricultural products and its relevant elements The main reasons to support this suggestion are :—

(a) Afghanistan though a mountainous country possesses extensive fertile pieces of land, the irrigation of which is possible by utilizing river waters and control of seasonal floods.

(b) The majority of the population are farmers and have great interest and experience in agriculture.

(c) Industrialization needs large capital and a high standard of technology, which at present are not available. Moreover competition in this field is very keen in foreign markets.

(d) Manpower in our country, from the economic point of view, is a natural source of income. At the same time it is cheap and abundant. Utilization of this natural wealth is important from every point. Industries which need more outlay can employ a limited number of people, while in agriculture more people can be employed at a comparatively low cost.

These causes as well as several social, technological, economic and financial needs of the country demand that at present it is advisable to utilize fully our natural resources and manpower proportionate to their intelligence and aptitude for the economic development of the country. It is for this reason that agriculture and cattle breeding have been given first place and high priority in this economic plan. We intend to irrigate our virgin and arable lands and to increase water supply for


298

the lands already under cultivation and to control seasonal floods
for irrigation as well as generating electricity. At present the
construction of the following dams and canals have been taken
into consideration :—

Estimated cost.

Jalalabad Canal 162 million Afghanis.
Palto Dam, Katawaz 60-70 ’’ ’’
Sardah Dam, Kandahar 50-64 ’’ ’’
Kharwar Dam, Lohgar 24-357 ’’ ’’
Canal and Dam of Kunduz 163-744 ’’ ’’
Canal and Dam of Kokcha 506-250 ’’ ’’
Dam of Machalghou 40-500 ’’ ’’
Helmand Valley Project 1064-880 ’’ ’’

A sum of 38,653 million Afghanis and 10.475 million
dollars is earmarked for the improvement of the quality of seeds
and plants. Another 9,623 million Afghanis and 0.671 million
dollars will be spent to improve the live stock, especially the
Karakul sheep and Marinos. To combat animal and plant
diseases the Government intends to spend a further sum of
51,617 millon Afghanis and 0·388 million dollars

The outlay for these multifarious purposes (irrigation,
supply of better seeds and fertilizers, improvement of animal
husbandry, etc.) works out at 46·06 per cent of the budget.
Next to agriculture great importance is attached to communica-
tion. It is certain that any social, cultural, industrial or
economic development in Afghanistan is dependent on an
adequate transportation system. In the development of such
an adequate system, a programme of road improvement and
maintenance is of prime importance. The present road system,
virtually a circle round the country, comprises about 4,000


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miles. Offshoots from the primary system lead to Faizabad, Chaman, Iran and Russia. Most of the roads are of rock base.

Streams in Afghanistan present a serious problem in the maintenance of roads, in that during flood season such streams become virtual torrents with such force as to move great boulders which wreck or remove most bridge structures.

At the present time the roads in Afghanistan are not in very good condition. The necessity for better roads and the maintenance of these arteries can easily be realized from the amount that has been earmarked for this purpose in the five year plan. The cost of this project is estimated at 1,136,412 million Afghanis (including 38·813 million dollars). Roads between Kabul and Torkham, Kabul and Kandahar, Kandahar and Spin Boldak and some roads leading to the north are to be made broader and they are to be properly repaired. One thousand kilometers of these roads are to be asphalted.

A sum of 267·590 million Afghanis (including 10,500 million dollars) will be spent to construct airports on modern lines at Kabul, Kandahar, Mazar-i-Sharif, Herat and Kataghan.

Public Services :—All sorts of developments in a country's social, cultural and economic fields are connected with the educational standard of the people. In the five-year plan, particular attention is paid to this problem. Five hundred rural schools, 90 elementary schools, 12 secondary, 2 faculties and 50 adult courses will be established during the course of these five years costing 318·800 million Afghanis (including 9·832 million dollars).

Public Health :—The Government recognizes that better health for the people is of paramount importance. In the plan a new 300 bed hospital is to be sopened at Kabul in addition


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to those already in existence. Hospitals for women will be
established at Gardez, Khost, Badakhshan, Maimana, Ghazni,
and Farrah. Dental hospitals will be opened at Gardez,
Kataghan and Mashriqi. Laboratories and clinics will be
established at Khost, Badakhshan, Maimana, Ghazni and
Farrah. Total cost is estimated at 102·970 million Afghanis
(including 1·092 million dollars).

Community Development and Municipal Projects :—
The Government intends to work for the village uplift in 500
villages during the first year of the plan. This is to be extended
to 1,620 villages in the second year, to 1,740 villages in the third
year, to 1,860 villages in the fourth year and to 2,220 villages
in the fifth and final year. The project will cost the Government.
166 million Afghanis. The foreign exchange expense for this project
estimated at 2·500 million dollars will be paid through foreign
aid and other miscellaneous foreign currency expenses. The
municipalities will also be helped to supply good drinking water,
to asphalt public streets and to provide parks and recreation
grounds.

Mines : Afghanistan is rich in some important minerals.
The economic plan, within its means, provides the possibilities
of utilizing these natural resources. Included in these projects
are the drilling and search for petroleum (to be commenced at
Saripul), physical and geological survey and exploitation in
northern provinces, expansion of the exploitation of coal mines
at Ishpushta, Karkar and other places in and around the
Hindukush and Herat. The expenses in this line will amount
to 242·439 million Afghanis (including 6 million dollars).

Industries :—Present factories and industries will be
completed and encouraged and new ones for textile, cement,


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electric power, oil extraction, fruit conservation, leathermaking, matches, glassware and cottage industries set up in various parts of the country. For the expense of these projects, besides the amount to be supplied by private firms, 1,875·872 million Afghanis is appropriated from the budget of the Plan. This amount includes 58·620 million dollars. The total increase in production of industries is estimated at 7,08·314 million Afghanis. The total increase from agricultural production is estimated at 1,536·780 million Afghanis. This is a total of 2,245.094 million Afghanis. Total cost of the five-year plan balanced against total income during the five-years of the Plan is estimated at 11,980,769,000 Afghanis.


Printed by J. Wollen at the Northern Pakistan Printing and
Publishing Co., 16, Lawrence Road, Lahore.